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Smes Access to Finance

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‫اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰي اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ‬

‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫اﻟﺪآﺘﻮر ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻼﺣﺼﺎء‬ ‫واﻻﺑﺤﺎث‬

‫ﺑـــﺪر ﻏﻴﻼن - ﺧﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺼﺎء واﻻﺑﺤﺎث‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰي اﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ اﻻول ـ ٣٠٠٢‬
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‫ﻣﻘــﺪﻣــــــــﺔ‬ ‫"""""""""‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ) ‪ (Micro Enterprises‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻏﻠـﺏ ﺒﻠـﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ ،‬ ‫ﻭﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜل ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ، ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ، ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﻅـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ٠ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ ﻭﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻁـﺭﺩ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﺫﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺔ ٠‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺒﺎﺤﻬﻡ ﻤﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻘﻬﻡ ٠ ﻭﻫـﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﻠﻘﻭﻥ ﻓﺭﺹ ﻋﻤل ﻟﻌﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺠﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺠﺩﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﺍﻡ ،‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﺒﻤﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ، ﻴﻌﻴﻠـﻭﻥ ﺍﺴـﺭﺍ ﻤﻤﺘـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫،ﺘﺸﻤل ، ﻋـﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺒﻨﺎﺀ ، ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗـﺎﺭﺏ ، ﻭﻜـﺫﻟﻙ ﻓـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﺘﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺌﺢ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﺎﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴـﺔ٠‬ ‫ﻭﺘـﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴـﺔ ﺘﺴـﺎﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴـﺔ ٠ ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ ﻭﻜﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻨﻐﻼﺩﻴﺵ ، ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻴﻁﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﻡ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﻋـﺎﻤﻼ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻤﺸﺎﻏل ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠـﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠـﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﺭﻴـﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺠـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺯﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﺜﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ٠ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺘﻠـﻙ ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐـﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ : ﻨﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﺭﻓﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ٠ ﻭﻨﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ٠ ﻭﻨﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﻁﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻲ ٠ ﻭﻨﺨﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ٠‬

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‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻻول‬ ‫،،،،،،،،،،،،‬
‫ﺍﻭﻻ : ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ٠ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻋﻁﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻤﺴﻴﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎ ﻓﻲ )٥٧( ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ، ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻤـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻐـﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ٠‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﻌـﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﺼـﺎﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ، ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ، ﺍﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ، ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ، ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺒــﻪ ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻴﺩﻴﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﻥ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﻴﻥ ٠ ﻭﺘﺘﺨﺫ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺯ ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﺩ ﻵﺨﺭ ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ، ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻨﻨـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺠﻤﻪ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﺴـﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺴـﺎﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ٠‬ ‫ﺍﻤـﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻟﻐﺎﻴـﺔ ٢٨٩١ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﺸﺨﺎﺹ ٠ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨـﻪ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ٣٨٩١ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻘـل‬ ‫ﻋﻥ )٠٠١( ﺍﻟﻑ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﺭ ٠‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ: ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻘـﺩ ﺍﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺭﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟـﺩﻭل ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻬﻴﺄ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ، ﻭﺍﻋﻁﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺤﻘﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ ، ﻭﻤﻨﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻻﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭ ٠‬

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‫ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻨﻬﺎ ، ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ، ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻑ ﺍﻤﺎﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠـﻲ :‬ ‫١ - ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﺤﺔ ﻟﻼﺌﺘﻤﺎﻥ ٠‬ ‫٢ - ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ، ﻤﻊ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴﻡ ٠‬ ‫٣ - ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴـﻭﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸـﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﻴﺔ٠‬ ‫٤ - ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﻌـﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓـﻕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻘﺩﻫﺎ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ٠‬ ‫٥ - ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻭﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻤﻨﺤﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﺎﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻻﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ٠‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ: ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ﻭﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴﻬﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺴـﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺜﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸـﻜل ﺭﺃﺴـﻤﺎل ﺍﻭ ﻗـﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﺌﺘﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ٠ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ٠ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒــﻪ ﺍﺼـﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﺼـﻭﻯ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﻴـﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻫﻤﻬﺎ: ﻗﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ٠ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻴﺒﻌﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻤﺄﻨﻴﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭﻴﻥ ٠ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻀﻁﻼﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﻻﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘـﻡ ﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨـﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬـﺎ ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﻌـﺎ ٠‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫١ - ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺩﺒﻴﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺴﻬﻡ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﺤﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ٠ ﻭﻴﺘﺨﺫ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻨـﻪ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﺼـﺤﺎﺒﻪ ﻁﺎﻟﻤـﺎ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻨﺸﻰﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠﻠﻬﺎ ٠‬

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‫٢ - ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓـﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻤﺠﺎﻻ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺎ ﻻﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﻫﻴﺎﻜل ﻭﺘﻤﻭﻴـل ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ، ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ٠ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻨـﻭﻋﻴﻥ : ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ٠ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ٠ ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺠﺎل ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻗﺴـﺎﻡ ﻫـﻲ :-‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺠل : ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜـل ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﻜل ﺘﺴـﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﻗـﺭﻭﺽ ﻟﻠﻭﻓـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺠﻠﺔ ٠ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺌﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺁﺠﺎﻟﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ )٠٣‬ ‫٠٨١( ﻴﻭﻤﺎ ، ﺜـﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﺭﻓﻴﺔ ،‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻗﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻗﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺠل‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻀﻴﻼ ﻭﺍﻜﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺤﺠﻤﺎ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ٠ ﻭﺍﺨﻴـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ٠‬ ‫ﺏ - ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻷﺠل :‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻤـﻥ )١ -‬ ‫٥( ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ، ﻭﺘﻀﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒـﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴـﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ، ﺜـﻡ ﻋﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻘﺴـﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ٠‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺒﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺠﻴﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺼﻭل ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻨﻅﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻴﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺠﺭ ٠‬ ‫٣ - ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺠل : ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ :‬ ‫ﺃ - ﻗﺭﻭﺽ ﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺒﺎﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴـﺔ ﻋـﻥ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭﻫـﺎ ٠ ﺒﺎﻻﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ٠‬ ‫ﺏ - ﺴﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ : ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻷﺠل ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺍﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﻬﻡ ﻭﺴﻨﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻭﻴل ٠ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻁـﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﻔﺘﻘـﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ٠‬
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‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ: ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸـﺭﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴـل ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴـﻭﻕ ٠‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﺭﺼـﺩﺘﻬﺎ ٠ ﻭﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺀ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺘﻔﻌﻴل ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ٠‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻭﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍ، ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻤل ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ، ﻭﺘﺤﺘل ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺍ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺎ ﺩﺍﺨـل ﻗﻁـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻴﺔ ٠ ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻨﺸﺂﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ٦٩% ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋـﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ٠ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ )ﻤﺼﺭﻑ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ( ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺘﺄﺴـﺱ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺍﻭل ﻤﺼﺭﻑ ﻴﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﻘـﺩﻴﻡ ﻗـﺭﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻻﺼﺤﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻻﻴﺴﺘﻬﺎﻥ ﺒـﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﻭﻴـل‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ٠ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺄﺴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ٧٨٩١ ﺍﻭل ﻤﺼـﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﺩﻓﻪ ﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻫﺏ٠ ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﺍﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﺎﻡ ٣٦٩١ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤـﺎ ﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺼﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺤـﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺠـﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﺌﺘﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ٠ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺴـﺱ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ٦٦٩١ ﻤﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻜﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻤﺼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ )ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ( ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻤﺎﺌﻲ )‪ (UNDP‬ﻟﻠﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ ، ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻘﺭﺭ ﺘﻁﺒﻴـﻕ ﺜﻼﺜـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻫﺩﻓﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻁـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤـﺩ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ٠‬
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‫ﺍﻤـﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﻤﺩ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺩﻋﻡ ﻭﺘﻁـﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎل ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨـﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻫﺎ )ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﻠﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﻭﻴـل ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ( ﻫﺩﻓﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺸـﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻭﺸﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺒﺎﺕ ٠‬ ‫ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺘـﻡ ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ )ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﺸﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺸﻁﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﻌﻰ ﻻﻥ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ٠٣% ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭ ٠٧% ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺭﺓ ٠‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫١ - ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺼﺩﻭﺭ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺄﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎﻡ ٤٦٩١ ، ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﺎﻓﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫، ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁ ﻓـﻲ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫٣٧٩١ ٠ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘـﻡ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﻘﻁـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ، ﺜـﻡ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋـﺎﻡ ٨٧٩١‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﺩﻓﺕ ﺒﻴﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﺭﺴﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ٠ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘـﻡ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻜـل ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻪ ٠ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺨﺭﻫـﺎ ﻗـﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻁ ﺭﻗـﻡ )٠٢( ﻟﺴﻨـﺔ ٨٩٩١ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸـﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ٠ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻀﺎﻋﻔﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺭﻏﻡ ﻅـﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺭ ، ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ )٨٩٣٠٤( ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٩١ ﺍﻟﻰ )٦٠٠٣٨(‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ٠٠٠٢ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻭﺍﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺠﻤـﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﻏﺯﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋـﺎﻡ ٠٩٩١ ٠‬ ‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻨـﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺁﺨـﺭ ﻨﺠـﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﺸـﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻗـﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻅﻴـﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻴﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺸﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﺘﺔ ، ﺍﻭ ﺘﻌﺭﻀـﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻁﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻤــﺎ ﺍﻓﺭﺯﺘـﻪ‬
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‫ﻗﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻋﺎﻤـﺎ ٠‬ ‫٢ - ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺩﻱ ﻟﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺴـﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻤـﻭﻡ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤـﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻭﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ، ﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻀـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻨﺄﻯ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴـﻤﻰ ﺒـﺎﻻﻗﺘﺭﺍﺏ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﺎﻓـﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺤـﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻜﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻷﺠل ، ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺁﻨﻔﺎ ﻗـﺩ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺔ )ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴـﺔ( ﻟﻠﻨﻬـﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ ، ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺘﺒﺴـﻴﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﺠـﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺨﻠـﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌـﻡ ٠‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﻴﻥ ٥٠١ ﻭ ٦٠١ ﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ٠٠٠٢ ﺒﺸـﺄﻥ ﻤـﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﻔ ـﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀ ـﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴ ـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺸ ـﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸ ـﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺭﻨ ـﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻬﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﺘـﻡ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل )ﺼـﻨﺩﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﻅـﻴﻡ ﻓـﺭﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺘﺄﺴﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺒﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎل ﻗﺩﺭﻩ )٠٥( ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻴﻨـﺎﺭ ﻭ)٠٥(‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻴﻭﺭﻭ ، ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺍل ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻘـﺩﻡ ﺨـﻼل ﻋـﺎﻤﻲ‬ ‫٠٠٠٢ ﻭ ١٠٠٢ )٨٣١( ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎ ﻤﻌﺯﺯﺍ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻯ ٠ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ )١٣(‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎ ﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ٠ ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺤﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻨـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ )٥٢( ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺸـﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺤﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ، ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺘـﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺒﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻌﻁﻴل ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ٠‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﻻﺤـﺩﺍﺙ ﻤﻌـﺩﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﻁﻨـﻲ )ﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠـﻲ(‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻠﻨﻬﻭﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻏل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒـﺔ(‬ ‫ﺤﺼﺭﺍ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺩﻴـﺔ ،‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤﺸﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ )ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻭﺘﻜﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ( ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻀـﻴﺎﻉ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻟـﻪ ﻟﻼﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،‬
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‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻔﻌﻴل ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ ٠ ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺍﻁـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ )ﺘﻭﺴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺘﻁـﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ )ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍل ﻭﺘﻤﻜﻴﻥ )ﺤـﺭﻑ( ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ، ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻭﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ، ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺏ ﻻﺤﺘﻀـﺎﻥ ﺘﻠـﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﻻﻨﻁﻼﻗﻬﺎ ٠‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﻁﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﺸﻙ ﺍﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺁﻨﻔﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻭﺘﺄﻁﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺤـﻭل ﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ )‪ (Venture Capital‬ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﻨﺤـﻭ ﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻴﺎﺘﻪ٠ ﺍﺫ ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺒﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺘﻘﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤـﺞ ﺍﻻﻗـﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌـــــﻲ )‪ (Micro – loan program‬ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻭﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼـﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ )ﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ( ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺒﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻭﻀﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﻨﺴﺠﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺸـﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﺹ ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟـﻨﻘﺹ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ٠‬ ‫١ - ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﻲ :‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻀـﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺠﻡ ﺍﺤﻴﺎﻨـﺎ ﻋـﻥ ﺘﻌـﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺸﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﻴـﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺒﺭﻫﻨـﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﻡ ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ٠ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﺸﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ،‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ، ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ، ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺒﺎﺴــﻡ ) ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ( ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﺼﻁـﻼﺡ ) ‪SBA – Small‬‬ ‫‪ (Business Administration‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﺠﺎﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻲ ﻭﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﻗﺒل ﺍﺤﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻨﺢ ﻟﻼﺌﺘﻤﺎﻥ ، ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋـﻥ ﺘـﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺹ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺘﺘﻭﻻﻫـﺎ‬
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‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ٠ ﻜﺎﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴـﻴﻕ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬـﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌـﺩ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻲ ﻭﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻠﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ٠‬ ‫ﺏ - ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺌﻲ :‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻻ : ﻴﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﺠﺎﺯﺓ ﺘﺄﺴـﻴﺱ ) ﻀـﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ( ﻟﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ ﺤﻤﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ٠ ﻭﻟـﻪ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺠـﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ ، ﻭﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻻﺘﻘل ﻋـﻥ ﺨﻤـﺱ ﺴـﻨﻭﺍﺕ ٠ ﻭﻴﺤـﻕ ﻟﺤﻤﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﻤﻤﻥ ﻟﻬـﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﻻﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺁﻨﻔـﺎ ٠‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ) ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﻤﺯﺍﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓـﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺤﻴﺎﺌـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻻﺠﻴﺎل ﻓﻴﻪ ٠‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ: ﺍﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ٠ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺩﻫﺎ ) ﺩﻟﻴـل ﺨﻁـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ) ‪ (Small Business Plan Guide‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜـﺎل ﻜﺠﻬـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ٠ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺴﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﻏﺎﻴﺎﺘﻪ ٠‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ : ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﺠﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻴﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺸـﺒﺎﺏ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺘﻜـﻭﻴﻥ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﻓﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﻓـﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺸـﻐﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﺒﺩﺍ )ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ( ﻭﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺴـﺘﻘﻁﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ٠‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﻠﻲ ( ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺎ ، ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻘـﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﺭﺽ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌـﻲ ) ‪(Syndicated Loan‬‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺼﺹ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ٠‬
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‫ﻭﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺴﻨﺩ ﺒﺎﺴـﻡ )ﻗـﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌـﻲ ﻭﻓﺎﺌﺩﺘـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻁﻔﺎﺌﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ) ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ(‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻁﺎﺭ ﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺌﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻓﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻴـﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ٠ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌـﺩل ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻭﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺘﻐﻁﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ ﻤﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨﻭﺡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺤﻭﺏ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺠﺭﻱ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺫﻟـﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :‬ ‫ﺃ - ﻴﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻗﺭﻀﺎ ﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻴﺎ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺭﺍﺱ ﻤﺎﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺴﻘﻑ ﺍﻗﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻬـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ٠‬ ‫ﺏ - ﻴﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ )ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ – ﻓﺭﺩﺍ ﻭﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ( ﻤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻤﻬﺎل ﺍﻤـﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﺘﺎﻥ )ﻗﺒل ﺘﺴﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ( ﻭﻴﺴﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ ﺒﺎﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻤﻬﺎل ٠‬ ‫ﺝ - ﺘﻌـﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻭﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻓﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺴـﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤـﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺒﻀـﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺔ ٠‬ ‫٣ - ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺃ - ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻏل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﻤﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻨﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺘﻪ ، ﺍﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺫﺓ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺅﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ )ﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻠـﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻨﺸـﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ( ٠‬ ‫ﺏ - ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ٠‬

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‫ﺝ - ﺘﺤﻅﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻠﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻴـﺔ ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺨـﺭﻯ ٠‬ ‫٤ - ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ، ﻭﻴﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻁﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺫ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ٠‬ ‫٥ - ﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋـﻼﻩ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻌـﺎﺭﺽ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻏل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻘـﻊ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻘﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻁﻼﻗـﺎ ٠‬

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‫اﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ واﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت‬ ‫"""""""""""""""""""‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻗﺎﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺁﻓـﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟﺔ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﻭﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﻋﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻥ ﺘﺸﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺸـﺎﻜل ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻟـﺔ ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ ٠ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻤﺭ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺤﻭﺍل ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎل ) ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻴﻠﺔ ( ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻨﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻤـﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ٠ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼـﺭ ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ، ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺘـﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﺤﺭﺍﺯ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ٠ ﻭﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻗﻭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺌﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺭﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﻨــﻪ ٠‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺘﺄﺴـﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺩﻋﻡ ﻭﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻭﻤـﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ٠ ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺘـﻡ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜـﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺘﻤﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺎﺤﺕ ﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ﻤﺯﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ، ﻭﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻠﻨﻬﻭﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﻏل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻴﺴـﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺤﺸﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻀـﻴﺎﻉ ﻭﻭﻀـﻌﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻟﻼﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻬﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍل ٠ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺏ‬ ‫ﻻﺤﺘﻀﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻗﺎﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ٠‬

‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺮاﺑـﻊ‬

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‫ﻭﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺨﺘﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴـﺔ :-‬ ‫١ - ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌـﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ٠‬ ‫٢ - ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻻﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ٠‬ ‫٣ - ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻨﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺄﺠﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ٠‬ ‫٤ - ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺼﺭﻑ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻔﺘﺢ ﻨﻭﺍﻓﺫ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﺴـﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻷﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﺠﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤـل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ٠‬ ‫٥ - ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ٠ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺁﺠـﺎل ﺍﻟﺴـﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ٠‬ ‫٦ - ﺍﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ٠‬ ‫٧ - ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﺄﺴـﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ٠‬ ‫٨ - ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺴـﻴﺱ ﺸـﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﻨﻴـﺔ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﻻﻗﺎﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻓﻴﺔ ٠‬ ‫٩ - ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤﻤـل ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺘﻜـﺎﻟﻴﻑ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ٠‬ ‫٠١ - ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺤـﺕ ﺘﺼـﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﺎﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠل ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺠل ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻗـل ﻭﻤـﺩﺓ ﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺍﻁﻭل ٠‬ ‫١١ - ﺩﻋـﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﻤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻴﺎﻑ ٠‬ ‫٢١ - ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻨﻴـﺔ ﺒﻬـﺩﻑ ﺘـﺫﻟﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻓﺭﺼﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل٠‬ ‫٣١- ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺠﻴﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ٠‬

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‫٤١- ﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺠـل ﺯﻴـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﻓﺯ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴـﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﻤﻜﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻙ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ٠‬

‫١ - ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ – ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل : ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ – ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬ ‫– ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ – ﺤﺯﻴﺭﺍﻥ ١٠٠٢ ٠‬ ‫٢ - ﺒـﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﻼﻥ – ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼـﻐﻴﺭﺓ ، ﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ – ﺒﺤﺙ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭ – ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‬ ‫– ٣٠٠٢ ٠‬ ‫٣ - ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ – ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ – ﺒﺤـﺙ ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ: ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ – ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﺎﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ٧٨٩١ ٠‬ ‫٤ - ﻤﻔﻠﺢ ﻋﻘل – ﺍﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ٠ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ : ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل ﺍﻻﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒـﻲ – ﺍﺘﺤـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ – ﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ ٦٨٩١ ٠‬ ‫٥ - ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ – ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ٤٩٩١ – ٥٩٩١ ٠‬ ‫٦ - ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ – ﺍﻻﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠﻴـﺔ –‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻤﺎﻡ ٩٨٩١ ٠‬ ‫٧ - ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻭل ﻏﺭﺏ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ – ﻨﻴﻭﻴﻭﺭﻙ – ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ –‬ ‫٨٩٩١ ٠‬ ‫٨ - ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ – ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻭل – ﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﻋـﺎﻡ ٠٠٠٢ ٠‬ ‫٩ - ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ – ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﻏﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ – ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭل ٠٨٩١ ٠‬ ‫٠١ - ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ )٨( ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ )١( ﻜﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ٧٨٩١ ٠‬ ‫١١ - )4991( ‪Wilson – A and etal‬‬
‫: ‪Financing Small Business Enterprises‬‬ ‫‪Sources of Information . Business Reference Services Library of‬‬ ‫‪Congress Washington‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬ ‫"""""""""‬

‫ﻧـﻮال//‬

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