...became the laboratories for experimentation. Steeplechase, Luna Park and Dreamland came up with outrageous projects and the technologies to make the experience believable. Here, the idiosyncrasies of the creators helped in the fulfillment of fantasy and reality was reduced to technology and cardboard. The Electric Bathing, Barrels of Love (Steeplechase Park), Luna Parkʼs illusory skyline and the Liliputia (Dreamland Park), to name a few, provided unlimited entertainment and pleasure. ʻBy the turn of the century it is evident that creation and destruction are the poles defining the field of Manhattanʼs abrasive cultureʼ. Coney Island acted as a precursor to the strategies that would shape Manhattanʼs future. The Double Life of Utopia: The Skyscraper The 1909 theorem postulates the...
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...The Rookery is a historic skyscraper in the south loop of Chicago, located at 209 S. LaSalle. In 1880 a eleven story building was considered a skyscraper and the Rookery was one of the first. skyscrapers in Chicago. In 1871 architects Daniel Hudson Burnham & John Wellborn Root collaborated in building The Rookery. In 1905 it was redesigned by Frank Lloyd Wright Next to The rookery was a water tower that supplied water for the whole south loop. Rooks, birds from the crow family hung out at the water tower and The Rookery was one of the first skyscrapers because in the 1880s telephones lines and elevators were created. eleven stories was no longer a security issue. Also, water pressure can now go up in tall buildings. After the Great Chicago...
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...Empire State Building the plan was to build a skyscraper as tall as possible without falling down. The logic of the plan was very simple. A certain amount of space in the center, arranged as compactly as possible, contains the vertical circulation, mail chutes, toilets, shafts and corridors (4). Surrounding this is a perimeter of office space 28 feet deep. The sizes of the floors diminish as the elevators decrease in number. In essence, there is a pyramid of non-rentable space surrounded by a greater pyramid of rentable space (4). In essence the taller the building, the higher the risk and the narrower the tip of the building became. There are many risks to consider when starting a project especially if these projects are tied to high cost and high consideration for safety. One of the initial concerns for the Empire State Building project back in the early 1930’s was that because of its enormous height and weight that it would eventually collapse. Due to its height requirements the design was a critical component of this project. When completed the Empire State Building stood at 1,454 feet from ground level to the top of the lightning rod making it the tallest building in the world for 41 years until the World Trade Center's Twin Towers were built (1). Some of the risks associated with the possibility of the empire state building collapsing are as follows: I. Design Frame Structure Steel Frame When one thinks of a skyscraper, the steel frame design comes to mind. The...
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...must be taken into account for all buildings, but obviously the wind velocity increases the higher you go and since the structure is over 800 metres tall, there is guaranteed to be a large wind force acting on the building. Three different engineering firms: Skidmore, Owings and Merrill who were all working on the project, hired the RWDI (Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc.) a wind and environmental engineering firm to conduct wind studies on the Burj Dubai’s design. The RWDI had worked on a number of previous projects such as the Petronas Towers and the Taipei 101 and its facilities included four boundary wind tunnels. Their job was to minimize the effects of the wind load and building motion of the tower. Wind around an extremely tall skyscraper can result in the wind load changing direction or force and can cause...
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...BEAUX ARTS A very rich, lavish and heavily ornamented classical style taught at L'Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris in the 19th century The term "Beaux Arts" is the approximate English equivalent of "Fine Arts." The style was popularized during the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. One outgrowth of the Expo was the reform movement advocated by Daniel Burnham, the City Beautiful Movement. Very influential in the US in that many of the leading late 19th century architects had been trained at Ecole des Beaux Arts, e.g., Richard Morris Hunt (the first American to study there) , H. H. Richardson (the second American to study there, but who chose to develop his own style, "Richardsonian Romanesque") and Charles McKim, More than any other style (except perhaps the Chateauesque), the Beaux Arts expressed the taste and values of America's industrial barons at the turn of the century. In those pre-income tax days, great fortunes were proudly displayed in increasingly ornate and expensive houses. Broadly speaking, the term "Beaux Arts" refers to the American Renaissance period from about 1890 to 1920 and encompasses the French Renaissance, Italian Renaissance, and Neoclassical Revivals. In Buffalo, the movement was featured at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901. Features: * Symmetrical facade * Roofs: flat, low-pitched; mansard if modeled after French Renaissance Revival * Wall surfaces with decorative garlands, floral patterns, or cartouches dripping with...
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...Height reaches 452 m with the amount of 88 floors and was built in 1992-1998. The Petronas Towers are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur. The tower was designed by Adamson Associates Architects, a designer from the United States. This tower received as the highest twin towers in the world and top 10 of the tallest building in the world. http://images.fineartamerica.com/ How interested would like to visit there? Those building above are a great skyscraper and an extraordinary grandeur of the height. The buildings are reasonable to be mentioned as top 10 the tallest building in the world in 2015. Many building which under construction that will broke the record. Let’s see later on! Keywords: the tallest building in the world 2015, the tallest building in Africa, the longest bridge in the world, the tallest man in the world, the tallest building in the world how many floors, what is the tallest building in the world now, the tallest building in the world 2012, how many floors does the tallest building in the world have...
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...On any day in Caracas, Venezuela, there are a number of landscapes that one might see. These landscapes vary in physical geography, architecture, economic standing, and the despair or hope of the people. Pictures A and B illustrate a “better” side of Caracas—the ground is level and skyscrapers flourish. These skyscrapers vary in nature. Some of the more modern-looking buildings are global business centers like Credit-Suisse’s offices in “Milla De Oro,” Caracas’s central business district. Some are extravagant apartment complexes for the rich. Some are beautiful, European-influenced architecture in the center of the city, like the National Pantheon, a beautiful church of Spanish influence from Venezuela’s past. However, The rich center of the city is surrounded by both economic and personal despair. Picture D illustrates a mature squatter settlement on the hills surrounding the city. The poor have settled here informally and illegally, forming their own economic and support system, on the less-desired land in the hills surrounding the city. These squatter settlements are so dangerous that they have resulted in Caracas’s standing as the murder capital of the world, with the highest per capita murder rate globally. Most of these crimes go unsolved. The poor are separated by the rich both informally and formally; social divides and inequalities block the two groups, and actual fences and police force do too. Picture C illustrates an extravagant apartment complex for the...
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...The double life of Utopia: the skyscraper 1. the reproduction of the world Each plane of a skyscraper is considered as a virgin land, which the architects have no control over the specific programs. The skyscraper becomes the great metropolitan destablizer that promises perpetual programmatic instability. Considering that Manhattan is separated from the continent by two rivers at each side, which excludes the possibility of expansion, the skyscraper is the only choice for the growing business demand. The skyscrapers are seen as repetition/reproduction of the site/earth by Rem Koolhaas. The lobby of the skyscrapers accommodates social facilities such as shops and bars, which competes with the street and finally makes the surrounding streets deserted. Like the Unite de Marseilles, they have the ambition to become “a city within a city.” The Model of the 100 Stories Building The building is interrupted every 20th floor by public plazas that separate different functional sectors: industry at the bottom, business in the second quarter, living in the third and a hotel in the fourth. The 20th floor is a general market, the 40th a theater, the 60th a shopping district the 80th a hotel the 100th an amusement park, roof garden and swimming pool. And it has a temperature and atmosphere regulating system. The forthcoming model of the skyscraper is the combination of three attributes: 1.the reproduction of the site (seen in Flatiron Building). 2. The introduction of a tower (Metropolitan...
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...Christine Louis Critical Reading and Writing 2 Final Draft February 19, 2012 Dubai; the City of Disastrous Urban Planning Dubai, the city of the future and wealth has the largest airport, twelve lane high ways and the most high tech transportation systems in the world. But does an architectural achievement make a city as large and expensive as Dubai a successful one? The over all organization of the city is similar to Le Corbusier’s beliefs that a city should incorporate segregation of the working class and those who live in cities. Le Corbusier believed that in order for a city to be successful as a “Great City” it must have geometrical grid like formation and have order in which different kinds of inhabitants are organized. Le Corbusier’s ideals reflected in hierarchy and division of businesses and residences. These ideas can lead to a failed urban planning. Dubai’s obsessive attention to grid like formations and its lack of culture and natural city development has lead it to fail as an urban development. Parisian urban planner, Le Corbusier defines what makes a successful city in his chapter “The Great City”, which is part of his book The City of Tomorrow and it’s Planning. A great city is “the spiritual workshops in which the work of the world is done.” Le Corbusier stresses the importance of city planners having a detachment from history in order for new developments to thrive. Cities such as Paris, London and New York are not successful in that there is a sense...
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...5 BEST PLACES TO VISIT IN THE WORLD | | BURJ KHALIFA, DUBAI * It is a skyscraper in Dubai, UAE. * It is the tallest man-made structure in the world, standing at 829.8 m (2,722 ft). 1)At 828 meters (2,716.5 feet) tall, Burj Khalifa is 3 times as tall as Eiffel Tower and twice as tall as the Empire State Building.2. Burj Khalifa holds the world Records on: tallest freestanding structure in the world, highest number of stories in the world, highest occupied floor in the world, highest outdoor observation deck in the world, elevator with longest travel distance in the world, and tallest service elevator in the world.3. It is said that the weight of concrete used to build the skyscraper is equivalent to 100,000 elephants and the steel used to construct the frame is equal to that of 5 Airbus 380 aircrafts.4. The building design takes after the Greek flower, Hymenocallis. The name is translated as Beautiful Membrane in Greek.5. The building was constructed by a South Korean Company called South Korean company, Samsung Engineering and Construction.6. Burj Khalifa was built at a cost of $1.5 billion, It is supplied with about 250,000 gallons of water daily, and its electricity needs can go up to 360,000 100-watt bulbs burning at once.7. During the peak of construction, atleast 12,000 workers worked on the construction site per day.8. The tip of the sphere of Burj Khalifa can be seen from 95 kilometers away.9. The tower was to be called Burj Dubai but this was changed at...
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...The forthcoming model of the skyscraper is the combination of three attributes: 1.the reproduction of the site (seen in Flatiron Building). 2. The introduction of a tower (Metropolitan Life Building). 3. The occupancy of the whole block (the Madison Square Garden). All the three form of building have their own drawbacks: the multiplication lacks meaning, the tower has meaning but its intention of isolation is compromised by the its location, which is just a small plot in one single block, and the sole occupancy of the whole block, like the Madison Square Garden cannot make enough money to support itself. But when the three ally with each other, the tower lends meaning to the multiplication, the multiplication pays for the metaphors on the ground floor, and the conquest of the block assures the tower isolation as sole occupant of its land. This is the combination of three types of building. And this combination is supposed to be capable of accommodating different functions, making the whole as a self-contained universe. An application and exemplification of Rossi’s typology. The combination of the three thus becomes an “automonument” which establishes its monumentality out of its sheer volume rather than any conventional symbolism. But there is a controversy between its monumentality and its mission to accommodate living, which is anti-monumental. Architectural Lobotomy: The separation of exterior and interior. Two different architecture inside and outside the building (eg. Murray’s...
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...both the columns surrounding the building and its base. Because this building has 46 floors, it is clear that the spatial effect of the interior is lacking. For example, from the diagrams above, it seems that each floor is nearly exact to the one above/below. The space feels uniform, used for business exclusively. On a good- weathered day the glass building reflects sun and clouds, as though it is ethereal, in tune to the church below. It has a unique shape that is appealing to the eye, however, had the church not been constructed previously in the same block, I do not believe the shape of the high-rise would have remained so engaging. The glass structure and wholesome interior decoration are some of the only parts that bring beauty to a skyscraper so similar to every...
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...building in the world. Raskob hired the company Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon to design the building that he envisioned. During the planning of the ESB, Raskob became aware of the structure that Walter Chrysler was building (the Chrysler Building). Chrysler also wanted to build the tallest building ever made and he kept the final height a secret in order to do so. Raskob’s team had designed a building originally at 80 stories high. Not knowing what height they had to overcome, they continued to develop their plan (CBS Team, 2004). On January 22nd, 1930, construction began for this skyscraper. Scheduled to be completed by May 1, 1931, the ESB was finished 45 days earlier than their deadline. They also completed the building with a total cost of $40,948,900, which put it under budget. The budget for the building was $50 million (CBS Team, 2004). Costing the lives of 5 people, this $41 million skyscraper that stands 102 stories high (not including the needle) became the highest...
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...are mostly used to summarize paragraphs and main themes. Paraphrases are also used to cite statistics and other information. YOU DO NOT USE QUOTATION MARKS WHEN PARAPHRASING. Remember 3 Examples of Paraphrasing Here is a sample paraphrase: Paraphrase: How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than worlds tallest building, the Sears Tower, is unknown. The design of one twice as tall is already on the boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to build a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15). Note the following. The writer never uses the exact words of the author therefore there is no need to use quotation marks. The writer summarizes, uses his or her own words and then cites the source at the end. Sometimes a paraphrase will be large and must be broken up. A good rule of thumb is to break up a paragraph that is completely paraphrased into two or three citations. The writer has given credit to the author and thus has avoided plagiarism. Now the author would just continue writing after double spacing. 4 Original Text: (From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15.) While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper...
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...Most Americans standing before the Empire State Building do not stare beyond its facade and question the history that has made it one of New York City's most prized landmarks. It is often viewed two-dimensionally, as a vertical line amongst other vertical lines in an impressive skyline. However, the Empire State Building is not so much a building as a capsule encompassing a three-dimensional space loaded with histories. It is necessary to address these histories dynamically, and from multiple historical angles in order to gain a more complete and multi-faceted understanding of the building. To discuss the Empire State Building, this paper will look beyond its presence as a building and question its history on a micro level, as well as the history it produced on a macro level, from the impact it had on the lives of poor laborers, to its impact throughout the entire nation and the rest of the world. This discussion of the Empire State will start at the beginning, and address two characters that were foundational to its creation. The first of these men is John Jacob Raskob, the financial support that was necessary for the building's realization. Raskob chose real estate as a venue in which to invest because it was popularly regarded as safe and secure (Tauranac 98). He was not interested in investing in something that was perceived as glamorous and rather chose the path he imagined to have the least risk. The second man is Alfred E. Smith; he became a spokesperson of sorts to the...
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