...Essays Term Papers Research Papers Privacy Our Guarantee Popular Essays Excellent Essays Free Essays A-F Free Essays G-L Free Essays M-Q Free Essays R-Z Essay Topics Plagiarism Donate a Paper View Cart / Checkout Differences in Macro and Micro Level Theories Rate This Paper: 1 2 3 4 5 Submit Length: 317 words (0.9 double-spaced pages) Rating: Red (FREE) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - There are many differences between macro and micro-level theories. Micro-level focuses on individuals and their interactions. For example the relationship between adult children and their parents, or the effect of negative attitudes on older people. Some criticize on micro-level theories becuase they focus on what older people do rather than on social conditionsand policies that cuase them to act the way they do. Macro-level focuses more upon social structure, social processes and problems, and their interrelationships. For example the effects of industrialization on older people's status, or how gender and income affect older people's well being. This approach tends to minimize people's ability to act and overcome the limits of social structures. Both micro and macro-leve theories can take one of three perspectives which include: interpretive perspective, normative, and conflict. Normative perspective says rules and status exist in society to provide socail control or social order. Social order is...
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...A Theory-Based Approach to the Relationship between Social Capital and Communities of Practice El-Sayed Abou-Zeid John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada el-sayed@jmsb.concordia.ca Abstract: There is almost a consensus that tacit component of organisational knowledge is of critical strategic importance because, unlike explicit knowledge, it is both inimitable and appropriable. Because of its characteristics, organisational tacit knowledge is usually created and shared through highly interactive conversation and shared experience, i.e., through a socialisation process. At the firm’s level, the effectiveness of the socialisation process depends on the firm’s social capital. At group level, it has been argued that communities of practice form the basis of a firm's ability to create and share tacit knowledge. Therefore, investigating the relationship between social capital, communities of practice and individual human action is crucial in understanding the dynamic of cross level knowledge creation and utilisation and in understanding organisational learning process. In order to study this relationship Giddens’ theory of structuration is used as it provides an integrating meta-theory that recognises social reality as constituted by both subjective human actors and by objective institutional properties and attempts to articulate a process-oriented approach that relates the realm of human action and institutional realm. Based on Giddens’ theory a model...
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...Social Structure Theory Steven Horton University of Phoenix CJA/314 January 20, 2012 Maxine Craig Abstract The following paper will be based on the theory of social structure from the writers’ perspective. The paper can be considered as bias as it is based on personal opinions and situations of the writer. But it will touch on some of the questions that are asked to people who commit crimes repetitively. There are reasons that people become repeat offenders and career criminals and this paper should touch on some of the reasons why. Hopefully after reading this paper the reader will have a better understanding of how a person can commit crimes in repetition. Social Structure Theory There were several scenarios given in this weeks’ lesson but one in particular caught my attention. This man named Lucas, had entered someone’s house and pulled out a gun. He began creeping up the stairs where he had heard a noise coming from the bedroom. When he entered the room, a man and a woman were in the act of sexual relations so he aimed his gun and shot them both point blank. Next he grabbed his phone and called the man’s wife and told her that he had killed her husband and that she better have his money or she would be next. There was a bio about Lucas which basically said that he had been involved in crime since a juvenile and had joined a gang at a younger age. They ended it with the saying that he was on a path of criminal involvement. The theory of Social Structure states...
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...Sociology and Family Sociology use complex sociological theories in order to analyze and explain the cause and effects of social structure, process and actions. When it comes to family there are a few theories that can explain the institution of family and how it affects society. Family is viewed in many different ways; however family is where individuals initially develop their way into society. This paper will discuss how sociological theories like functionalism, conflict and interactionism impact the sociological institution of family. Many theories affect the dynamic of a family but they also go hand and hand with the continuous development of society. Families and society become more of one once they have a full understanding of each other. “One of the most important aspects of what happens to us over the life course is our relationship with our family. Everyone has a family of origin, and everyone creates a family, even if it is a family of one. Types of families vary in form and structure, and have significant implications for our lives” (Rothausen, 1999). No matter how a person views the institution of family, there is usually a strong sense of belonging and respect. Many of times when we think of family, the traditional view comes in mind which is, parents and children. However, the institution of family can be applied in so many ways; like unmarried couples with no kids, close friends, homosexual couples, or just individuals of the same bloodline. What makes...
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...Theoretical Analysis Paper Using Sociological Themes to Analyze a Movie For this assignment, you will use sociological themes to analyze a movie. As you are watching one of the movies from the list provided by you T.A., think about the sociological themes that are presented either directly or indirectly in the film. Sociological themes may emerge in many different ways: the setting that the film is placed in; the relationship of the characters; dialogue; dialogue that is not said but expressed in different ways; symbolicism . . . . and the list could go on. This assignment has several goals: 1. Learning sociological themes 2. Gaining fluency in these themes 3. Lay the groundwork for future sociology or social science courses 4. Learning and practicing university-level writing What are “Sociological Themes?” By sociological themes we mean the generic categories of concepts and processes, institutions, and theories. These general categories are sufficiently broad enough to capture most of what we as sociologists collect, arrange, and share with one another—they form the “stuff” of what we do. |Sociological Themes | |Concept/Process |Institution |Theory | |Class |Family ...
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...Abstract: This paper works out a conceptual framework for studying the performance of franchising networks. Franchising networks, which originally developed in the context of Western economies, are currently operating in transition economies as well. Some franchising networks fail and some succeed. The paper views performance of networks as a complex process of adaptation to the environment. Characteristics of networks, which appear due to the environment, influence the drivers of performance, i.e. the factors that are responsible for the networks’ success or failure. The paper is theoretical and makes use of different sources of evidence: empirical and theoretical studies on franchising and inter-organisational networks. The conceptual framework is finally tested on a small case study of two franchising networks operating in Russia. JEL-code: Franchising Networks, Performance, Flexibility, Information Exchange, Innovation and Learning Outline I. Introduction 3 II. Definition of franchising networks 4 III. Institutional environment of a transition economy 5 IV. Performance of franchising networks 7 A. Flexibility 7 B. Information exchange 10 C. Innovation and learning 12 IV. Conceptual Framework 15 A. Sociological and Economic Traditions of Network Research 15 B. Economic Theories for the Study of Networks 16 C. Sociological Theories for the Study of Networks 17 D. Conceptual Framework for the study of Performance of Franchising Networks 20 ...
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...many theories that have different perspectives. One theory is the Functionalist theory. This theory is when people in a society all come together and work as a unit. Everyone must do their part so the society stays stable. The government pays for the children to get an education. We the people pay the government with taxes to fund the education of the children. Once the children get their education, the return the favor by becoming good members of society and the cycle continues and stays stable. Another theory is the conflict theory. This theory came from Karl Marx’s writings. The theory shows more emphasis on how society is not stable and it is always changing. The conflict theory has more of a negative twist to it. This theory believes in social change and basically the more powerful people control society which is bad. These two theories differ from one another because they are the complete opposite of each other. One is trying to make society stable, while the other says it can not be stable and is more negative on society. Social order is the distinctive stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together. The functionalist theory perspective explains social order pretty well. In that theory humans are working together to make society stable. That is what social order is. As well as having an institution which can be school and the functionalist theory wants children to get education. For the conflict theory it shows social order...
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...Please scroll all the way down for comments and graded rubric. Psychological Disorder Paper PSY/450-Diversity and Cultural Factors in Psychology Kimberly L. Herrington Due: Tuesday January 15, 2013 People decisions, attitudes, and beliefs are acquired from their cultural roots. Psychology has established social perception results from the individual’s cultural milieu. Social perception is a process that aids us to understanding others as well as ourselves. This paper will discuss anxiety disorder; examine the connection between human development and how this connection affects anxiety disorders. There are several types of anxiety disorders, some of the most common are; Specific Phobia, Panic Disorder, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. A person who has anxiety disorder may experience feelings of excessive fear, worrying or discomfort in situations where majority of others do not share those emotions. Left untreated, anxiety disorders may become severely damaging and may affect his or her relationships, work performance, and or study ability. As more research and studies are performed it has been concluded from severe cases that even simple tasks such as cleaning, shopping or leaving the house is a major challenge. In addition to inability to perform daily activities, anxiety may also cause decrease in self-esteem, drug abuse, and separation from loved ones ( Shiraev & Levy 2010) In the United States...
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...subjects, and every candidate shall take all the compulsory subjects and opt for three of the optional subjects carrying 600 marks in all but not more than 200 marks from a single group. 2. A candidate shall answer the language papers in the language concerned. The question paper in Islamiat is to be answered in Urdu or English. All other papers must be answered in English. Violation of this instruction shall incur cancellation of the concerned paper(s) and consequently award of Zero. 3. The compulsory and optional subjects and maximum marks fixed for each subject shall be as below: Sr. No. 1 2 3 COMPULSORY SUBJECTS Subjects English (Précis & Composition) English Essay General Knowledge (a) Current Affairs 100 (b) Every Day Science 100 (c) Pakistan Affairs 100 Islamiat Viva Voce Total Maximum Marks 100 100 300 100 300 900 600 120 4 5 Qualifying marks in the aggregate of written papers: Qualifying marks in the Viva Voce: The non-Muslim candidates will have the option to take Islamiat as a compulsory subject or otherwise Pakistan Affairs (General Knowledge PaperIII) will be treated of 200 marks and counted in lieu of Islamiat. A candidate who fails to appear in any of the compulsory subject will not be allowed to appear in the remaining papers of the examination. No candidate shall be summoned for Viva voce test unless he has obtained at least 33 percent marks in each optional subject, 40% in the each compulsory subject and 50% marks in the aggregate of the written...
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...Learning Theories of Personalities Kristie Tripaldi, Tandy Noonan, Charlie Fritz, Jodie Bowes, and Velinda Chandler PSY/405 March 5, 2012 Angela Snelling Learning Theories of Personalities As individual’s study human behavior, he or she notices that there several theories with plenty of philosophers and psychologists to give his or her own personal observations. However, there are several limitations and strengths of learning theories. The three main theorist of the social learning theory are Albert Bandura, B.F. Skinner, and Julian Rotter. Each of these theorists describes how learning theories affect an individual’s personality. Bandura and Skinner’s theories both explain how an individual learns from his or her environment. Bandura’s social learning theory also explains an individual’s reaction to what he or she observes. Rotter’s theory provides reasoning in environment and personal factors that influences an individual’s behavior. Strengths of Learning Theories Behavior analysis can examine the results of behavior through the calculated experiments of individual, social, and cultural context application (Cherry, 2012). Pavlov’s dog is a very famous experiment of behavioral analysis that proves this theories strength. In anticipation of receiving a meal, the dog would start to salivate. Soon, the dog associated food with the white lab...
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...Criminal Justice System Paper Introduction In the field of Criminal Justice in America it is important to explore the parts of the criminal justice systems and the processes that occur. Many of the parts and processes in the Criminal Justice System shall be discussed in this work. Crime will be defined in relation to the law. Models of how society views acts as criminals will be reviewed. Choice theories will also be revealed in this work. The Instruments and government structure in relation to criminal justice shall be reviewed as well in this paper Criminal justice is exciting to review. Crime What is crime? Crime has an important definition with an important relation to the law. Crime is not defined by any one individual. It is important to explore what crime is defined as in society. Crime is, conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. There is no justifying or excusing these acts (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 7). Crimes definition plays a major role in determining which acts are criminal as well as the models that are presented. Government Structure The government is structured in such a way as to support the Criminal Justice System in America. The first part of that structure is the Constitution. The Constitution outlines laws, freedoms and power to several governmental agencies. Government first plays a role in making laws. Then insure enforcement...
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...M.A. Social Work (Previous) FIRST SEMESTER Paper S1: 01 History and Philosophy of Social Work - 50 Paper S1: 02 Psychosocial Dynamics of Human Behavior - 50 Paper S1: 03 Methods of Working with People: Micro-Approaches - 50 Paper S1: 04 Social Welfare Administration - 50 Paper S1: 05 Research Methodology - 50 Paper S1: 06 Man & Society - 50 Paper S1: 07 Concurrent Field work three days in a week - 50 Total - 350 SECOND SEMESTER Paper S2: 01 Approaches and fields of Social Work - 50 Paper S2: 02 Human Growth and Development - 50 Paper S2: 03 Methods of working with People: Macro Approaches - 50 Paper S2: 04 Management of NGO’s and Disaster Relief Services - 50 Paper S2: 05 Statistics and Computer Application - 50 Paper S2: 06 Dynamics of Socio-Political Institutions and Organizations - 50 Paper S2: 07 Concurrent Field work (three days in a week) -50 Total - 350 M.A. in Social Work (Part-I) Preamble: 1. There shall be six theory papers of 50 marks each and field work of 50 marks as paper seventh out of 50 marks, 38 marks shall be devoted to semester paper and 12 marks shall be fixed for class/home assignments. 2. The format of the theory paper shall be the same as it is being following by the university. 3. Evaluation procedure shall be as per university norms. FIRST SEMESTER Paper S1: 01 History and Philosophy of Social Work (50) Unit – I Meaning, objectives and scope of social work; Role...
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...Examining Theory Paper In this paper I am going to go with the video for social structure theory when covering the following topics. I will introduce how the video supports a social structure theory, the primary subject and content, major principles of the sociology theory addressed and social issues discussed. I am going to discuss, in the last part of this paper, what are some possible consequences for a social policy change. The video that I have chosen to do this paper on will be the “Pelican Bay State Prison: War Zone” to best fit with my beliefs of social structure theory simply the top reason for criminality evolving. In the video that I have viewed, “Pelican Bay State Prison: War Zone,” there was a great deal of information in it that supported crime evolving from a social structure theory. The prisoners in Pelican Bay State Prison set a goal to get into this prison because it is more like a reward than a punishment. The motive for the a reward of these prisoners is that only the meanest most violent prisoners who are gang leaders out of prison. These gang leaders still run the gangs, although they are in prison and are fearless. These gang leaders come from the only family that they have ever known and would give their lives for the gang. Most prisoners, gang leaders are educated only in the streets and nowhere else. In the video it speaks of how Pelican Bay State Prison is known for the thousands upon thousands of gang leaders who set a goal to end...
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... The reason society is well advanced in technology, medicine, and so many other developments are due to an individual effort and high levels of education. There are three theories that help comprehend education, and these are Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism theories. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact that the functionalism, conflict, and Interactionism theories has on education, and to further discuss their similarities and differences; how each theory applies to the selected sociological institution; how each theory affects the individual; how it affects the approach to social changes, and how does each theory affects the view of society. Education is certainly the biggest and most valuable accomplishment a person can obtain. It helps us grow intellectually in society, and regulates the progress of society. Education offers people regardless of their background, race, religion, or income an equal opportunity to be successful. According to the Functionalist aspect, Schools are seen as functional for society for a variety of manifest and latent reasons. They are socialization agents that teach students culturally relevant core values and norms in what Durkheim (1915/1964) called a moral education that would help create a more cohesive social structure. Schools provide social control for behavior. They reinforce behaviors that support the political and economic systems, including patriotism, a work ethic, and teaching students how to perform tasks...
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...Employment News 31 May - 6 June 2014 www.employmentnews.gov.in 21 UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION EXAMINATION NOTICE NO. 09/2014-CSP (LAST DATE FOR RECEIPT OF APPLICATIONS : 30/06/2014) DATE :31.05.2014 CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2014 (Commission’s website-http://upsc.gov.in) F. No. 1/5/2013-E.I(B) : Preliminary Examination of the Civil Services Examination for recruitment to the Services and Posts mentioned below will be held by the Union Public Service Commission on 24th Aug., 2014 in accordance with the Rules published by the Department of Personnel & Training in the Gazette of India Extraordinary dated 31st May, 2014. (i) Indian Administrative Service. (ii) Indian Foreign Service. (iii) Indian Police Service. (iv) Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group ‘A’. (v) Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (vi) Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), Group ‘A’. (vii) Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (viii) Indian Revenue Service (I.T.), Group ‘A’. (ix) Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group ‘A’ (Assistant Works Manager, Administration). (x) Indian Postal Service, Group ‘A’. (xi) Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group ‘A’. (xii) Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group ‘A’. (xiii) Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group 'A'. (xiv) Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group ‘A’. (xv) Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force, Group ‘A’ (xvi) Indian Defence Estates Service, Group...
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