...in the social life. As an important part in the society, the social trust has had a crisis. To solve this problem, the basic way is to use a more fair system arrangement and social guarantee to reduce and eliminate the behavior of its own security and interest security. Social trust and social credit as an important social capital and social resources focus on it for the role of social intercourse activities. Realistic experience shows people that mutual trust plays a significant role in the communication of social exchange activities. The society is a community of people and its existence need certain trust. This can be investigated from two dimensions; the first one is the transverse dimension of the plane dimension. Society is made up by numbers of people, if the society is lack of trust of the confidence is too low, it will be very difficult to communicate among people. Generally, there is a certain amount of trust existing in any society; the difference is the extent of the trust and level. The second one is the vertical of longitudinal dimension. Because of the social division of labor, there is a certain class or grade difference between different people. Society needs a specific management, and the right to manage requires a particular level of structure, which means a hierarchical social order arrangement is needed. Some economists believe that China has serious trust crisis, including the commercial credit crisis, the public good faith credibility crisis, interpersonal...
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...Social Security: Then and Know Deanna Havens SOC 320/ Public Policy & Social Services December 10, 2011 Social Security was established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935, during the great depression. The social security system was supposed to be a creation that would cover nearly all Americans. Over the years social security has expanded in both dollar amounts and the way you are eligible to receive benefits. Social security smoothes the risks of economic cycles, and it remains the most secure retirement income in America. Intentionally or unintentionally, those who think that the surplus in social security is disappearing are misleading the American public. Social security is financed mainly through payroll taxes on wages, and self-employment income. Employees and employers contribute 6.2 of wages, up to a wage gap of 106.800 in 2009 that ordinarily increases with the growth in the nation’s average wage. The self-employed contribute the equivalent of the combined employer and employee tax rates. According to the annual social security report (2010) income from social security payroll taxes will account for about eighty-three percent of trust fund income. At the end of 2008, nearly fifty-one million people were receiving benefits: thirty-five million were retired workers, six million survivors of deceased workers, and nine million disabled workers. During the last year an estimated one hundred sixty-two million workers had earnings covered by social security...
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...Thematic Paper on MDG 1 ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER 2000 2010 2005 FOREWORD I am extremely pleased to introduce this set of analytical papers on the Millennium Development Goals1. The papers were produced by the member agencies of the UN Development Group Task Force on the MDGs, working in clusters. Each paper had one or more lead agencies and a set of member agencies in support. The Task Force was also able to draw on the ideas, experience and advice of a considerable range of other agencies and experts, including from Non-Governmental, academic and other sectors. A peer review process was held to move towards the final versions, which incorporated detailed and rich discussions on the ideas generated by the papers. In this effort, the central intention of the Task Force was to try to identify promising or successful experiences in country efforts to move towards the various Goals, and to gain understanding of the factors contributing to this progress. The focus of the papers is therefore on the national and local level; on country-led (rather than UN) efforts; and on a range of immediate and underlying factors that appear to be important or essential in enabling progress under differing conditions and country circumstances. The papers do not present or represent formal, official UN policy positions. Rather, they reflect the collective analytical efforts of the MDG Task Force, as endorsed by the UN Development Group, in an effort to bring ideas and suggestions...
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...A Paper titled “Global Socio-Economic Crisis and Crime Control Policies: Regional and National Comparison” presented to the International Society for Criminology (ISC) during the 2011 Kobe, Japan 16th World Congress of ISC held between August 5 -9, 2011 in Japan. By Nwokwu Mathew A delegate from Federal Republic of Nigeria National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) Department of Criminology and Security Studies Special Study Centre for the Nigerian Navy, Apapa Lagos Nigeria West African Sub-Region. Your Excellency: The President of the International Society of Criminology (ISC) The Organizing Committee and Local Arrangement Committee The Japan Federation of Criminological Associations (JFCA), The Cooperating Organizations and Other Assistants, whose efforts have made this event a success, Officials from the United Nations and Council of Europe present; Criminologists all over the world present; Let me also acknowledge the presence of my brother, my father, my friend, mentor and my sponsor, Dr. Boniface Afifia-Oru, who is one of the frontiers of Socio-Economic development in Africa, the author of ‘Dynamics of Credit Economic System in Africa, a technocrat, Sir, you are now a kinsman of International Society for Criminology, Ladies and Gentlemen. It is great to come to the original abode of immortal beings. As a young man I am very curious to read about the legend that in 219 BC, Emperor Shih Huang-Ti sent 3,000 young boys and girls to your Island to bring back the herb of...
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...used in. i.e. Definition paragraph, BP1, BP2, BP3. (BP = Body paragraph). Note: Students should aim to have 3-4 in text references per paragraph – see model essay in text book p. 109 Name: Thao__________________________Term _ /2014_ Title: How has Vietnam’s response to the global financial crisis helped its manufacturing sector remain viable and other factors should be considered to protect it? (Should be phrased as a question) THE INFORMATION THAT YOU WRITE BELOW SHOULD BE IN DOT POINT FORM USING ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS WHERE APPROPRIATE. WRITE FULL SENTENCES FOR YOUR THESIS AND TOPIC SENTENCES ONLY!! |THE TOPIC and THE ISSUE | | |(question): |The issue: Vietnam’s response to the global financial | | | | | |The topic: Vietnam’s response to the global financial crisis. | | | | | |...
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...The Debate of Social Security Kenneth L. Broaden COMM/215 ESSENTIALS OF COLLEGE WRITING Dr. Leondra Radford-Ddungu March 26, 2014 Introduction Social Security can be a vital and reliable resource of income for disabled and retired citizens. However, although social security is available today, it may not be available in the near future. In this paper, you will find the history of social security, and its intended purpose to exist. The debates for the plans for social security will also be discussed; also, the attempts to reform social security, and why the intentions to reform social security have failed. Early Development stages of Social Security Social security took shape during the “New Deal” and post-World War II era. The system has been divided into four main parts, which are: federal old-age, disability insurance, and survivors. These four main parts were adopted in 1935 as a key element of the social security act. The four main parts are now widely known as social security. During the legislative process in 1983, congress made a set of technical changes to solve the fiscal crisis in social security. One of the changes would be a rise in the retirement age from 65 to 67 years of age; this will take place between the years 2000-2022. Overall in 1983 legislation preserved the basic characteristics of the social security program. Actuarial provisions were more favorable in the 1990’s as economic growth helped boost the trust fund reserves. There are current actuarial...
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...European debt crisis and its impact on worldwide economy Shanika Mitchell-Gregg April 30, 2012 Dr. Tzu-Man Huang BUS 5200 Strategic Finance for Executives EMBA, 2011-12 (Stockton Cohort #7) “The European Union only takes action after the facts. They only address a situation when it has already become a problem.” Zdeneil Kudrna, political economist The European debt crisis was brought on by several Eurozone countries running large budget deficits and borrowing money from central European banks. Out of 27 member states, 17 of those countries use the euro as their currency. The larger countries involved were; Italy (the worst effected), Germany, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Switzerland, Britain and Ireland. The European economic debt crisis has resulted from a combination of complex factors including; the interconnection in the global financial system, that if one nation defaults on its sovereign debt or enters into recession putting some of the external private debt at risk. Easy credit conditions, during the 2002–2008 were a period ones were encouraged of high-risk lending and borrowing practices. International trade imbalances or international interconnection of debt protection, institutions entered into contracts called credit default swaps (CDS) that result in payment should default occur on a particular debt instrument (including government issued bonds). But, since multiple CDS's can be purchased on the same security, it is unclear what exposure each country's...
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...Social Security Sherese Jones BUS681 Instructor Lori Wieters March 17, 2014 Social Security Every human being is faced with the problem of economic security (Dewitt, 2010). It’s a universal problem that encompasses the way in which an individual or family provides for assurance of income when an individual us either too old, too disables to work, when a family head of household dies, or when a worker faces involuntary unemployment (Dewitt, 2010). Some strategies are mostly individual such as saving and investing. Others rely on help from family members, religious group, unions, or social welfare programs (Dewitt, 2010). Some strategies are mixed with both and with use of various forms of insurance to reduce economic risks (Dewitt, 2010). The concept of insurance is to minimize economic risk by contributing to a fund from which benefits can be paid when and insured individual suffers a loss (Dewitt, 2010). From this social insurance was derived. Social insurance provides a method to address their economic security (Dewitt, 2010). The concept of social insurance is that the individual contributes to a central fund managed by governments and then used to provide income to individuals when they become unable to support themselves thus, creating the U.S. Social Security system (Dewitt, 2010). For this assignment, the concept of social security will be discussed as well as the viability of the program over the next 20 – 30 years and will provide recommendations on how...
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...MATA HOLA Period 6 4/1/13 Quotes of David Kennedy 1. One of the most surprising things that I discovered about Depression was the degree of passivity or docility with which people greeted it. 2. There were tens of millions of people living in poverty even before the great crash of 1929 3. Second, I think, is that we see here, you might say, the flip side of the famous American value of individualism, that if we congratulate ourselves for our success and give ourselves a pat on the back for boot-strapping ourselves up the ladder of social mobility, it follows naturally that if we don’t do that or slip down that ladder, we have nobody but ourselves to blame. 4. There had been an agricultural depression that, by 1929, was already a decade old. 5. Nearly half the American people still live in the countryside in the 1920s, and they lived in the grip of a chronic depression. 6. If you were black, if you were a famer, or if you were a recent immigrant living in America in the 1920’s you did not share, generally speaking, in that so-called 1920s prosperity. 7. From the onset of the American industrial revolution in the early nineteenth century right down to the 1930s, the American economy was essentially on a roller coaster ride, where they’d have these periodic boom and bust cycles-depressions in the 1830s, the 1850s, the 1870s, the 1890s; right after World War I was another one-on a scale that we have not seen for the last half century. 8. Insofar...
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...Economic effects of subprime lending A subprime lending is an option for individuals that have difficulty meeting mortgage payment schedules or for individuals who have low credit scores and considered risky borrowers. For example, an applicant with a low credit score of 500 will have a very difficult time locating a loan. Subprime lending comes with a high cost to borrowers. Lenders see bad credit applicants as riskier than applicants with better credit scores. Borrowers in turn pay for this risk by accepting loans with a higher interest rate. Subprime lenders offered the realization of the American dream of home ownership to borrowers who would otherwise be denied credit. Interest only loan options were offered, and combined with the mortgage-backed securities (MBS) added so much liquidity that in turn created a housing boom. Over time borrowers end up paying higher interest rates with zero payment application against their loan amount. Unemployment setbacks that ultimately resulted in defaults, added to the economic crisis. Consequently, more homes were placed in a market that is already saturated with newly constructed homes. This created less demand resulting to more houses that builders were unable to sell. Controls of banking rules and regulations during the 1980’s were relaxed, and monitoring policies for these were not the highest priority. Jimmy Carter’s “Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980” was a window for financial institutions...
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...in Conceptualising the Russia-Ukraine Conflict in Realist and Materialist Terms Kofi Adu Frimpong Kholmati Kholik Global Political Economy Global Political Economy 33423968 33420343 kadfrimpong@yahoo.com kkholik@gmail.com 15/03/2016 Abstract The so called Euromaidan revolution – Ukraine’s struggle to move one step further to closer ties with Europe by liberating itself from the Russian orbit, have created the Russia-Ukraine Crisis. It has re-established and heightened the tensions between Russia and West. Realism has been on the fore front of the academic discussion in explaining the crisis as the power competition between Russia and the West. Alternatively, Materialism has provided a different yet deeper analytical perspective on the conflict by attributing it to the broadening of the transnational class capitalism. This paper will seek to explain and scrutinize the analytical differences in conceptualizing this crisis in Realist and Materialist terms. Keywords: Ukraine crisis, Realism, Security, Materialism, Lockean heartland, Contender states Table of Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Theoretical framework 5 2.1 Theoretical underpinnings of the Realist school of thought 5 2.2 Theoretical underpinnings of Materialism: Amsterdam School Approach 7 2.2.1 The Lockean Heartland 8 2.2.2 Contender States 9 2.2.3 Ex-contender states, aspirant states, and capitalist class fraction 10 3 The Russia-Ukraine conflict 12 3.1 Russia-Ukraine...
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...IN GLOBAL STOCK MARKETS: A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIAN STOCK MARKET RESEARCH BRIEF The history of stock trading and trading associations can be traced as far back as the 11th century when Jewish and Muslim merchants set up trade associations. After centuries of evolution, stock markets have become the symbol of commerce in the modern world. It operates in various countries and trades a range of securities. The world stock market capitalisation is estimated to be about $ 36.6 Trillion. The stock market has various functions such as capital mobilisation, investing opportunities, risk distribution etc. The major stock exchanges in the world today include New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Italian Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange. There have been various stock market crashes in the past such as the Wall Street crash of 1929, the crash of 1973/74, the 1987 crash; called black Monday, the dotcom bubble of 2000 and the more recent crash in 2008 caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in America. The economic crisis of 2008 which originated in America spread to various economies in the world and their stock markets were affected. It reduced the value of stocks around the world by as much as 41% and affected both major and emerging stock markets. The Nigerian stock market is an emerging market in Africa. After attaining the position of one of the most profitable, efficient and fastest growing equity market in the...
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...TREND IN GLOBAL STOCK MARKETS: A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIAN STOCK MARKET RESEARCH BRIEF The history of stock trading and trading associations can be traced as far back as the 11th century when Jewish and Muslim merchants set up trade associations. After centuries of evolution, stock markets have become the symbol of commerce in the modern world. It operates in various countries and trades a range of securities. The world stock market capitalisation is estimated to be about $ 36.6 Trillion. The stock market has various functions such as capital mobilisation, investing opportunities, risk distribution etc. The major stock exchanges in the world today include New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Italian Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange. There have been various stock market crashes in the past such as the Wall Street crash of 1929, the crash of 1973/74, the 1987 crash; called black Monday, the dotcom bubble of 2000 and the more recent crash in 2008 caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in America. The economic crisis of 2008 which originated in America spread to various economies in the world and their stock markets were affected. It reduced the value of stocks around the world by as much as 41% and affected both major and emerging stock markets. The Nigerian stock market is an emerging market in Africa. After attaining the position of one of the most profitable, efficient and fastest growing equity market in the...
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...Paper No. 41, March 2005 * A revised version of the paper is scheduled to be published in The Pacific Review later this year. Recent Titles in the Working Paper Series No. 28 The Revolution in Military Affairs and Its Impact on Canada: The Challenge and the Consequences, by Andrew Richter, March 1999. No. 29 Law, Knowledge and National Interests in Trade Disputes: The Case of Softwood Lumber, by George Hoberg and Paul Howe, June 1999. No. 30 Geopolitical Change and Contemporary Security Studies: Contextualizing the Human Security Agenda, by Simon Dalby, April 2000. No. 31 Beyond the Linguistic Analogy: Norm and Action in International Politics, by Kai Alderson, May 2000. No. 32 The Changing Nature of International Institutions: The Case of Territoriality, by Kalevi J. Holsti, November 2000. No. 33 South Asian Nukes and Dilemmas of International Nonproliferation Regimes, by Haider K. Nizamani, December 2000. No. 34 Tipping the Balance: Theatre Missile Defence and the Evolving Security Relations in Northeast Asia, by Marc Lanteigne, January 2001. No. 35 Between War and Peace: Religion, Politics, and Human Rights in Early Cold War Canada, 1945-1950, by George Egerton, February 2001. No. 36 From Avignon to Schleswig and Beyond: Sovereignty and Referendums, by Jean Laponce, June 2001. No. 37 Advancing Disarmament in the Face of Great Power Reluctance: The Canadian Constitution, by Marianne Hanson, June 2001. No. 38 The 2002 Nuclear Posture Review: The ‘New Triad’, Counterproliferation...
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...Introduction The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930s or middle 1940s.1 This depression was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. As we all known, the Great Depression began at September 4, 1929, with the sudden fall in stock prices, and rapidly became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). It started from USA, and quickly sweep European countries as well as all over the world. This crisis had huge impact on all the people across the world, various industries, economic fields, and all the social life. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high as 33 %2. The Features of the Great Depression Compared with all the crisis happened before and after, this crisis gets some distinct features: firstly, the scope of the influence of the great depression is so wide. At that time, USA was the most powerful country in the world as well as the biggest creditor country. The American finance had close connection with all the capitalist countries and the international business market. The crisis spread from American to the vital capitalist countries Germany, Japan, Britain and France...
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