...Why is the study of race and ethnic relations important in multi-cultural societies? Many people use the terms race and ethnicity interchangeably, however the distinction must be made. Wilkinson (1993) defines the term, race as “a category of persons who are related by a common heredity or ancestry and who are perceived and responded to in terms of external features or traits,” whereas ethnicity often refers to “a shared culture and lifestyle.” It must be noted that race is social construct rather than biological concept. The fact remains that different societies construct different systems of race classifications and these systems change over time. Ethnic group maybe distinguished on the basis of language, form of family, structure and role of the family members, religious beliefs and customs, forms of artistic expression such as music and dance and national origin. Two individuals with the same racial identity may have different ethnicity for example a black American and a black Jamaican have different culture or ethnic backgrounds. Equally, two individuals with the same ethnic background may identify with different race example Hispanic maybe black or white. In a multicultural society, when society is studied it may be discovered how races and ethnic groups are treated or how they should be treated. The disparity between the ideal and the normal occurrence will allow us to see how the society functions. It would then be impossible to study the society without emphasizing...
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...Review of Review of Economics and Institutions ISSN 2038-1379 DOI10.5202/rei.v1i2.1 ECONOMICS and INSTITUTIONS Vol. 1 – No. 2, Fall 2010 – Article 1 www.rei.unipg.it The Role of Institutions in Growth and Development Massachusetts Institute of Technology Daron Acemoglu Harvard University and Weatherhead Center for International Affairs James Robinson Abstract: In this paper we argue that the main determinant of differences in prosperity across countries are differences in economic institutions. To solve the problem of development will entail reforming these institutions. Unfortunately, this is difficult because economic institutions are collective choices that are the outcome of a political process. The economic institutions of a society depend on the nature of political institutions and the distribution of political power in society. As yet, we only have a highly preliminary understanding of the factors that lead a society into a political equilibrium which supports good economic institutions. However, it is clear that it is the political nature of an institutional equilibrium that makes it very difficult to reform economic institutions. We illustrate this with a series of pitfalls of institutional reforms. Our analysis reveals challenges for those who would wish to solve the problem of development and poverty. That such challenges exist is hardly surprising and we believe that the main reason for such challenges is the forces we have outlined...
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...are strategic, ethical, legal, and organizational concepts that must be taken into account if a leader is to be effective. Furthermore, as Christians we must be mindful of what we do. A Christian leader should heed the advice of the wise and never compromise their integrity. There have been theories and debates about whether leaders are born or created. Trait theories of leadership has discovered that many of history’s greatest leaders have some common denominators. According to these theories charismatic, enthusiastic and courageous people are more effective leaders. Meanwhile, behavior theories argue that leadership can be developed. Citing that leaders can effectively lead using learned techniques such as consideration and initiating structures. These leadership styles are effective and do not need to have the personality traits that are prescribed in trait theories. – (Robbins & Judge, 2010, p. 179-181). There have been managers that have all the ideal personality traits according to trait theories, but lack the will to govern...
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...CHAPTER ONE Abstract At the start of the year 2009, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia (TRC) sent out the released its final report. It was recorded that the root causes of the today reconciliation process in Liberia and the civil war that devastated Liberia between 1989 and 2003 were poverty, corruption, and inequality, Schmid E. (2010). Despite this diagnosis, the Commission’s legal analysis of past abuses was center around violations of economic, social, and cultural rights. Likewise, many transitional justice processes around the world sideline considerations of ESCR. This thesis, is based on The role of the students and youth community in the National Reconciliation Process of Liberia, A case study with the Liberian National Student Union. This thesis outlines why reconciliation is paramount at this time in the nation Liberia History and the factors involved. 1.0 Background to the study The Role of the Student and Youth in National Reconciliation and Peace building in Liberia. A case study report from IPI's Civil Society Project recounting the efforts of Youth and students actors especially Linsu and FLY, and student groups to foster peace, reconciliation, and democracy in Liberia show that the holding of democratic elections in July 1997 marked the end of Liberia's brutal seven-year civil war. The end of the war, it was thought, had settled Liberia's leadership question and it was hoped that cessation of hostilities would usher in...
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...Sociology 1 5/15/2014 Final Exam: Short Answer Questions 1. Class Stratification Describe the social class system in the U.S. In United States have six social classes, from the top to low, there are upper classes which is top-level executives, celebrities, heirs, income over fifty thousands and have highly education, second is new money class which is people inherit a huge money from their family. Thirdly is middle class which is people having highly educational and also have their professionals like lawyer and doctor. Fourthly is working class which is people have low educated or technical training, they always is blue-collar worker and worker. Also they have a union. Fifth is working poor class which is people have lower educational, usually work in the lowest-paying jobs. The last one is poverty level which is people can’t meet their basic needs. Discuss how class shapes life chances using segments from the film, People Like US: Social Class in America below: The working class vs. the middle class In the work, the working-class people more easy to injury at work than the middle class t. And, the working class people are least possibly have the extra money to buy essential, moreover luxurious things and holiday. The social class in US, the middle class family has the better survival qualifications, therefore they have the social activity, and their child can have a better education compared to the working class people. “Bourgeoisie Blues” – the black middle class ...
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...brief paper is to for me to assist in providing you a bird’s eye view of the entirety of Haiti as a nation from its discovery until today. In December 5, 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Hispaniola which we now know as Haiti. The Spaniards gave a third part of Hispaniola to France in 1697 and the latter called it Saint Domingue which later became known to be the richest colony in the world. However, it is the most cruel where half a million slaves were starved, beaten, and buried alive for petty offenses. Because of this cruelty, a black rebellion ensued in 1791 which triggered the civil war. Five years later, the chaos ended through the efforts of Toussaint L’Ouverture, a doctor and military man. However, in 1802, slavery was again introduced through the Convention of Paris, triggering more revolts and massacres. When Jean Jacques Dessalines declared a Republic of Haiti in 1804, it was met with disgust from the regime and they assassinated him two years after. (5) A tyrant leader Henry Christophe emerged and ruled like a king. In 1820, General Boyer took over and ended the civil war. He was responsible for gaining independence for Haiti from France. From 1843 to 1915, Haiti witnessed 22...
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...Johnson stated (July 10) that an example would be care giving in that although there are no biological markers for care giving its seen as a woman’s role where she is seen as the caretaker and the man the breadwinner. We come to know our gender roles by what society expects from males and females. We start learning gender in childhood. Take for example education where schools often award kids based on gender. Kindergarten graduation awards where boys were given awards like “most eager learner”, “most scientific” whereas girls were, “all around sweetheart” and “cutest personality” etc. Conflict theorist see gender as a way to have power and resources, by keeping women subordinate, men maintain power and control over resources. That’s where slavery of women began where women became dependant on men being that they were to stay at home and take care of the family and with no education and no income they became enslaved to a man. Functionalist sees gender as a great thing they say...
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...Examine the endings (with close attention to the last ‘scene’ and the last paragraph) of at least three 20c. short stories and consider how the author handles them and their relation to the story as a whole. The art of ending short stories has been hotly contested for centuries. As humans we naturally desire firm conclusions that tie up the story’s various loose threads and leave us with a sense of satisfaction. Many writers, in modern times, have tried to challenge this convention, preferring to leave endings open for interpretation and development of thought. This is connected with the developing idea that a short story is, in essence, a brief glimpse into a character’s life. In this sense, there is a future outside of the ending, which negates the requirement for an effective conclusion. Flannery O’Connor is an example of a modern writer who sought to challenge the conventions of a story’s ending. Her tale, ‘Everything That Rises Must Converge,’ is told from the perspective of Julian, a college graduate who is being supported by his mother while he seeks employment. The plot revolves around a ride on an integrated bus, and the crisis point comes in the form of a confrontation between Julian’s mother and a black woman wearing the same hat. Julian repeatedly conveys his wish to be rid of his mother, going so far as to dream about her being seriously ill. Despite this, his reaction upon her stroke shows exactly how dependant he is on her: ‘His voice was thin, scarcely a...
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...Liberty University Online Abstract Narrative therapy is a therapeutic approach that is used alone or in conjunction with other methods of therapy. This particular method of therapy is used in family therapy to help clients focus on gaining access to preferred story lines in reference to their lives and identities the family dynamics that may affect them. The preferred story line will replace the place of the previous negative and self-defeating narratives about themselves. Helping clients within a family counseling to begin to become the author of their own story is important in many cases to overcoming multigenerational affects. Narrative therapy aids in this process. This comprehensive evaluation of narrative therapy within the structure of family therapy and the integration of faith will be constructed in the following pages. Keywords: self-defeating, Narrative therapy, multigenerational, therapeutic Introduction Narrative therapy is considered apart of the Social Construction Model. This particular type of therapy, the counselor or therapist is not a dominant entity or focal point of the process. Instead the therapist is seen as an influential individual to the client. The counselor will aid the client with the process of internalization and the creation of new stories or narratives within themselves that help them to draw new assumptions about themselves. This is done through the process of the client being opened up to future stories. This will enable the...
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...Vol. 7(31), pp. 3078-3089, 21 August, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJBM12.1193 ISSN 1993-8233 © 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM African Journal of Business Management Full Length Research Paper Social vices associated with the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in a Private Christian Mission University, Southern Nigeria. Omonijo, Dare Ojo1*, Nnedum, Obiajulu Anthony Ugochukwu2, Fadugba, Akinrole Olumuyiwa3, Uche, Onyekwere Chizaram Oliver4 and Biereenu-Nnabugwu, Makodi5 Department of Student Affairs, Covenant University, P. M. B. 1023 Ota, Nigeria. Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025 Awka, Nigeria. 3 Department of Business Management, Covenant University, P. M. B. 1023 Ota, Nigeria. 4 Department of Religion and Human Relations, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria. 5 Department of Political Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria. 2 1 Accepted 6 August, 2013 This study is designed to address social problems associated with Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) and implications they portend on studentship in a Private Christian Mission University, Southern Nigeria. It tries to find out how the engagement of ICT devices results in social vices on campus. Drawing from recorded data between 2006 and 2012 academic year, the study reported six ICT tools associated with eight social- ills. Relying on raw data of 900 students disciplined within this period, the study...
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...Sociology & Family Theorizing and Researching 1. Structural Theories a) Materialism & Conflict theory Marx & Engles -changes in family lives reflect material change (ex, the mode of production, industrialization) macro-micro focus -power differences characterize society at all levels (ex, capitalism creates: exploitation of men in the workforce; oppression of women b) Political Economy -assumes the power of the one class over another (social control), capitalist relations of production -a more concentrated focus on how economic and political processes shape society and history and therefore family, families c) Structural Functionalism Parsons & Bales -the social institution of the family - family is seen as a function, and different parts of society helps it move along -the nuclear family performs functions -they saw the families as a main faction, economic support, these functions that happen in nuclear families include economic support -equilibrium, all parts help it work as a whole -hierarchical generations and role specialization within families produces harmony -the different roles that men and women take on, allows the family be a harmony -parsons and bales, gendered perspective on families, families having instrumental roles such as achieving income, feed the family, cloth the family, this would be men 2. Symbolic Interactionism Mead & Cooley - individuals create their own family realities through micro level interactions -from...
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...OB EXAM STUDY NOTES Motivation Motivation – the extent to which persistent effort is directed towards a goal - Effort, persistence, direction Intrinsic motivation – self applied, form the inside, stemming from the direct relationship between the worker and the task Extrinsic motivation – stemming from the work environment external to the task, usually applied by others (managers), not long lasting Content theories of motivation – WHAT motivates (Maslow’s theory, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s theory) Process theories – focus on the underlying processes involved in motivating employees – HOW motivation occurs (Expectancy theory, equity theory, goal setting theory) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological Needs – food, water, warmth, rest Safety Needs – security, safety Belongingness and Love Needs – relationships, friends Esteem Needs – prestige and feeling of accomplishment Self Actualization – achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities - Once a need is satisfied, attention is turned to the next highest level (the satisfied need is no longer an effective motivator, except self actualization) Alderfer’s ERG Theory 1. Existance Needs 2. Relatedness Needs 3. Growth Needs - The more lower level needs are gratified, the higher level need satisfaction is desired - The less higher level needs are gratified, the more lower level need satisfaction is desired McClelland’s Theory Need for Achievement - Prefer work where they...
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...on which economic activity depends. Environmental Risks Risks in the environmental category include both natural disasters, such as earthquakes and geomagnetic storms, and man-made risks such as collapsing ecosystems, freshwater shortages, nuclear accidents and failure to mitigate or adapt to climate change. Geopolitical Risks The geopolitical category covers the areas of politics, diplomacy, conflict, crime and global governance. These risks range from terrorism, disputes over resources and war to governance being undermined by corruption, organized crime and illicit trade. Societal Risks The societal category captures risks related to social stability – such as severe income disparities, food crises and dysfunctional cities – and public health, such as pandemics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the rising burden of chronic disease. Technological Risks The technological category covers major risks related to the growing centrality of information and communication technologies to individuals, businesses and governments. These include cyber attacks, infrastructure disruptions and data loss. Ten Global Risks of Highest Concern in 2014 1 Fiscal crises in key economies 2 Structurally high unemployment/underemployment 3 Water crises 4 Severe income disparity 5 Failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation 6 Greater incidence of extreme weather events (e.g. floods, storms, fires) 7 Global governance failure 8 Food crises ...
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...Introduction: Prostitution is one of the most widely neglected but complex vices of a society. It is the oldest profession in the world. The word prostitution began to come into common usage in the late eighteen century. Prostitution is historically and culturally ubiquitous with every culture adopting their own standards and attitudes. In the ancient world most purveyors of sexuality for economic reward were courtesans, concubines (kept mistresses) or slaves. Courtesans and concubines often had a high position in the traditional society. But in modern society this profession is being neglected and various social problems are occurred from it. One of the most serious problems is associated with the prostitution is the fact that the sex trade is surrounded by illegal, abusive and dangerous activities. One view maintains that such situations occur because prostitution is kept illegal and the industry operates on the back market. Besides these prostitutes are also sufferings in society. They have no status. Even their client also hates them. Prostitution: The word “prostitute” or more frequently “whore” is used as an insult towards a person (typically a women or girl) who is perceived as being sexually promiscuous (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prostitute). Prostitution is the act or practice of providing sexual service to another person in return for payment. People who execute such activities are called Prostitutes. According to Anthony Giddens, Prostitution can...
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...Blackface Chic: High Fashion, Racechange and Cultural Tourism Race, Identity, and Public Culture Popular cultural representations, in particular those in the fashion industry, have recently reinvented a historically loaded image in their performances: blackface.1 In the past several years, blackface and other images of physical transformations of race have appeared in a number of high and popular fashion contexts including a “yellowface” fashion show in Shanghai sponsored by Karl Lagerfeld, supermodel Heidi Klum photographed wearing only chocolate syrup, an issue of French Vogue featuring a white model in black body paint and elaborate “African-inspired” costuming, a photograph in V Magazine of two models, one in blackface and one white, wrestling, two episodes of America’s Next Top Model involving racial and biracial transformation, and an editorial naming American Apparel and showing a woman in blackface. Blackface, though in a contemporary form more accurately described by the term “racechange,” or the performance of one race by another (Gubar 2000), far from being taboo have become an aesthetic in the fashion industry. Though popular magazines and newspapers such as Essence and a number of fashion blogs have responded to particular instances of racial transformation, there is relatively little scholarly work on the rise of racechange in contemporary fashion. This essay attempts to fill that gap in scholarship by examining racial transformation through...
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