...Situational crime prevention arose from the work of Clarke, Cohen and Felson. Their theories suggested that by limiting the opportunity of committing crimes and making it become more risky that it would drop crime rates. Situational crime prevention included making it more difficult to steal by having neighbourhood watch schemes and by marking valuable goods with identifiable codes. It also included limiting opportunities for violence by using plastic glasses in pubs at night and having secruity guards to maintain order. The opportunity theory by Clarke consists of two elements: how attractive the target is, for example, how much they can gain by committing the crime against the particular place, person or property. If it is the property they will ensure that it is easy to carry away and sell. The second element is how accessible the target is, if it is easy to get away with then they will be more likely to commit a crime. Therefore using CCTV and high security, there are less likely to be crimes as they do not want to risk getting caught. However Katz and Lyng put forward the idea of 'edgework' which argues that criminals also do it for the thrill of the act and that situational crime prevention actually encourages crime due to the risk involved that fuels the criminals adrenaline. However the use of situational crime prevention does make it more difficult to commit crimes as CCTV and security guards act as informal social control. Felson and Cohen developed the idea of...
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...1. Describe the situational crime prevention strategy that Evans discusses in chapter one. Evans suggested that residents of the majority of the neighborhoods could work together to bring out positive changes when it comes to crimes. Evans was able to see that changes had to be made within the community in order for change to take place. With the help of neighborhood citizen’s communities could come together and idolize programs such as neighborhood watch programs to help decrease the crime rate. If more citizens were involved within the community everyone would be able to work together for a better outcome in communities. 2. Describe the Social Crime Prevention strategy. Include the types of individuals and the characteristics of communities that should be targeted. The social crime prevention strategy is in place to help eliminate the high crime rate. Communities are able to work together to find a way to help protect their neighborhoods and well-being. Social crime prevention targets children, young families and young adults that receive services from schools, housing and employment. Many of the individuals that are included share weak social ties and an absence of shared values in life. Crime rates are normally higher in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Since crime rates are higher in these areas it...
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...To minimize loss and maximize return on investment the small business owner with a limited security budget must plan carefully in order to be able to choose security measures that can deter and even prevent criminal activity. Protection of assets is a top priority for any business due to the repercussions that theft can have on the business, such as: loss of productivity, diminished morale around staff and unscheduled spending to replace stolen items. A small business with a limited security budget should choose to use devices that have been proven to increase security, concentric circles of protection should be set up around the asset, which in this case is the inside of the building itself. Inner perimeter control should be the first thing to be addressed by the business, proper landscaping has to be used in order to promote safety and security; some of the things that can be done to encourage this is to trim any tall bushes and trees around the business that can be used as hiding spots by criminals. One of the least expensive yet very effective security mechanisms is proper lighting, by using perimeter lighting the likelihood of detection is higher, which would create a psychological barrier even if a physical fence is not allowed. The type of lamps that should be used in the parking lot are Quartz lamps since they emit a very bright light and have a short start up time. Any doors and windows that lead to the inside of the building must also be appropriately lit. Another...
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...Situational Crime Prevention There are many strategies that can be considered situational crime prevention strategies. Pick one of the following crime reduction strategies. 1. Improved Street Lighting 2. Surveillance Cameras on street 3. Use of access control for buildings 4. Electronic merchandise tags 5. Red light cameras After picking one of the 5 techniques outlined above do some research on it. First state what the techniques does and why it would be hypothesized to decrease crime. Second discuss the effectiveness of the strategy. You may need to seek out academic journal articles through the library databases to answer these questions. Please cite your sources. This assignment is due Sunday night (2/21/16) at 11:59 pm. We will discuss what you find on Monday. This assignment is worth 20 points. Technology can be a double-edged sword. While innovation and upgrades can have many benefits, they can also be used to cause trouble. This is the case of using surveillance cameras on a street. Some see cameras as a breech on their privacy but they can also have advantages in certain situations. The first crime that comes to my mind is the Skylar Neese case in 2012. A teenager snuck out of her home in the middle of the night and ultimately ends up getting murdered by her two “best friends”. Her mother remembered that the apartment complex they lived in had cameras on the buildings. Even though they video was blurry it gave a great timeline to the officers...
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...Prevention of crime; There are 3 measures to prevent crime. Target Hardening. 1. Direct prevention- something like burglary, adding alarms to potential targets. 2. Alteration of the environment- in dark areas adding flood lights, CCTV etc. 3. Increased Efforts and risks- make it harder for people to commit crime. This works on the rational choice theory, people weigh up the costs and benefits to committing crime, a higher risk coupled with a high cost with little benefits people are less likely to commit the crime. However a lot of crime is not spur of the moment and is a rational choice for people, violent crime is a good example of this as target hardening can’t prevent these crimes as they are normally opportunistic. Displacement states that even if preventative measures are taken, it just displaces crime elsewhere, Chalken gave the example of a crackdown of robberies in subways simply moved the crimes above ground in broad day light. There are several types of Displacement; 1. Spatial- geographical area 2. Temporal- different time 3. Tactical- different method 4. Functional- different crime all together. Situational crime prevention works on certain crimes but for the most part just displaces them. Ignores the more costly state and corporate crimes and instead focuses on petty street crime. Assumes all criminals are rational, some are not as it may be spur of the moment or fuelled by drugs and violent crimes aren’t rational...
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...Predictive Policing By Jamia Yant April 13th, 2012 In order to effectively compare and contrast the application of information technology (IT) to optimize police departments’ performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets, we first have to look at exactly what information technology is available to police today. The term predictive policing is the name given to “any policing strategy or tactic that develops and uses information and advanced analysis to inform forward-thinking crime prevention”. (Predictive Policing Symposium, 2010) The five elements of predictive policing focusing on are integrated information and operations, seeing the big picture, cutting-edge analysis and technology, linkage to performance, adaptability to changing conditions. There are a very large number of ways technology used to implement these five elements: patrol staffing and resource allocation, time and location of future incidence in a crime pattern, identify individuals who are likely to reoffend/early detection of career criminals, analysis of predatory patterns, threat and vulnerability assessment, city/neighborhood planning, traffic management, crowd control …and the list goes on. In a world where technology is developing and evolving faster than it can be implemented, it is realistic to assume that the police force would adapt and use that technology to place them in a good position to be able to adequately and effectively do its job. The first element...
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...goal for police interference crime or successfully past crimes by making statistical predictions. The use of statistical and geospatial analyses to forecast crime levels has been around for decades. Since having happened not long years, however, there has been a surge of interest in diagnostic tools that draw on very large data sets to make predictions in reinforce of crime prevention. These tools constantly increase police departments’ confidence on information technology (IT) to collect, maintain, and analyze those data sets, however. These analytical tools, and the IT that supports them strongly, are largely developed by and for the commercial world. In addition Most Universities and technology companies have created computer programs IT based on private-sector models of forecasting consumer behavior. Businesses use predictive analytics to determine sales plans. For example, take one of the bigger company like BJS analyzes weather patterns to determine what it stocks in stores, bottled water, overstocking duct tape, and strawberry Pop-Tarts before major weather events. The first two items are expected, but the Pop-Tarts represent a non-obvious relationship. These relationships are uncovered through statistical analyses of previous customer purchases during similar major weather events. Many similarity relationships in law enforcement can be explored with predictive policing. Police agencies use computer analysis of information about past crimes, the local environment, and...
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...technology (IT) to optimize police departments’ performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets. It will describe how COMSTAT as an information system (IS) implements the four (4) basic (IS) functions; and will discuss the fashion is which IT systems have made police departments more efficient in preventing and responding to crime. I will also explore the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity , and Threats (SWOT) analysis. This is essential for police departments that intend to use the implementation of the new predictive policing. Introduction: For years, business have used data analysis to anticipate market conditions or industry trends and drive sales strategies. Police are using a similar data analysis tool to make their work more efficient. The idea is being called predictive policing. Predictive policing, in essence, is taking data from disparate sources, analyzing them and then using the results to anticipate, prevent and respond more effectively to future crime. COMPSTAT (COMPuter STATistics), an information system, uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map the locations of where crimes occur, identify “hotspot”, and map problem areas. For predictive policing COMPSTAT has amassed a wealth of historical crime data. Mathematician have design, develop algorithm that run against the historical data to predict future crimes for police. 1) In order to effectively compare...
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...Predictive Policing By Jamia Yant April 13th, 2012 In order to effectively compare and contrast the application of information technology (IT) to optimize police departments’ performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets, we first have to look at exactly what information technology is available to police today. The term predictive policing is the name given to “any policing strategy or tactic that develops and uses information and advanced analysis to inform forward-thinking crime prevention”. (Predictive Policing Symposium, 2010) The five elements of predictive policing focusing on are integrated information and operations, seeing the big picture, cutting-edge analysis and technology, linkage to performance, adaptability to changing conditions. There are a very large number of ways technology used to implement these five elements: patrol staffing and resource allocation, time and location of future incidence in a crime pattern, identify individuals who are likely to reoffend/early detection of career criminals, analysis of predatory patterns, threat and vulnerability assessment, city/neighborhood planning, traffic management, crowd control …and the list goes on. In a world where technology is developing and evolving faster than it can be implemented, it is realistic to assume that the police force would adapt and use that technology to place them in a good position to be able to adequately and effectively do its job. The first element...
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...changing times and changing nature of crimes, their responsibilities and area of duty is changing day by day. In times of technological advancements, the nature of crimes has been changing rapidly. In order to fight crime and to maintain order, the police forces around the world have always been adapting new innovations in their arsenal. The formation of a recording mechanism and format for various crimes committed in a region was the beginning of a new era in the field or crime prevention. The data records helped to identify the repeat criminals and the nature of crime that they commit. This also helped in providing a better judgment to the convicts. With the dawn of Information Technology, these records were transferred to the systems and this made it possible for the forces around the country to share the data and access it anytime and from any location. This further strengthened the power of the forces against the intelligent criminals. At this stage the Research and Development firms in USA law enforcement agency FBI, started experimenting with the data and the predicting algorithms used by major marketing and retail chains like Wal-Mart. Their research showed results and concluded that Police can use a similar data analysis to help make their work more efficient. The idea is being called "predictive policing," and some in the field believe it has the potential to transform law enforcement by enabling police to anticipate and prevent crime instead of simply responding to it...
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...social media, police would have to go door to door to engage the community and that could take hours just to engage a handful of people. In my community police are doing everything they can to keep the whole community informed on anything that can be useful from traffic to suspicious activity. Over the last couple years the police department and city have come together and created a city hall website. On the website you can do anything from file reports and see public documents on local criminals still living within the community. The police department also has a Facebook and Twitter account that is maintained and updated regularly. On the police departments Facebook and Twitter they post recent crimes and pictures of criminals that they are trying to arrest who have committed crimes and are dodging warrants. References: Dempsey, J. S. & Forst, L. S. (2011) Police. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, Cengage...
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...Neighborhood Watch Program Implementation CJ 3301 By Marcia University of Houston February 25, 2012 According to (Bennett, 2006, p.437), Neighborhood Watch is a crime prevention program that educates citizens to use techniques to reduce the risk of being a victim at home or in public by training citizens on the importance of recognizing suspicious activities and how to report them. Residents learn how to make their homes secure and properly identify their property. Neighborhood Watch also allows neighbors to get to know each other and their routines so that any out of place activity can be reported and investigated. I’m going to establish a neighborhood watch program in order to reduce crime in Crimeville. A neighborhood watch program can be implemented by first contact neighbors, ask them if they would be interested in meetings for crime prevention. Then, I would set up a time and place where the meetings can be held. I would also contact City Hall Municipal Service Department to see if they would be interested in attending the meeting. Next, I would give notice interested neighbors; let them know the time and the location for the meetings. I also could call them directly or develop a handout to pass out on meeting days. After that, I would choose and training an active body of volunteers that are directed by organized and motivated leaders in curtail. I believe that without a motivation and organization, volunteers may not be inspirited to practice and...
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...Darrell Woodfork CJA/324- Ethics In Criminal Justice Instructor: Ricky Thompson Date: 9/30/2012 Sir Robert Peel: Community Policing Sir Robert Peel and Community Policing In 1829, Sir Robert Peel created the Metropolitan Police and according to Peel, the real key for policing is the police are the people and the people are the police. Peel believed that prevention of crime could be accomplished without intruding into the lives of citizens. Community policing is based on Peel's concept of prevention. Community policing has been embraced by many law enforcement organizations across our country. Community policing is based on its goal to prevent crime and promote better police-community partnerships. Community policing requires an investment in training with special attention to problem analysis and problem solving, facilitation, community organization; communication, mediation and conflict resolution, resource identification and use, networking and linkages, and cross-cultural competency. Public approval and cooperation is a basis of Sir Robert Peel’s principles of effective policing. Peel stated that the ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions and they must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public. In our diverse society, it is necessary for police to understand the different...
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...Case Study 1 5/10/2012 Top Quality Architects, LP My company, Top Quality Architects has just recently won a bid to construct a high rise residential apartment building. Before we get started there are a few considerations to take a look at during the beginning of this new project. The location that the construction will take place borders a high crime urban area. When we construct this building we want our residents to feel safe while living here whether they are parking their vehicle or just exiting or entering the apartment building. Our design will not include ground floor apartments simply because we feel that there is no security and public to private entrance will only increase the possibility of a crime to happen. In order to do this we would have to apply the crime prevention through environmental design concept. Crime prevention through environmental design or CPTED reduces the opportunity of crime occurring. We know that it is impossible to mitigate crime permanently so we take every precaution we can to reduce it by a large percentage. To be effective and truly implement the CPTED principles, the design factors must be blended with the social (human) factors of the environment. This blend requires the involvement of trained and dedicated individuals, (a mix of government, neighborhood, and business representatives) from its design through it use, individuals from very diverse disciplines coming together to design an environment for people...
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