...Social cognitive theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |[pic] |This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to | | |reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) | |Psychology | |[pic] | |Outline | |History | |Subfields | |Basic types | |Abnormal | |Biological | |Cognitive | |Comparative | |Cultural | |Differential | |Developmental | |Evolutionary | |Experimental ...
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...Running Head: Mass Media in Elections Mass Media’s Affect on Voting Trends Arthur Gibford California State University California In today’s world, the news media reaches and affects every person in the United States. The question now is does mass media such as newspapers, television, and the internet affect the voting trends of the voters? The ownership of the media (Djankov, Nenova, McLiesh, & Shleifer, 2003), targeting specific demographics (Clinton & Lapinski, 2004), the implications of the internet (DiMaggio, Hargittai, Neuman, & Robinson, 2003) and how candidates use media (Aarts & Semetko, 2003) are all important aspects in determining whether a potential bias exists (Eveland & Shah, 2003) on the part of the news media. It is hypothesized that when the mass media displays certain biases leaning towards one party over the other, the populace tends to vote in the direction of the media. The following five scholarly literature reviews will attempt to demonstrate and support the hypothesis. According to Eveland and Shah (Eveland & Shah, 2003, p. 101)there is “a large percentage of the public (that) believes that the news media are biased, and the majority of these individuals consider the direction of bias to be against their own viewpoint”. This drives the question this paper attempts to answer. This article looks at media’s credibility and integrity in the eyes of individual people. The author’s give several hypothesis to provide multiple...
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...CREST CENTRE FOR RESEARCH INTO ELECTIONS AND SOCIAL TRENDS Working Paper Number 106 June 2004 Is Britain Facing a Crisis of Democracy? By Catherine Bromley, John Curtice and Ben Seyd The Centre for Research into Elections and Social Trends is an ESRC Research Centre based jointly at the National Centre for Social Research (formerly SCPR) and the Department of Sociology, University of Oxford http://www.crest.ox.ac.uk Is Britain Facing a Crisis of Democracy? by Catherine Bromley, John Curtice and Ben Seyd EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Britain is widely believed to be suffering a crisis of democracy. This briefing examines whether this perception is justified or not. Our findings - which are based on a four year research project funded by the ESRC - address four key issues: the legitimacy of governments, patterns of participation in politics, the impact of constitutional reform, and the explanation for any crisis. Legitimacy There has been a decline in levels of trust in government and confidence in the political system. Thirty years ago, four in ten people in Britain trusted government to put the needs of the nation above those of their political party; today, just one in five do so. But much of this decline set in during the early 1990s, although trust and confidence have fallen further since 1997. Participation Turnout at all elections has declined since 1997, most noticeably at the 2001 general election, when the participation rate was the lowest since 1918....
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...A TREND STUDY OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND PROTEST BEHAVIOR 10Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of Twitter use among Young Adults in Chile 2009(N = 938)2011(N = 977)2012(N = 738)B (SE) B (SE) B (SE)Student .544 (.358) .278 (.188) .901*** (.184)Female -.210 (.347) -.268 (.171) .095 (.182)ABC1 (High SES) 1.954***(.589) .310 (.375) 1.054*** (.316)C2 (Middle SES) .929# (.542) .296 (.248) .784** (.278)C3 (Lower-middle SES) .863# (.506) -.100 (.232) .636** (.247)Valparaíso -.426 (.448) .350 (.286) .014 (.248)Concepción .019 (.406) -.146 (.422) -.681* (.280)Political interest .405** (.148) .360*** (.072) .259*** (.074)Internal political efficacy -.008 (.068) .011 (.035) .031 (.039)Political trust .525# (.292) .236 (.149) .118 (.172)TV news exposure .110 (.236) -.064 (.099) .238** (.079)Radio news exposure .108 (.203) .323*** (.092) -.092 (.070) Newspaper exposure -.161 (.310) .244# (.142) .068 (.069)Constant -6.138***(.824) -3.259***(.396) -3.286*** (.440)% cases correctly classified 95.8% 80.0% 75.9%-2LL 286.180 893.976 757.314Cox & Snell R 2 .042 .075 .125 Nagelkerke R 2 .142 .118 .182 Notes . Cell entries are unstandardized OLS regression coefficients (B) with standard errors (SE) in parenthesis.Twitter use was measured using a dichotomous variable, in which 0 = registered on Twitter and 1 = not registered onTwitter.# p ≤ .10; * p ≤ .05; ** p ≤ .01; *** p ≤ .001 The second research question inquired about the relationship between Facebook andTwitter use on protest...
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...Greek society and its travails have never before been so visible to the global media eye. The aim of this forum is not so much to fill in this familiar outline of crisis with ethnographic detail as to trouble its parameters. The first section Debt, Responsibility and “Reform” treats debt not as a statistical fact, but anthropologically as a complex discourse on morality, responsibility, obligation and reciprocity. Against the breathless synchronicity of “breaking news” and (endless) speculation on the denouement of the crisis, these pieces insist on historicizing and globalizing. Piercing the blatant Orientalist tropes dominating international and often domestic reporting, they plumb the social, political and economic forces that have led to the current impasse, but also the political efficacy of “crisis” itself in legitimating the agenda of “structural reform.” The second section Precarity and Protest centers on the escalating violence of the crisis and the emergent politics of protest. The December 2008 revolt, which first galvanized world media attention on Greece, returns again and again in the analyses as a formative moment, which brought to the fore the malaise and anger of Greek youth (the “generation of 700…600…500 Euro…”) and inaugurated new forms of political action now prominent in the movement of Greek indignants (aganaktismenoi) that began in May 2011 (i.e., networking through social media, a...
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...Social Media and Political Revolution Project 3: Research Paper Steve Gubenia Professor: Robert Zornes CMST 301 Outline I. Introduction a. Rise of digital media in political upheaval II. Body b. Social Media i. Development 1. Facebook 2. Twitter 3. YouTube 4. Others but these are “big three” ii. Attraction to sites 5. Ease of use 6. Socio-economic barriers 7. Demographics of users c. Revolution before social media iii. Regime control of media iv. Medium used to get message out 8. Slow distribution took longer to organize v. Fall of Soviet Union d. History of social media in political revolution vi. 2001 Philippines vii. Ukraine 2004 to 2014 9. Original Orange Revolution 10. Oksana Makar incident 11. President Yanukovych being ousted viii. 2009 Moldova ix. 2009 Iran “Twitter Uprising” x. 2010 Tunisia xi. 2011 Egypt “Facebook Revolution” xii. Lebanon, Syria, Libya lack of internet e. Critics of social media revolution xiii. Arguments against social media making a difference 12. Social media platforms built around weak ties making ineffective 13. Twitter’s limitations xiv. Examples of activists failing 14. 2006 Belarus ...
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...Name of Student Instructor’s Name Course Title Date Social Movement Introduction The concept of participatory democracy entails direct involvement of the people in decisions concerning politics, especially those which impacts their lives. This idea underpinned the activities of most social movements between 1960s and 1970s. Its emergence was mostly characterized by establishing democracy at workplace or industries, a method regarded as useful in allowing workers to participate in decision-making. However, the concept ceased to narrow on democratizing workplace as social scientists modified it to a theory which is applicable in restoring democracy in the society (Bachrach et al. 1). The modified concept focuses on achieving egalitarian redistribution of power in the society, a process which would lead to greater effects on the agenda of democratization. Social media can be cited as one of the achievements of participatory democracy because a lot of information can be gathered and shared across the populations and countries. This article focuses on tracing the influence of participatory democracy on women liberation as well as highlighting its impact on the 21st century social media. The Influence of Participatory Democracy on Women Liberation Officially, women liberation can be traced back to 1960s and should not be confused with the women movement in United States around the same time. In fact, most social scientists regard women movement as a unique branch of women...
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...habits, values, and accepted modes of behavior primarily through imitation, family interaction, and educational systems; it is primarily the procedure by which society integrates the individual. An agent of socialization is an individual or institution tasked with the replication of the Social Order. An agent of socialization is responsible for transferring the rules, expectations, norms, values, and folkways of a given social order. In advanced capitalist society, the principle agents of socialization include the family, the media, the school system, religious and spiritual institutions, and peer groups. It is important to note that our current social order is a tiered social order. It is based on authority, hierarchy, and the differential assignment of value to human individuals (i.e., some individuals like CEOs and presidents are worth more than others). Within this context, individuals receive differential socialization. Those born into the lower tiers receive a socialization process geared to fitting them into the low level, wage based sectors of The System. Those born into the higher tiers receive specialized education designed to train them as low level managers, as corporate or political rulers, etc. There are a number of things that can affect an individual’s socialization process. The amount of impact that each of the agents has on an individual will depend on the situation, the individuals experiences, and the stage of life the individual is in. Family First...
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...criticism of a variety of aspects such as global warming. For those who are not interested in academic matters, Marcuse’s ideologies have led to the creation of political activists, leftist movements, anti-capitalists, and pro-democracy speakers. A lot of people today, especially activists use the readings from Marcuse to rationalize. As a result,...
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...PRESIDENT? Women have held top political positions in many countries around the world. Some of these countries such as Sri Lanka, Turkey and Pakistan are not necessarily considered “pro-woman” or politically progressive. The United States considers itself the most progressive democracy in the world, yet no woman has ever held the top political position of president or vice president Looking at the current climate of women’s issues with politics, it is just a matter of time before a woman will hold the position of president or vice-president in the United States. This is a relatively young country founded on social values passed down from traditional Western European schools of thought where women have been primarily positioned as a wife and mother instead of a respected player in business and politics. While women stayed at home and cared for children, men were developing contacts and gaining political know-how. Moreover, traditional women’s occupations such as teacher and nurse did not introduce women to politically active individuals. Media plays a valuable role in presenting candidates to the American voting public. A media bias against women exists in the United States. The first woman to run for president was Victoria Woodhull in 1872. Since that time, fifteen other women have been nominated by their respective parties. Most of these women remained relatively unknown, and did not receive any substantial media coverage. The way the media portrays a candidate has a direct...
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...Thesis question: "Do parents have a right to withhold vaccines from their children for philosophical reasons, or should parents be forced to have their children immunized for the good of society?" Thesis statement: “Since vaccines have been invented, there has been a lot of controversy regarding the belief whether parents should immunize their children for the benefit of the society or withhold vaccines for personal reasons”. Introduction: It is inevitable that media, especially tabloids and articles play a big role in shaping the beliefs, practices and norms of the society. Immunization, which is also known as vaccination is one of the most controversial debates that evokes different opinions among the general public. Since vaccines have been invented, there has been a lot of controversy regarding the belief whether parents should immunize their children for the benefit of the society or withhold vaccines for personal reasons. During the last couple of months, the Disneyland Measles outbreak has been one of the hottest and most controversial news in the nation. According to writer and news announcer Rath of National Public Relations (2015), it was reported that since December 2014, roughly 80 people in the Unites States have been confirmed to have measles. Seventy percent of the affected individuals were allegedly the ones who visited the Disneyland theme park. It was discovered that at least 28 of these victims had not received the measles vaccine. Because of this...
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...companies to the communities in which they invest. An approach of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) lays great emphasis on voluntarism, partnership and self-regulation techniques to tackling social and environmental problems and managing conflicts. While this approach has worked well in Europe and North America, where there are well networked NGOs with huge global presence and highly influential media and telecommunication, there are question marks surrounding its efficacy in the south. Poor communities often engage corporations from a disadvantaged position and are often restricted by factors such as lack of resources, lack of access to global network, power inequities, underrepresentation, geographical isolation and marginalisation. More so, in the absence of binding contracts, businesses operating within poor communities tend to disregard the importance of CSR but focus more on financial gain, performance enhancement and image management. The author further explores the different approaches adopted by poor communities to construct mechanisms of corporate accountability. It is worth mentioning that some of these mechanisms are informal, illegal and confrontational but are mostly used where there are no open channels of dialogue with corporations and when the state is unresponsive. The author cites an example in Malaysia, where the indigenes of Penan, predominantly illiterate and without political representation protested against deforestation in Sarawak by manning non-violent...
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...The psychological determinants of behavior in SCT is mainly determined by the outcome expectation which can be defined as: “Beliefs about the likelihood and value of the consequences of behavioral choices.” Mostly, people try to always maximize benefits and minimizes costs, and that is how they can choose to engage in the desired behavior. The self-efficacy construct is another component of the psychological determinants of behavior and is defined as “confidence or belief in one's ability to perform a given behavior that bring desired outcomes.” The self-efficacy is considered to be task-specific, that is to say it can improve or worsen based on the given task. On the other hand, collective efficacy is one of the theory concepts that determine the psychological determinants of behavior and can be defined as: “confidence or belief in a group's ability to perform actions to bring about desired change.” This is manifested in willingness of the community members and groups to intervene to help others (Glanz,...
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...out of 16 in their daily life (#1 was interpersonal skills). Source: Cooperative Institutional Research Program, "1994 Nine Year Follow-Up Survey (of 1985 Freshmen),” Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, 1995. 3.Learning and discussing controversial issues in school helps students become more informed and more active citizens. A 2007 survey of 5,400 secondary students found that: "Students who regularly take part in classroom discussion are more likely to: •Vote in later life •Support basic democratic values •Take part in political discussions •Follow political news in the media •Be interested in the political process •Have confidence in their ability to influence public policy” Source: Keith Barton and Alan McCully, "Teaching Controversial Issues...Where Controversial Issues Really Matter," Teaching History, June 2007. 4.Learning about controversial topics in school increases students’ political participation. Studies by Lee Ehman in 1966...
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...Many factors can be named to explain the low figure of why young people are not voting. The first factor is ignorance that consists in how a person thinks towards the fact that they need to vote. They think one vote is not going to change anything in the elections, so they just decide to not vote when that decision could change a president election. The apathy among young citizens is big; the lack of interest towards this manner, that has been decreasing throughout years and affecting the electoral decisions. The cynicism is the third factor that explains the absence of trust that the people have with the government institutions and the regime as a whole. This cynicism has been defined as oppositional to political efficacy related to trust the economical, social and political institutions. All this problems are happening every time an election is coming and the amount of young Americans that think this way is increasing. The young American people are between the ages of 18-29 years old, that can be considered as a really good age for citizens to vote because they are supposed to have more passion and idealism to vote since they are certainly thinking about the future and the environment in which they are going to live. The rate of young people voting is really low that sometimes only the 22.8 percent of...
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