...Culture being the beliefs and social behaviour to specific communities and law believed to regulates what behaviour is acceptable and socially right, it is appropriate to assume that both are related in numerous ways. Although to what extent should culture be integrated into law ? This essay will focus on the example of Australia. Australian law was founded, based on the British common law, imposing on the already existing custom of indigenous aboriginals. Additionally with the rise of globalisation, diversities of cultures and ethnic groups immigrated to Australia, leading the country to multiculturalism. In compliance to human rights and International law, Australia is...
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...Inequality and the Sociological Impacts In modern society inequality is an inescapable fact of life; certain social groups are better positioned than others to take advantage of the opportunities, wealth and power of a society. When Australian society is examined it becomes obvious that indigenous people as a social group are faced with a decided disadvantage when it comes to opportunities, wealth and power. This essay intends to focus on the over-representation of indigenous people in the criminal justice system from a sociological viewpoint. This over-representation becomes sociologically significant when it is seen as an expression of inequality meaning that wider social issues are at play that effect indigenous people specifically. The two major reasons or drivers of this over-representation stem from this inequality; the first is an element of institutional discrimination found in both the courts and the police services in Australia which tend to target indigenous people disproportionately with the facilitation of legislation and practices which indigenous people have little to no involvement in formulating. The second is a set of cultural and social norms that exist amongst indigenous people which clash with the norms of the dominant white culture who are responsible for the laws and regulations that all groups in society are meant to abide by. Furthermore social conflict theories on crime such as those formulated by Turk and Sellin provide a rich theoretical support for...
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...The nature of crime in Australian society is diverse and its occurrence fluctuates over time (Makkai & Prenzler, 2015). This essay will firstly discuss and define the concepts of crime and violence. Secondly, it will define violent crime from a contemporary Australian legal perspective. It will then examine the overall nature of crime in Australia describing its categories and sub categories. Fourthly, the essay will establish the official agencies who collect and collate data that measures the nature and extent of crime in Australia. It will finally use this data and empirical evidence to compare the extent of violent crime with crimes that are non-violent. The essay will ultimately conclude by asserting that the majority of crime in society is not violent in nature. Crime is a complex phenomenon that attracts a variety of definitions (Ransley & Prenzler, 2015). The varying definitions of crime provide broad or limited meanings and are all, to a greater or lesser degree, problematic. This is because crime is socially constructed; thus what is considered a crime, or no longer considered a crime changes over time to comply with the norms, attitudes and expectations existing in society at a given historical period (Brookman, 2005; Howitt, 2012). Violence is also a socially constructed concept that lacks a specific definition (Indermaur, 2000; Papalia, Thomas, Ching & Daffern, 2015), however, in the broadest sense, violence, is typically an action or type of behaviour that...
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...structure, and how ill be providing a creative solution. s Illicit drug use is a major problem in Australian culture as a recent study in 2012 by the United Nations has concluded that Australia has the highest rate of recreational drug users in the world (Toohey,2012). An Illicit drug can be defined as “the non-medical use of a variety of drugs which include: amphetamine- type stimulants, cannabis, cocaine, heroin and other opioids, and MDMA (ecstasy) (Hall W, Ross J, Lynskey M, Law M, Degenhardt L.,2000). Australian Governments on all levels including non-governments have been trying to fight this illicit drug problem for many years with different approaches to the epidemic. This case study will be analysing the illicit drug problem in Australia, trends and closely scrutinizing the effectiveness of the Australian Governments National Drug Campaign 2010-15 (NDC) in reaching its target audience. This case study will then be further comparing other Anti-illicit drug Campaigns worldwide and in the past to the NDC and finally providing a creative solution which may help the NDC, which may help this Social Marketing campaign effectively communicate to its target audience. The National Drug Strategy 2010-2015 is a social marketing campaign which is aimed at improving the health, economic and social outcomes for Australians by preventing the uptake of harmful drug use and reducing the harmful effects of licit and illicit drugs in our society. This is a cooperative venture shared between...
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...which emerging societies grapple with the challenges of self-determination and how they incorporate or reject the Western norms and conventions, such as legal or political systems, left in place after direct administration by colonial powers ended. Ironically, much early postcolonial theory, with its emphasis on overt rejection of imposed Western norms, was tied to Marxist theory, which also originated in Europe. Contemporary studies focus more on the effects of postcolonial globalization and the development of indigenous solutions to local needs. INTRODUCTION (Enote) By definition, postcolonialism is a period of time after colonialism, and postcolonial literature is typically characterized by its opposition to the colonial. However, some critics have argued that any literature that expresses an opposition to colonialism, even if it is produced during a colonial period, may be defined as postcolonial, primarily due to its oppositional nature. Postcolonial literature often focuses on race relations and the effects of racism and usually indicts white and/or colonial societies. Despite a basic consensus on the general themes of postcolonial writing, however, there is ongoing debate regarding the meaning of postcolonialism. Many critics now propose that the term should be expanded to include the literatures of Canada, the United States, and Australia. In his essay discussing the nature and boundaries of postcolonialism, Simon During argues for a more inclusive definition, calling it...
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...sphere. However, recent decades witnessed large job cutting and numerous shutting down in newspaper industry. It remains debatable that whether the shockwave would spread to the entire journalism as a profession and to democracy which newspapers have always claimed to serve. This essay is going argue that the crisis confronted by newspapers does not necessarily entail a declining of journalism since democracy is carried out in a multidimensional way in new media environment. This essay will firstly look at the manifestation of the crisis confronted by newspaper industry in recent decades, the structural change it brought, and the nature of the crisis. After that, this essay would look at how the crisis encountered by the industry transformed journalistic practices and argues that journalism still has the capacity to carry out its civil function. Newspapers industry have been experiencing the decline of market share and revenue margin since the late twentieth century across markets such as U.S., UK, European, and Australia. (Beecher, 2005; Carson, 2013; Franklin, 2008; O’Donnell, 2012). The drop of circulation and the accelerated disappearing of afternoon newspapers in countries like UK and Australia (Carson, 2012) are the manifestation of the current news consumption environment. Facing the shrinking market and profit margin, an increasing number of newspapers developed news sites and digital versions. Moving online is not an easy...
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...Number: 220034259 Unit: MM 302 Assignment: Assignment one - essay Due Date: 20 August 2010 0 Introduction The following report goes into detail about the governments involved in a market economy, the government influences four main areas in the economy which are; enforcing antitrust laws, preserving property rights, providing a stable fiscal and monetary environment and preserving political stability. Also the report will cover why there can never be a truly ‘free market’ economy, where there is absolutely no government intervention. Market Economy In a market economy, the majority of a nation’s land, factories, and other economic resources are privately owned, either by individuals or businesses (Wild, Wild & Han 2010:151). It is also an economy in which prices of goods and services are freely set based on the laws of supply and demand which are unfettered by interference from a government or other outside bodies. A market economy at its basic is an economy run entirely by the market itself (McGuigan 2003:1). In contrast to a market economy is one which follows the Keynesian principals which is an economic theory which advocates government intervention, or demand side management of economy by increasing money supply or by actually buying things on the market itself, they believe that this will achieve full employment and stable prices (Web finance 2010:1). Market economy has come to be accepted as a norm across the world with many developing countries like India and...
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...This essay will address the social issue of euthanasia on terminally ill patients in Australia. This issue will be analyzed using the cultural perspective and functionalism theory. Euthanasia is not legal in Australia, most people who believed Roman Catholicism think that euthanasia is an unethical behavior, so that people lose their desire for life. However, the average percent of terminally ill patients who die in pain are 55%, they did not choose euthanasia which always suffering from pain in order to make their family happy. Although some people try to carry out euthanasia in the terminally ill patient, they still will suffer the criticism of public opinion. This to resulted in these people not only to suffer the pain of losing their family member, but also to face of public opinion. Similarly, some countries(Oregon, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands) to legalize euthanasia, which also received a public opinion accusations that the government does not pay attention to human nature. The main opposition to euthanasia in Australia is Catholic population. Euthanasia occurs mainly in critically ill patients and people with brain death. The adverse effects caused by euthanasia for people concentrated on emotionally and physically. When critically ill patients or their family help their choose euthanasia, which means they will suffer blame on the society. In a short time, they will be immersed in the pain of the bereaved and blamed from the society, they may be through a variety...
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...The benevolent way in which Jesus respected and valued women in first century Palestine, significantly revealed the Kingdom of God and highlighted how society can be a more inclusive and compassionate place today. This essay will explicate the Kingdom of God, exemplify the ways Jesus demonstrated the Kingdom of God with women and express the importance of Jesus' teachings in today's society. • Linking sentence to Paragraph 1 The central message of Jesus's teachings, the Kingdom of God, is the conceptual spiritual realm where God reigns as king in the lives of his people. According to Zanzig, Jesus saw the Kingdom of God as the reign of God’s love over the very hearts and lives of people. This delineates that the Kingdom of God is already present among us, thus it is the saving presence of God within us and our...
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...increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997). An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek...
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...Louis article on NAB’s employer’s strategy involves in several management theories. Mainly discussed in this essay will be influences of organizational culture, CSR, theory Y, behavioral management theory and managerial functions. The essay ends up with reflections future benefits of embracing diversity. Influences of organizational culture As “a set of shared value, norms, standards for individual and expectations” within an organization, organizational culture holds together a group of people with similar attitudes or personalities. Benjamin Schneider pointed that these similar employees are more likely to stay than those who are dissimilar in personalities. National Australian Bank (NAB), with 26,000 out of 44,000 staff working in Australia where ethnic diversity and individualism are dominant, responses quickly to this national culture. Succeeding setting up an organizational culture of appreciating diversity and autonomy, NAB witnessed an increase in the return rate of employees on leave by 16% from 2006 to 2011. Effective management of diversity Among 11 steps a manager can take to manage diversity effectively, given in Waddell (2007, 135-138), NAB sits comfortably along with the theory by securing top management commitment, increasing diversity skills, encouraging flexibility and mentoring of diverse employees. Also, Based on the Hawthorne effect, the bank set up a top management commitment to keep employees happy, which is based on appreciating diversity, so as...
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...management is considered just as much the concern of public safety as it is the realm of academia. The prevalence of reports of negative crowd behaviour may suggest that the media presents a distorted view of crowd behaviour; non-aggressive pro-social crowds do not result in such attention grabbing headlines. The lack of aggression evident in many everyday crowds, for example spectators of tennis matches illustrate that crowds are not fundamentally aggressive but incredibly diverse. To understand the nature of crowd behaviour is therefore to question the underlying assumption that a “mind of the crowd” even exists. Such an assumption suggests a hegemonic, mystified view of collective behaviour in which the role of the individual disappears. This essay seeks to “demystify” the crowd by understanding the crowds as a specific form of collective action, distinguishing the crowd from other social groups by its larger size, specificity of location, density of persons and the notion of acting in a socially cohesive manner. In viewing the crowd as a specific form of group behaviour rather than a specifically unique phenomenon this essay seeks to emphasise that individual and group identities remain integral to crowd action which usually remains rational and norm-governed. Early theorists such as LeBon, Allport and McDougall...
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...others believe they should. The purpose of this essay is to point out that democratic countries should have an obligation to accept refugees. To support this position, the following areas will be examined: firstly, the reason why those countries are called democratic countries. Secondly, refugees are under the difficult situation. Thirdly, countries can take advantage of accepting refugees. A democratic country is defined as a form of government in which all the people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. In order to deserve that, a country needs to fulfill some basic requirements. One of the most important is to guarantee the basic human rights, which is international norms that help to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal, and social abuses. For example, Australia and Malaysia had a signature on a bilateral arrangement about transfer and resettlement through UNHCR. Thus, democratic countries have an obligation to accept refugees. A refugee is someone who has been forced from their home country by war, civil conflict, political strife or gross human rights abuses. Most of the time, refugees must flee their home and villages without warning, taking with them only the clothes on their backs until the situation in their home country has become stable and no longer threatening. It is such an unfortunate situation. If developed countries could accept, they can receive better social welfare, health care and even better education. All...
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...Essay Questions: How and why do the workplace experiences of employees from non – English speaking backgrounds differ from other workers? How can, and should, should actor respond to this? How are these differences manifested, and responded to, in your own workplace? The workplace experiences of employees from Non–English Speaking Backgrounds (NESB) differ from other workers for a number of reasons. Employment opportunity is a primary reason why individuals emigrate to other countries (de Castro et al. 2006). While employment in a host country has benefits, immigrants often face considerable challenges as they learn and adjust to the norms and values of the host culture. In particular, immigrant workers may face the ‘‘double jeopardy’’ of dealing with stressors related to both working in a new country as well as to living in a new society (de Castro, Gilbert & Takeuchi 2008). Like other European countries, Australia is also a very attractive destination for migrant workers. Migrants have been part of Australian society and the Australian workforce since colonisation began in 1788. However the migrant population at the time was of a predominantly European background. It was from the mid-nineteen century when Chinese, Pacific Islander, Lebanese, Afghan, Indian and European migrants arrived and settled in Australia. Due to the gradual liberalisation of Australian immigration policies, the ethnic composition of Australian migrants has shifted significantly, bringing...
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...while others believe they should. The purpose of this essay is to point out that democratic countries should have an obligation to accept refugees. To support this position, the following areas will be examined: firstly, the reason why those countries are called democratic countries. Secondly, refugees are under the difficult situation. Thirdly, countries can take advantage of accepting refugees. A democratic country is defined as a form of government in which all the people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. In order to deserve that, a country needs to fulfill some basic requirements. One of the most important is to guarantee the basic human rights, which is international norms that help to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal, and social abuses. For example, Australia and Malaysia had a signature on a bilateral arrangement about transfer and resettlement through UNHCR. Thus, democratic countries have an obligation to accept refugees. A refugee is someone who has been forced from their home country by war, civil conflict, political strife or gross human rights abuses. Most of the time, refugees must flee their home and villages without warning, taking with them only the clothes on their backs until the situation in their home country has become stable and no longer threatening. It is such an unfortunate situation. If developed countries could accept, they can receive better social welfare, health care and even better education. All...
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