...Criminal Justice Trend Evaluation Terry Milton CJA/394 June 25, 2012 James Beeks Criminal Justice Trend Evaluation To keep up with the criminal problems in society, functions and components of the criminal justice system has to evolve in order to be able to detect and keep up with growing trends in society. New laws need to be created to help keep up with the evolution and its new trends. In this paper the evaluation of past, present, and future trends that connect to societies and the components of the criminal justice system will be discussed. It will also assess the recent and future contemporary issues that affect the criminal justice system. The purpose of this paper is to show that the criminal justice system has a major role in an ever changing society. Recent and future trends have always and will always affect the criminal justice system. New trends in technology, law, terrorism, gender and diversity will always effect the functions of the criminal justice system. Technology in the 21st century is one of the legal issues that have caused controversy. New technology devices such as hand geometry biometrics and the use of retina and iris devices have the ability to gain information not only on people’s health but also their medical history as well. When it concerns the criminal justice system, many of these new technology devices are being used to detect drugs and concealed weapons that are sneaked into prison facilities. They help prevent illegal activities...
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...cannot engage in any further criminal activity. This is done by setting up regular meetings with the offenders and their family members. They work with other agencies that are community based to try and help offenders with a range of services such as employment, housing, and so on. A young offender is a young person that has been convicted or cautioned for a criminal offence. The criminal justice system often deals with young offenders to adult offenders. The term young offender is applied to different age group depending on the age of criminal responsibility. In the United Kingdom there are three separate and distinct criminal justice systems; in England and Wales the age set for young offenders is 10 years and in Scotland the age for criminal responsibility is set at 12 (need citation). II. In a study conducted by Brookins and Hirsch (2002) entitled “Innocence Lost: Case Studies of Children in the Juvenile Justice System” the two talks about how the juvenile justice system is ineffective in working with young juveniles in helping them integrate with their families and communities based on reports. They pointed out the juvenile justice system lacks in providing information on the young offenders and family backgrounds as well as their efforts in engaging justice and social services to them over time. In addition, there seems to have a downward age trend in juvenile cases, the youngest being a six-year old. The research proposes examining this issue using the developmental perspective...
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...At Privacy In The 21st Century There is no doubt that there is a lack of privacy in the 21st century, but is it our choice? How much is under the control of our own actions and how much is implemented by the government? Surely there is good that comes from having an “invisible” eye watching and recording certain daily actions, but are we more susceptible to threats because some of our privacy is literally stripped from us? I never got a choice if I wanted google earth to take a picture of my house to display to the world, or my name and family history to be available to anyone that googled it. Criminals are off the street because of cameras, terrorists are being tracked by computer, and it sure is nice to find old friends by looking online. The 21st century has introduced us to new technology that makes our lives a little easier however, privacy seems to diminish with every click of a mouse. Perhaps we can argue that the use of advanced technology is threatening our fourth amendment rights. Privacy is a concept that has been interpreted in many different ways. “In the United States, the concept of privacy has evolved since it was first articulated by Justice Brandeis in 1898. His definition of privacy-"The right to be let alone" (as cited by Berman & Bruening, 2001, Para 6)- has been influential for nearly a century (Berman & Bruening, 2001). This definition seems to give a good definition of what we would like privacy to be. For centuries, even before the internet...
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...Racism Still Exist in the 21st Century Many are oblivious that racism still exists today. We are often taught that racism is a thing of the past. In school we study the notorious figures of Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. The concepts of segregation and inequality are often taught in a historical context. However, if you take a look around racism is very present in today’s society and can be found by looking at the achievement gap, and mass incarceration system. Another representation that racism exists today is the concept of white privilege, which is deeply immersed into society. The achievement gap is a major aspect when we think of racism in the twenty-first century. According to the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP), there are large gaps in test scores between African American students and White students (Vanneman, A., Hamilton, L., Baldwin Anderson, J., and Rahman, T. 2009). At the age of nine and thirteen students are given a test in both reading and mathematics to determine the level at which they are performing (Vannerman, et al., 2009). The results are then translated to a scale by the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP). From this scale experts have gathered valuable information that confirms the achievement gap is still present today. Many say that the achievement gap is due to various reasons. One main reason that seems to be associated with achievement gap is the stability of the parents (Vannerman, et...
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...Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation The interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society is always changing. For this assignment the writer will evaluate the past, present, and future trends. In addition she will discuss the recent and future trends and contemporary issues affecting the criminal justice system, and the value of the criminal justice system in a changing society. For instance there has been a trend in new technology that is used by criminals that the criminal justice system has to comply with and combat. Past Trends In the past the criminal justice system had it easier, sure they dealt with rapes, robberies, murders, fights, and many of the same things they do today but on a much smaller scale. In the past law enforcement which was more involved with the communities due to the fact that officers walked the streets on patrol. They talked with the citizens and got to know the people within their communities. The result of this was a community that was not fearful and that was trusting of their justice system. Years ago there was not the forensics to aid in a case, at the same time there was not the technology that we have today. As for the forensics this was a hindrance because it made figuring out who the criminal actually was much harder. In the same right they did not have the technology of the criminals today, which at times can make it easier for law enforcement agencies to find the criminals...
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...Contemporary Issues and Future in Criminal Justice September 19, 2011 Christopher Manning Paper Correction Trends Evaluation The question at hand today is where and how is our correction system going to be in the future? But to understand and know how the future of our corrections will be, we must first understand the past and the present trends of corrections. In this paper I will discuss the past, present and future trends of corrections, I will analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators as well as the role/issues of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. Past Corrections In today’s society the jails and prison pretty much function in the same ways. The history of the State prisons began at the Walnut Street Jail in 1790, it was called the first American penitentiary located in Philadelphia, and the building had been operated as a city jail. Some of the same functions and principles were used in England, also these functions were used in the United States as early as the eighteenth century, in England during that time did very little when it came down to punishment. There was very little difference between the two correction systems in the United States, the punishment was significant, but it was very noticeable that the American’s corrections’ system difference in punishment, for example: the use of capital punishment. Therefore, when it came down to the death sentence, the United States had more criminals sentenced...
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...Criminal Acts and Choices Tamara Manning CJA/204 June 16, 2012 Criminal Acts and Choices “Choice theories state that the decision to commit (or refrain from) crime is an exercise of free will based on the offender’s efforts to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.” Choice theories are perspectives on crime causation that states that criminality is the aftermath of conscious choices made by people. There are four basic theories that are considered: Psychological positivism, biological, positivism, rational choice, and sociological positivism. These theories rely on logic to explain why people commit crimes and whether a criminal act is the result of a rational decision, internal predisposition or external aspects. A multitude of factors are considered to play roles in criminal activity. Social, political, and economic inequities, for instance, may create conflict within society. Human development, an absence of “normal” opportunities, failed self-direction, and inadequate social roles, association with defective individuals, or social organization and disorganization may also pave the road to criminal activity. Some theorists say that criminal behavior derives from psychobiological factors such as human DNA or hormones; others say inappropriate behavioral conditioning or a diseased mind contributes to criminal activity. Regardless of the reasons behind crime, this is a very real...
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...Challenges of the Growing Population of Incarcerated Woman: Analytical Review of the Criminal Justice System Corrections/Prison Component Challenges of the Growing Population of Incarcerated Woman While analysis reveals that for the second time in several years the incarcerated populations fell, the populations of females incarcerated across the nations are still raising. As of midyear 2010 the Bureau of Justice Statistic accounted for 748,728 confined adults in city jails and counties across the United States of which 12.3 % were females. To recognize that there is more than a 100,000 woman incarcerated across the country is mind puzzling but, what is the explanation for this staggering numbers? The Federal Bureau of Statistics reported on incarcerated woman have revealed further evidence supporting that the growth of incarcerated female populations is not related to increases in more serious criminal behavior. Granting that men are more likely to be arrested for severe crimes, women are more likely to commit property crimes. A woman is more likely to be involved in stealing, forgery, and drug offenses than committing crimes such as murder or rape. The feminist criminology field is in development and deliberation to help understand the causes of woman involvement on criminal activity. A theory first presented by Rita Simmons in 1975 articulated that with the increase of gender equally, the crime committing rate from woman would take the same path (Schmallenger...
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...Criminal Justice Trends Paper Dwight Blackshire September 9, 2013 CJA/484 Mr. James Herring Criminal Justice Trends Paper New philosophies to aid in the future progress of corrections are being developed as a result of past and current trends. The issues and concerns surrounding the corrections component of the criminal justice system are overcrowded prisons and their decreasing budget. If these issues and concerns are not address, they will continue to affect the effectiveness and future operations of corrections. Restorative and community justice programs are options being considered for the future of corrections as administrators, legislators, and activists debate philosophies to address these issues and concerns resulting from past and current trends. In the past, the national political climate favored the “get tough” approach against crime. It was believed that treatment programs could not reduce recidivism. Furthermore, it was also believed to keep the national crime rate low and protect the public, offenders of crime must be punished to deter crime. As a result, reforms such as truth-in-sentencing and three-strike legislation were implemented into the law. These...
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...Enhancement Act is an amendment to Title 18 of the United States Code. The Act was brought in to define and establish penalties for aggravated identity theft. It is also an enhancement of the definitions of identity theft found in the provisions of Title 18 (Congress.gov, 2004) (Finklea, 2014). Identity theft is an issue that has affected the nation for many years. Advances in technology have made it possible for many people to have access to the tools and resources needed to forge documents which are a critical part of identity theft. The most common form of identity theft is associated with credit card fraud. Credit card fraud on the internet has substantially increased due to the opportunities present in the Internet environment. However, this represents some of the simplest forms of identity fraud. Such is the case since it is very easy to discover credit card fraud by both the credit card company and the victim as well. However, according to the Federal Trade Commission (2002), other forms of identity theft are more severe since they take a longer time to materialize (Federal Trade Commission, 2002) This view is also by Finklea (2014) in his article where he points out the issues and trends of identity theft. The Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act comes in the context of increased awareness of the difficulties posed by emergent technologies. So far, identity theft has been found to involve three main stages. The first of this involves the acquisition of the identity. In this...
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...The 1970’ in criminal justice administration were influenced by various national and political events surrounding situations like the Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, and the Watergate scandal. Those were the concerns that brought public mistrust in the government, economic downturns, and social equity to the forefront of campaigns in the public sector. The American public was becoming increasingly concerned with the extent of the damage that the Vietnam War was causing for the troops and the economy. The United States spent an estimated one hundred and twenty million dollars on the Vietnam conflict from 1965-73. Not to mention the estimated fifty-eight thousand troops that were killed or went missing during the war. American soldiers...
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...Criminal Justice System Humberto Garcia CJA/204 January 13.2014 David Mitchell, MPA Criminal Justice System To talk about criminal justice is important to define crime, its relationship to the law, and the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal. Also is important to describe the government structure as it applies to the criminal justice system. Furthermore, identifying the choice theories and their assumptions in regards to crime is important. As well as describing the components of the criminal justice system and the criminal justice process. In addition, identifying the goals of the criminal justice system is essential when talking about criminal justice, and addressing thoughts on whether the criminal justice system is really a system. Defining a crime and its relationship to the law is an important component when talking about criminal justice. In fact, according to University of Phoenix, CJi Interactive, crime can be defined as “conduct in violation of the criminal law of the state, the federal government, or local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse.” Meaning, that every crime depends on the location of the person who broke the law, which the same suggest that a person’s behavior may not be consider a crime depending on the status of the person who committed the crime, and even why this person broke the law. Consequently, society determines which are criminal acts...
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...done when it comes to the criminal justice side. From today’s federal court and our typical state court, these dual court systems came about from a mutual agreement presented from our nation’s founders. In the last 200 years, states’ rights have gradually waned relative to the power of the federal government, but the dual-court system still exists. Even today, state courts do not hear cases involving alleged violations of federal law, nor do federal courts get involved in deciding issues of state law unless there is a conflict between local or state statutes (Schmalleger, p. 311, 2009). The first state court system for the American colonies was established as early as 1629 in Massachusetts. They created what was known by as a general court system. This court was comprised of 118 elected officials, and 18 assistants. This in fact set off a chain reaction and a decade later county courts were developed and the general court took on the role of a higher court. As time progressed, so did the courts. By 1776, all of the American colonies had established fully functional court systems (Schmalleger, p. 313, 2009). In wasn’t until 1789 when congress gathered to discuss a judicial power for the United States. So on March 4th of that same year the Supreme Court was established as the higher court for America. President George Washing signed the Judiciary Act on September 24, 1789, and later that day nominated John Jay of New York to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (The...
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...Since first was established, the United States legal system has been an important order of justice in our nation. Regardless of social status, gender, race and ethnic background this system is designed to allow all citizens to receive a fair criminal trial. One of the most important characteristics of this system is the Dual Court System; The U.S. court system is divided into two administratively separate systems, the federal and the state, each of which is independent of the executive and legislative branches of government. Such a dual court system is a heritage of the colonial period. By the time the U.S. Constitution had first mandated (1789) the establishment of a federal judiciary, each of the original Thirteen Colonies already had its own comprehensive court system based on the English model. To better understand how the Dual Court System works, we should analyze what is the meaning of Dual Court System; the United States has two court systems, the federal and the state. The federal court system, with exceptions, hears cases involving federal matters. There are fifty state courts, one for each state. These are independent of one another, and have their own rules and regulations. Usually, state courts decide cases that involve issues happening within the state. These state courts have been developed throughout the years, a very efficient system with multiple courts that allow attending different cases and trials (Lieberman 2004) Of the two systems, the federal...
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...They said, “The Juveniles Law protect criminals more than victims.” However, they are also victims of bad neighbors and environment. About the California’s proposition 21 results, it was very counterproductive. Juveniles who serve time with adults has a higher recidivism rates than those who serve with other juveniles, and they are abused in the jail sexually and physically by adult prisoners (97). Even though they committed crimes, this society should not allow let juvenile criminals to be abused by adult prisoners. Psychologically juveniles have uncomplete identities and they are influenced by society where they belonged. Legally, if un-perfect identity who is huge influenced by society committed crime, the society has more responsible than individual for that crime. “Even if young person committed crime once, this society should prevent growing him up as a criminal. This society has responsibility for reformation of young man to a good man. That is the Juveniles Law’s will” (Bernard). The Juvenile offender’s trial should be focused on reformation, not on punishment. Therefore, ‘Sentence juveniles to life without parole’ is completely against the Juveniles Law’s will. It must always give a second chance to juvenile criminal for reformation. As long as we share the value of juveniles, the Juvenile Law should not be abolished or amended. Otherwise, Juvenile criminal’s social problem should be fixed with another way. Abolish or revise the Juveniles...
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