...to a greater extent forgotten by the criminal justice system. By victims I stand to recognize the primary and the secondary victims of crime. Primary victims are those that are directly harmed by the criminal activity while the secondary victims are the family, friends and relatives of the deceased. The only ’justice’ provided to them is the incrimination and incarceration of the perpetrator and little or no reparation and neither sometimes. It is rather ignored that this victims suffer social, psychological and financial effects as a result of the crime which harms them even much more. There are no well-known or formal institutions that firmly stands for the needs of the victims. If they do exist, they are mainly part of the efforts by Non-Governmental Organizations. The Witness Protection established by the Constitution has not effectively turned up as there are constant cases of victimization both by the society and the institutions of criminal justice. The only effort by the government is the establishment of the popular commissions of inquiry which in most cases are forums of corruption and unexplained controversies. Witnesses, families, friends and relatives of the deceased are left to suffer the loss of their loved ones and only turn to the media for refuge and to air their grievances. On the other hand, the culprit is sheltered, rehabilitated and empowered by the criminal justice system. The adversarial system of justice is working against...
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...Case Attrition and Its Effect on the Criminal Justice System Brian C. Kennedy University of Phoenix CJS220 Steven Weber 09 July 2014 Abstract The vast criminal justice system in the United States is, in many ways, slow and cumbersome, but ultimately the best model available for a truly free society. Were it not for various mechanisms engineered into the system to organize and streamline proceedings, the system would likely break down, mired in bureaucracy and procedure. This is known as case attrition, it allows for the overwhelmingly large number of cases and potential cases to be sifted, or “winnowed” out along the procedural highway in order to focus resources on the cases that truly need the attention of a trial or appeal. (Meyer & Grant, 2003, p. 245) Types of Attrition Simply deciding on whether or not to report a crime or perceived crime is the first stage. This responsibility often lies with the citizenry and numerous motivations for reporting or non-reporting of crimes exist ranging from self preservation to the lack of importance in the citizens eyes. Police also have a level of discretion dictated both by statute and departmental policy. They can decide whether or not an action rises to the level of a crime at all or if the crime is worthy of the resources and manpower needed in relation to the...
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...Organizational Effectiveness in Criminal Justice Organizations All organizations have specific ethics, values, and goals that it uses to drive them in a forward direction that those within the organization need to know and understand. The Criminal justice system is not any different and has many moving parts that at times can make it difficult to have a clear picture of the overall effectiveness of the organization is truly operating. In order to make this picture clearer we will look at three areas in the following paper. Those areas are the definition of organizational effectiveness, applying theories of organizational effectiveness to the management of criminal justice organizations, and methods of exerting control in an organizational setting. Organizational Effectiveness Organizational effectiveness is defined as “the efficiency with which an association is able to meet its objectives” ("Organizational Effectiveness," 2015). For a business, they would use organizational effectiveness to measure growth, customer satisfaction, or profit margins. While in the criminal justice organization they are more likely to use it to determine the decrease in crime, ticket productivity, and overall crime deterrence in the town or city. There is no true way to measure how effective a criminal justice organization is, but they do agree that effectiveness is a priority. To achieve organizational effectiveness, an organization must first have a clear leadership structure. Second...
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...United States Supreme court justice Earl Warren addressed the ruling in the civil rights case Brown v. Board of education decision of 1954, Topeka Kansas. Segregation laws of public schools was in violation of the fourteenth Amendment section one, which states “ all persons born or naturalized in the Untied States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immuntites of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws”. This alone proves that not only was the fourteenth amendment disreguarded but was unconstitutional under this amendment. This decision was the beginning of the civil rights movement. It ended the notion of the law of the land “separate but equal” which was a court case set decades before. Earl Warren stated “ We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. . ." During the court case Earl Warren referred to a phrase “ with all deliberate speed” of the way of the court case of Brown v. Bored. The Brown v. Board case was important and a pathway for the civil right movement but , it did not have a huge impact right away because it just asked for change...
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...The cry for justice has long been heralded in the United States, not only today but also in the past. In Twelve Angry Men, a play and movie written and directed by Reginald Rose, justice is by far the most significant idea presented. Through Juror Four, Reginald Rose displays perfectly the importance of the presence of justice in not only the society of today but also that of the 1950s. Juror Four demonstrates the theme of justice in Twelve Angry Men because he possesses many qualities a juror who must administer justice should have and then acts in accordance. First and foremost, Juror Four is a paragon of what a good juror should be like. He is coolheaded, detached, eloquent and logical. These character traits give him the best advantage to serve on a jury and administer justice because he is neither easily riled nor prejudiced. For example, Juror Four easily calmed down the other jurors when tempers begin to rise in Act 1 by saying, “Shall we all admit right now that it is hot and humid and our tempers are short? … I agree with you… but I think we should try to avoid emotionally colored arguments (1.11, 1.15)”. Here, Four easily calms down the more belligerent jurors (Three, Seven, Ten) down and also shows how he is emotionally detached from the case and encourages the other jurors to be so as well. His eloquence is also presents itself on several occasions and causes other jurors, like Three, to ride on his coattails while arguing the guilt of the boy (Juror Three often...
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...Differences? * Is immigration more of a “hot button” issue than housing? * If so, do we find different kinds of rhetoric? * Phil comment in class: Does Reckford focus more on system or structures or root causes (next slide) and Daniel more on individuals? * If so, do we have different kinds of solidarity in these two approaches? * Root Causes (“cycle”) of Poverty (structural analysis) (52-53) * Rhetorical device? * Cites 5 of them * “social capital” (56-58) is a rich illustration * Solidarity involves “learning” and “sensitivity” and “collaboration” (60) * Corresponding interventions/Solutions * E.g. “not charity but capital” (Clarence Jordan, cited 54) * 62-63: justice = level playing field (Sen. M. Fenwick, grandmother) * Housing is one of several interventions, but foundational (59) * Note structural components (infrastructure) of this intervention * E.g. ONE Campaign (http://www.one.org/us/) : 1% of US budget against extreme poverty * Immigration as “spiritual pilgrimage” * Religion/Public Square (ch.4) * “Do I believe in the moral teaching of my faith more than...
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...Carla Jones Unit 1 DB Penology Deterrence theory will help improve the criminal Justice System. People may seem to be more afraid of getting caught. For example you drive along a road every day and see a police officer there sitting maybe clocking peoples speed, the next time you travel that road you automatically slow down fear he will be there. Knowing if you get caught you will get a ticket or some sort of punishment from the officer. Therefore you obey the law. Another example is half of all state prisoners were under the influence of drugs and alcohol at the time of their offense therefore, it is unlikely that such persons are deterred by either the certainty or severity of punishment because of their temporary impaired capacity to consider pros and cons of their actions .(Christopher Mumola) The rehabilitation theory will benefit the criminal justice system. Re offending offenders are costing tax payers about to 9.5 to 13 billion a year that could be used other places. To benefit the system we need to give them proper and adequate training after release. We need to let offenders know and make help available to them to benefit in the long run. The help of finding them work and not to just release them and say we are done good luck. We need to offer programs for the younger generation to prevent committing crimes. Reformation will benefit the criminal justice system. To be able to offer the needs to offenders in and out of prisoners will cut down on the cost...
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...Hayley Masi May 8, 2013 Law Lipman E1 Justice Delayed is Justice Denied The term “Justice delayed is justice denied,” was written by William Ewart Gladstone (1809-1898). Gladstone was one of the greatest English politicians and was also former British Prime Minister. It has several possible origins, one of which is the Magna Carta, clause 40 which states, “To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice.” A prompt trial is guaranteed by the sixth amendment of the United States Constitution. A defendant who is held in jail for a lengthy period of time prior to his day in court could ultimately be found not guilty and then will have been in a sense wrongfully imprisoned. Trials that are pushed back for years may mean that witnesses may be lost or their memories may fade and a guilty man could walk. Victims of crimes and their families must prolong an agonizing ordeal awaiting their day in court. Parties on both sides of the law may be adversely affected by a justice system that is slow and inefficient. In the New York Times, an article written showed that in the Bronx there were more people waiting for their trial then in the rest of the city combined. This borough “was responsible for more than half of New York City’s criminal cases that were over two years old, and for two-thirds of the defendants waiting for their trials in jail for more than five years.” Of the cases eventually tried in the Bronx, less than half of the...
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...international institutions and mechanisms responsible for protecting human rights and maintaining international peace and security. As Huyse has remarked, when an authoritarian regime collapses, large sections of the population cry out loudly for severe punishment of those who bear responsibility for the crimes of the past. Justice for ordinary crimes aims to right the wrongs that have been done against victims. Justice can then, the theory goes, lead to closure and healing. Assuming it were practically possible and politically expedient to investigate, prosecute and punish each and every crime committed in a campaign of genocide or other mass atrocity, could accountability processes be adequate to meet the needs of victims? Could justice ever come anywhere close to restoring victims of genocide and mass atrocity to the situation that they would have been in but for the events of their victimization? Can justice ever put right the harm that victims of genocide and mass atrocity have been subjected to? Is really it possible for individuals and societies who experienced such horror to reach healing as a result of judicial processes? Of how much value can justice be, when it...
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...Research Process and Terminology Paper Name CJA/334 - RESEARCH METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE Date Instructor Research Process and Terminology When I hear the word research, I usually think of scientists in a lab wearing white lab gowns but, this is not always the case in the Criminal Justice field. Research can be used to fight crime, prove evidence in court or even help improve police response without the city. There are many terminology’s that has to be known to be successful when working in the field. How will this new terminology and knowledge apply to a career in criminal justice? There are hundreds of jobs within the criminal justice field. This new terminology will help throughout the research and will and aid in whichever branch or specialty the person is undertaking. The Terminology will help the person understand the different performances of the research and how it can be applied to his or her performance in job duties. This will give anyone a better understanding for research and how it should be carried out to assist them How will not knowing the proper terminology affect you as you conduct criminal justice research? Anyone that works in the criminal justice field knows that at any time people rely on the system to help them when needed. The system basically has control of all our lives and can determine what may happen next. Not knowing the proper terminology can have a huge effect on someone’s life, safety, and can even death...
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...1 The Supreme Court is commonly thought to be "above politics." However, one can argue that the appointment of Supreme Court justices is political. (a) Identify three characteristics of Supreme Court nominees and discuss how each characteristic has been politically relevant during the appointment process. Supreme court justices usually have strong background with experience in the law field. ex) lawyer. Justices need to have strong backgrounds so that congress satisfied with the level of experience, and so the the candidate is fully aware of the great responsibilities they are to position in. It is relevant to the appointment process because presidents nominate based on experience. They must be slow to anger and have a calm temper. Having a clean record is vital to determine if whether...
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...Child soldiers responsible for capital crimes should not be allowed amnesty unless it has been proven that they were forced to become a soldier. If given immunity, victims would not receive justice. Victims would have to live knowing the killer of their friend or family member did not receive punishment. Also, many of these children become soldiers because they chose to. Some of them plan missions and war crimes. If there is no consequence for being a youth fighter, given the fact they received immunity, commands will recruit and use more of them. This will just increase the numbers of child soldiers. Child soldiers do not deserve amnesty, they need to be held accountable for their actions. Additionally, forgiving child soldiers denies victims...
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...different and difficult trends among the justice system. These include many issues and controversy over centuries. We as society now learn and comprehend that our justice system is improving within time and developing a different theory to analyze in a better way what can be done to keep improving it. An evaluation will be described including the past, present, and the future of what is now the development and operational of the institutional community is based on corrections. As well as the issues and the future issues that prison and prisons administrators and the way the correction systems are developing within different trends. Past, present and future The past a, present and future trends that pertain to the development and operation of institutional and community that are based on corrections is for example the perspective that is been used today (Muraskin &Roberts, 2009). “Get tough on crime “is a viewpoint that has created a continuous development and increasing in the prison that have continual into the twenty first century (Muraskin &Roberts, 2009). As time keep passing by and society keeps changing, justice system is going to be moving more towards treatment orientation (Muraskin &Roberts, 2009). As well as community corrections will be improved and prolonged more (Muraskin &Roberts, 2009). Earlier in the years of 1970’s the conservative trends that were happening during those years keep developing and dominate what is now our justice system policy (Muraskin &Roberts...
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...When I first read Pantoum of the Great Depression I was extremely bored and the poem felt extremely long and dull, though this is not something most poets want their audience to feel, Justice seems to have a purpose behind this dullness. He uses this technique to show the ordinariness in their suffering, as well as the long lasting, and far from great life that people lived during the Great Depression. One of the most prominent ways to see this is to look at the pantoum format. Because the audience hears two lines two times in an eight line period and this happens multiple times, it makes the tone seem uninteresting and unimportant which displays how average and lacking of emotion their lives seem to be. Another aspect that plays into this...
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...U.S. Criminal Justice System Compared To Canada U.S. Criminal Justice System Compared To Canada The United States Criminal Justice System is used by national and local governments to maintain social control and punish violators of the law with criminal penalties. The primary agents responsible for upholding the law under the United States criminal justice system are the courts, defense attorneys and prosecutors, law enforcement officers along with prisons and jails. In joint efforts these agents work together to arrest, charge, adjudicate and punish those individuals found guilty of a crime. They are also responsible for ensuring that the accused are given a fair trial and that their individual rights are protected throughout the process. By law, individuals tried through the United States criminal justice system remain innocent until proven guilty (Criminal Justice System , 2011). The carry of firearms for protection and other lawful purposes is legal in forty-nine states, either under license or as a matter of course. Washington, D.C., and the State of Illinois are the only regions that both prohibit carry by statute, and neither issue a license exempting one from the statute. Open carrying of firearms without any licensing requirement is legal in thirty-one states. There is no federal law generally prohibiting the carry of firearms by citizens for protection or other lawful purposes. Some states' statutes prohibit carry in vehicles without a license; concealment without...
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