...Term Paper on MIGRANT WOMEN AND THEIR LIVELIHOOD FRAME WORK IN DHAKA CITY: A CASE STUDY ON T&T SLUM Chapter | Page no. | 1. Introduction | 4 | 2. Methodology | | 2.1 Focus Group | 5 | 2.2 Group Size | 5 | 2.3 Data Collection | 6 | 2.4 Data Analysis 2.5 Limitation | 6 7 | 3. Findings And Analysis | 7 | 3.1 Reasons Of Migration | 7 | 3.2 Way Of Earning | 9 | 3.3 Obstacles | 10 | 3.4 Family | 12 | 3.5 Earning And Spending | 12 | 3.6 Support | 14 | 3.7 Satisfaction | 15 | Conclusion | ...
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...Bandra overlooking the Arabian Sea, Mr. Mukesh Mehta sighed; he recalled when he first had the dream of creating a modern Dharavi – free of slums, where the poor, hardworking people will finally be able to enjoy a better quality of life and be integrated with the mainstream citizens. Throughout the history of the world, migrants have moved to the urban areas in search of a job so as to provide for their families. In most cases, they can find work, but not a place to live. Hence, without help from either developers or the government, they are forced to become squatters, building for themselves on undesirable and illegal properties. Dharavi, at the heart Mumbai, with 600,000 residents, is one such place and one of Asia’s largest slums. Mr. Mehta’s goal is to provide a decent standard of living to the people of Dharavi. He established himself as a celebrated realtor by building expensive custom homes for the rich in Long Island, New York, and now longed to build homes for the poor in the slums. He shared this dream with his family too. His son, Shyam, was very enthusiastic and regarded him as a “versatile” person who is capable of serving both the rich and the poor, while his wife considered him a “confused” person. He is, however, dedicated to pursue his dream of seeing that his heroes are living a far better life in a revamped Dharavi, free of slum. Mr. Mehta has been the management consultant for Dharavi Redevelopment Project (DRP) for more than seven years to date. The project was...
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...Meghan Lazor GLS 310 Essay 3 Favela Rising Favela Rising was an inspirational film about how even at the most hopeless of times, anything can be possible. One man had the courage to take a horrible tragedy and use it to rebuild a violent community into a cultural and more positive place to live. Through blind faith and endless optimism, this man fought through every obstacle in his path against the drug run streets of Brazil’s slums. He stood as a symbol of peace even in the face of death. The filmmaker risked his life to provide an edge of your seat colorful look into the dangerous streets of Rio Di Janero’s slums or “Favela’s, through the eyes of its people. The Favela’s are broken up into sections according to each drug lord’s domain. Here, the law is just as corrupt as the criminals who govern the streets. The citizens are confined to their own section living life fearing not when, but how they will die. The children aspire to be outlaws because they have nothing else to look forward to. The filmmaker paid special attention to the citizen’s of the Favela’s. These people were the narrator’s of the story. Many times when they spoke everything else would be blacked out. The camera would zoom into their faces so close that all you could see would be their mouths. This technique isolated the emotions and words of each speaker. As each person told a piece of the story, the filmmaker would show clips of video to follow along. Since the area is so dangerous the filmmaker...
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...My impression of life in slums before studying more about them in this class was certainly misguided. Looking back, I’m really not sure what experiences I had with learning about slums around the world. Now that I do know more about slum life, I am happily surprised to realize that slums around the world are making progress in several senses. Between the slums of Africa to the favelas of Brazil, there are pioneers who are blazing trails towards better lives. Despite the multitude of similarities between the slums across the world, I have also noticed a few interesting differences between the emphases placed on the progress in the slums of Africa and Brazil. I began by watching the African Slum Journals titled Restoring Dignity, Away from Trash,...
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...=====Overview===== **U**rban housing, also known as slums or favelas, is one of the major challenges faced by Brazil. The slums are social clusters officially known as informal settlements. Those communities have been a big problem, not only in Brazil but all around the world. They are growing at an alarming rate in the big cities due to urbanisation. In global surveys for the most expensive cities for residential properties, the 2 main Brazilian cities are highly ranked, with São Paulo in 10th position and Rio de Janeiro 2 ranks under. The 2 main reasons are the natural growth of the city population with birthrate exceeding deathrate, and the inflow of unemployed people, along with their families, looking for a job. Thus leading to a shortage...
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...Predominantly within the post-modern, American context the "good life" is understood as the freedom and ability to do or posses whatever we want; a complete lack of nothing but the ability to posses anything one might desire. However, in Robert Neuwirth's book "Shadow Cities" readers are introduced to multiple people groups, more commonly known as "squatters", who's lifestyles and beliefs challenge what many might consider the good life as generally accepted by members of Western civilization. As Neuwirth takes us from Rocinha, Rio De Janeiro to Istanbul the reader is continuously faced with the same three issues plaguing our world: the fact that the worlds population is steadily increasing at an alarming rate, that everyone must have a place to live and that housing costs and must be lowered in order to provide the amount of houses necessary to sustain our world's growing population (Neuwirth xiii). In this paper I will seek to summarize Neuwirth's book, "Shadow Cities", beginning with a brief history of the squatter community. When comparing past and present examples of squatter communities Neuwirth begins by noting that, "very little has changed since the Middle Ages. The barracks of Rocinha, the mud huts of Kibera, the wooden shanties of Behrampada, or the original Gecekondu houses in Sarigazi are not far removed the dwellings that were common centuries ago in Europe and North America." With very little difference between communities of the past and present it becomes apparent...
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...of a countries population living in cities increases an also to the related economic, social and political changes. A city is usually defined as having more than 10, 00 inhabitants; mega cities have more than 10 million inhabitants. Urbanization occurs as a result of migration but also of smaller settlements growing so that they are reclassified as cities. The growth of cities in developing countries will be much faster than that of developed countries. Rural populations are expected to remain stable overall, though with some variation between regions of the world. Personally I believe that urbanization is not a necessary and desirable aspect of development due to the fact that it results in the opposite effect being ‘crowded cities with slum conditions’, the exact opposite result of what the developing country aimed to achieve and this not being a necessary step towards the process of development. Modernization theorists, looking back to the model of the Western development, see the growth of cities as an essential part of economic growth. Cities provide a labour force concentrated in one place for factories and businesses. They are also important in promoting cultural change, because they remove people from the countryside, where traditional ways are strongest, and through exposing them to Western values, cultural change should occur. Modernization theorists would therefore expect that urbanization would be an essential part of the process of cultural and economic change...
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...Jacarezinho - A Slum Displaced From 1939 to 1978, more than 50% of the population of Recife, the capital of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil lived in the slums. Recife had the dubious distinction as one of the largest and poorest slums of any Metropolitan region in Brazil according to the World Bank . 60% of Recife’s total population of 1.4 million occupy squatter settlements (Appendix 1). After years of studying and assessing the poor living conditions of the Jacarezinho slum, the state government of Pernambuco, along with the municipal officials of both Recife and the neighbouring municipality of Olinda, partnered with the World Bank and signed the documents for an urban renewal project called Prometropole in 2003. The cost of the project was US $84 million with a loan of US $46 million from the World Bank . The project was finally launched in 2007 with a planned completion date of 2008 but due to setbacks the project was still not completed in 2010. The objective of the project was to resettle the population in new homes close to the existing slum, to remove the shacks along the waterway, to construct roads and to improve urban infrastructure by providing sewage and drainage so that the inhabitants could have a safer and cleaner place to live. This paper will provide an overview of the obstacles faced by the population as they stood by and waited to be resettled into cleaner, safer and more modern accommodations...
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...purposes. URBAN SLUMS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: UNDERSTANDING THEIR ORIGINS/EVOLUTIONS AND METHODS FOR IMPROVEMENT Leanna Medal and Mark Boyer Department of Landscape Architecture University of Arkansas ABSTRACT: Currently, it is estimated that one billion people live in urban slums and the expectation is that the number will double in the next twenty-five years (Tibaijuka 2005). Of all the geographical areas in the world, sub-Saharan Africa has the worst record of meeting the Millennium Development Goals and has the highest percentage of slums dwellers as a percentage of the urban population (Hugo Ahlenius (UNEP/GRID-Arendal) 2005; UN-HABITAT 2003b). Many of the UN Millennium Development Goals could achieve maximum effects if urban slums were targeted for improvements due to the large populations they constitute. While some attention is being given to improving the conditions of urban slums, the progress is slow and there appears to be a scarcity of information about what is being done and if it is working. Slums have evolved from their origins in Britain‟s industrialization in the 18th century through the social reformers of the 19th century to today‟s slums, which are deemed unsafe because of a lack of basic infrastructure and services. Additionally, three cases studies of improvement projects in subSaharan Africa give some insight into potential successful improvement methods, however, much of these plans are yet to be implemented. KEYWORDS: urban slums, sub-Saharan Africa...
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...Taylor Canseco PLN 371 Rajinder S. Jutla Term Paper Squatter Settlements: The Worlds Largest Unknown Population In talking to many of my peers around the Missouri State campus, I wanted to know what people thought were some of the worlds largest populations. While gathering several answers, the questions asked were never necessarily specific. Answers ranged from religious populations, ethnic populations, and country populations. The reason for the questionnaire was so that people could be informed about one of the worlds largest populations; the residents of squatter settlements all around the world. With the world population nearly reaching 7 billion, almost 1/6th of these people have found a way to live in illegally built cities. While some of these cities have found ways to create peace and fluency, such as the Favelas of Brazil, many have planning issues that planners hope to one day solve. Although they are not the typical modern day cities, squatter settlements have formed some of the most fluent new urban ways of life around the world. Louis Wirth, author of one of planning’s earliest journal articles “Urbanism as a Way of Life” (actually a sociology journal), stated that there were three basic principles when it came to defining urbanism. Population size, density, and the heterogeneity of an area is how new urbanism is built. In this paper we will use these three principles, rational thinking, and the basic planning process to view how over 1 billion squatters...
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...Dagan/iStockphoto A recent report released by the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions notes that while previous studies found that women who migrate to cities do so to join family members – mostly husbands – in the city, this trend appears to be changing: an increasing number of women are migrating to cities on their own, often to escape domestic violence or discrimination in rural areas, or because they have been disinherited. In some sub-Saharan African countries, stigmatization due to HIV/AIDS has also forced women to move to cities. In Kenya, for instance, many rural women who are infected with HIV, or who have lost a husband to the disease, are sent away from the marital home along with their children. Many of these women end up in urban slums, while their children, who are presumed to be infected with the virus, are often denied a share of the father’s property. While poor women and men in urban centres both face insecurity of land tenure and shelter, women are especially disadvantaged because they are often excluded from secure tenure as a consequence of cultural norms and unequal legal rights in legislative and policy frameworks of political systems. Women who become single heads of households, particularly in Africa, are particularly vulnerable, as in many countries in the region, they can still only access land through husbands or fathers. Where women’s land ownership is relationship-based, they risk losing access to land after widowhood, divorce, desertion or male migration...
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...Chapter I The Problem and its Background Introduction Before, the first group of people who walked in the grounds of earth have no permanent place to live in, nor a permanent location to settle for good. Hence, they are called nomadic, who have no permanent abode and travel from one place to another to find food and other basic needs. In modern terminologies, if you live like a nomadic person does, you are called itinerant,that now refers to the indigenous groups in a country who live in rural areas. But our brothers and sisters in urban areas tend to be moved from one place to another, yet they are not indigenous. They have the tendency to vacate their place, but not due to the loss of food and basic necessities, but because of the fact that they have to resettled and relocated to a new location. Resettlement is a voluntary or involuntary movement of large number of people from one place (which is usually the original settlement) to another (which is a new settlement), and this movement is not without consequence (Akpanudoedehe, 2010). It is a planned or impulsive transfer of people from their original places to a new settlement site wherein they have to adapt to the new environment. Here in the Philippines, resettlement is a common picture in our environment, and the most dominant kind of resettlement that we can see is involuntary. Involuntary resettlement is largely a consequence of planned change generated by major development projects such as dams for irrigation...
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...more concentrated on study of small & isolated civilizations rather than complex ones in cities. However, cities are where the action is. Therefore, new subfield of anthropology emerged, urban anthropology, emphasizing issues of the cities in undeveloped and industrialized countries. This might be due to the reason that anthropology aspires to study universals and wider perspective of human condition. And also cities represent a ‘gateway; to fieldwork which mainly takes place in towns, peasants villages, rural areas etc. Gateway, not just in a physical sense of airports, train & bus stations, but also in sense of communication, expertise (universities, academics etc.), government etc. Although, to interpret issues of cities, the slums, & shanty towns can be done only in terms of forces which lead people to migrate from the countryside. 1. There are a lot of questions studied by both anthropologists and sociologists related to comparative studies of cities and understanding human ways. These phenomena are those of comparison of urban experience in underdeveloped countries. For instance, issues like kinship ties and stresses of urban life and its effects of crowding on aggression and frustration. Thus Anderson argues, on this topic, that due to cultural ways of dealing with crowding the pathological effects on urban Chinese living in Hong Kong are minimized. More importantly, Gideon Sjoberg, created so-called idealized model of the preindustrial cities, in...
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...Urbanization in simple terms is the rapid and massive growth of cities as the migration of people from the countryside in search of better jobs and living conditions occurs. Migration is defined as the long-term relocation of an individual, household or group to a new location outside the community of origin. As the process of internal migration increases within a country large masses of people are gathering in the densely populated and highly structured settlements of a country. Consequently, cities are growing significantly in size and number with the continuation of mass migration. At the start of the 20th century only about 17.8% of the entire population of a third world country lived in a city, but today the proportion of urban and rural dwellers is approximately equal, in-fact today 3 Billion of the world’s population are urban residents, accounting for half the world’s population at the rate of a 180,000 people moving into cities each day (60 Million a year). It is projected that at this rate many of the cities in developing regions of the world such as Africa and Asia may double in size to compensate to this process. Rapid urbanization has presented a series of issues in the third world and has thus been a leading factor in shaping third world politics. Urbanization in the third world has drastically increased by as much as 50% over the last century. For instance Bangladesh has an urbanization rate of 3.5% resulting in 27% of the country’s population being urban settlers;...
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...housing for people in Cairo, Egypt is in dire straits. Three of the world’s 30 largest slums are found in Cairo and 45 percent of Egypt’s population is living in slum conditions. It has been stated that there are about 8 million slum dwellers in Greater Cairo and almost 70 percent of the city’s residents live in informal areas or settlements that are called ashwa’iyyat (Kipper, 2009). Informal housing areas in Cairo are inhabited by heterogeneous group of people and these areas spread throughout Greater Cairo and there is lack of support from the government to tackle the spread of such slums (Bayat and Dennis, 2000). In 2005, Egypt’s UN Human Development Report (EHDR) reported the precarious situation of housing for poor people in Cairo. Following the report of 2005, the government announced a series of planned projects to tackle the housing problem in Cairo along with the cooperation of UNDP. Further, international aid organizations such as the USAID and GTZ also came forward to help in several housing projects. However, in spite of such measures there is need for further development to control the continued encroachment on agricultural lands and lack of proper housing for the poor. There is a view expressed by several scholars that informal housing is actually a solution to provide housing to the poor people in Cairo (O’Donnell, 2013). While the government of Cairo fears that slums harm the modernisation of Cairo but at the same time, informal housing is a blessing in...
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