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PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN WHILE HANDLING ELECTRICAL APPLICANCES 1. Safety demands a good earthing. Hence, always keep earth connection in good conditions. 2. While handling an electrical appliance like table fan, iron heater etc., be sure that they are disconnected from the supply. Switching off is not enough. Leaky insulation may give serious shock to avoid this switch off main supply. 3. Before replacing any blown fuse, always remember to put the main switch ‘off’. 4. Never place bare wires of leads in plug. Fit a plug top 5. Check proper working of safety devices 6. Use correct rating of fuses. 7. Check that all metallic parts of electrical equipments are effectively earthed. 8. Replace immediately broken switches and plugs etc. 9. Do not use tools like file, knife, screw drivers etc without handle otherwise it can injure your hand. 10. In case of electric fire, do not throw water on live conductor and equipment immediately and then throw sand or dust on the fire. Use carbon tetrachloride or liquid carbon dioxide type fire extinguishers

MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER

Now – a – days instead of use miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) are used.
Merits are: 1. Automatic switch OFF in case of overload or short circuit. 2. Quick identification of fauty circuit even in dark. 3. supply restored by switching ON again – No fuses to replace or rewire. 4. Automatic switch back to OFF if over load prersisits of faulty appliance is connected.

A Miniature Circuit Breaker or MCB is today’s version of old outdated fuses. Today most modern homes, factories, plants, offices have installed MCBs replacing the earlier Rewireable Kid-Kats /Switches.

MCBs • Prevents the passage of full fault current during short circuit. • Results in opening of contacts in less than 1 m sec. • Total operating time is reduced to less than 5 m sec.
MCBs are available in current rating from 0.5 – 40 Amps and are capable of breaking prospective fault currents upto 9000Amps. They conform to IS: 8828-1978, BS : 3871 and VDE: 0641.
Today, MCBs are used for protection of Motors, A/c Units, Mixers, Heaters, Pumps, Grinders and all Lighting Circuits.

UNITS IN AC Circuits
|Sl.NO |Quantity |Unit |Formulae |
| |Resistance | | |
| |Inductance | | |
| |Capacitance | | |
| |Inductive | | |
| |Reactance | | |
| |Capacitive | | |
| |Reactance | | |
| |Impedance | | |
| |Conductance | | |
| |Susceptance | | |
| |Admittance | | |

TRANSFORMER

What is a Transformer?
Ans. The transformer may be defined as static piece of electrical apparatus which converts electrical power from one circuit to the other circuits at the same frequency. It can decrease or increase of currents keeping the power same. This transformation of energy is done due to the Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction through two windings Primary and Secondary.
Construction (N.C.V.T., 1980). The transformer consists of laminated care of special alloy steel of high resistance and low hysteresis loss to reduce eddy current losses. The thickness of each lamination varies from 0.35 mm to 0.5mm.Each of laminations is insulated from each other by varnish or enamel. Shape of the one strip is shown in Fig.12.1 EI Type and LT type. EL Types are used for shell type transformer and LT Types is used for core Type Transformer. Two coils are wound on the two limbs or on the central limb. One coil is called Primary winding to which the simple is given. Second is called Secondary winding from which the supply is taken as shown in Fig. 12.1 (a) Note the construction and types. Two types, one is core type, other is shell type.

ADVANTAGES OF A TRANSFORMER

1) The transformer is a static machinery and there is no wear and tear of it and no friction looses. 2) No attention or little attention is required for its operation so its maintenance cost is low. 3) As there is no rotating part in it, an extra high voltage or high voltage can be transformed easily by providing a good insulation to its winding.

Q.Explain the principle of a transformer in the distribution of electrical power.
Ans.The transformer works on the principle of mutual induction action ie. If the two coils be placed near to each other and if one is connected to the A.C.supply the e.m.f. will be induced in the other coil. The e.m.f. induced will be according to the turns in the second coil. The transformer is mostly keep the power same for transmitting the high voltage, and to decrease the voltage at load point.

TYPES OF TANSFORMERS.

1) According to the core – Core type, shell type and Berry Type 2) According to the Voltage – Step up and Step down 3) According to the phases – single – phase and three phase 4) According to the power – Lighting Transformer, power Transformer 5) According to the cooling – Self – cooled, air force cooled, oil self.

COMPARATION OF TRANSFORMERS

|Core Type |Shell Type |
|In this type, winding or copper enclose the whole core, so the |Here core encloses the copper (winding), so the cooling is good |
|cooling is good for winding. |for core. |
|It has one magnetic path only. |It has two magnetic paths |
|Arrange length of core is more. |Average length of core is less |
|Here area cross – section is less, so more turns are required. |Area cross-section is more so less turns are required |
|On every leg both primary and secondary windings are there so |To reduce losses here the winding is done in pan cakes primary, |
|leakage flux is less. |secondary, primary secondary, on the centre limb. |
|It is used for high voltage and less output. |It is used for low voltage and high output |
| |As most of the winding is enclosed by the iron, so difficulty is|
|Because most of the portion of winding is visible, it is easy to |experienced in repairs. |
|insulate and repair it. | |

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