...economic experience; a material and social communication exchange that is inherent across human societies and instrumental in maintaining social relationships and expressing feelings (Camerer, 1988, Joy 2001). Research within different disciplines to gain insight of gift giving behaviour has continued for over forty years. Gifts are bestowed in celebration of key life events, a medium for nurturing personal relationships, to encourage economic exchange and to socialise children into appropriate behaviour patterns (Belk, 1979). Obligations within a community require that individuals are required to give, receive and to reciprocate (Mauss, 1954). In his essay the French anthropologist-sociologist Marcel Mauss (1954), presented a theoretical analysis of the gift-giving process, that was based on his examination of giftgiving amongst various primitive, secluded, or ancient societies. He concluded that giftgiving is a self-perpetuating system of reciprocity and summarised three types of obligations which preserve gift-giving: 1. The obligation to give. 2. The obligation to receive. 3. The obligation to repay. The requirement to give may be ingrained in religious or moral necessities, with a strong need to recognise and maintain a status hierarchy and to establish or maintain peaceful relations, or merely the expectation of reciprocal giving. These motives, which do not acknowledge purely selfless giving, become embedded into the fabric of a society so that under appropriate conditions...
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...ANALYTICAL JURISPRUDENCE (LEGAL POSITIVISM) Synopsis: (i) Socio-economic and historical context on which it arose. (ii) Positivism in Philosophy – the important founder Augustine Cômte. (iii) Its expression in Law – Analytical Legal Positivism. (a) Different aspects of Legal Positivism (b) John Austin (c) Neo-Positivist Trends (aa) Hart’s Concept (bb) Linguistic Trend (iv) Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law (v) General Appraisal and Critique (1) Socio-economic and historical context Just before 1848 Revolution, Marx says in the development of Bourgeois class there are 2 phases to distinguish: (i) One which constitutes support Absolute Monarchy (ii) The one which constitutes itself as class, overthrows Feudalism and it establishes its own political rule (Bourgeois Rule) The 1st phase lasted for 3 centuries from 16th C – 18th C The 2nd phase roughly from 1780’s to 1840’s. Actually 1789-1848 is called the Ag of Revolution. During the 1st phase, when it is still constituting itself – their philosophical spokesmen are found in NL school – i.e. Hobbes, Locke etc. – Notion of Justice and equality show the core they argue for change against status quo. The philosophy is metaphysical but revolutionary because it is fighting for change against the status quo. 2nd Phase: The triumph/victory of the Bourgeoisie. In this phase – consolidation of the Bourgeoisie clan at the political level - this found expression in the French Revolution 1789...
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...assessment contains no section copied in whole or in part from any other source unless explicitly identified in quotation marks and with detailed, complete and accurate referencing. …………………………………….. (Signature) CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 The research problem. 4 1.2 Rationale or purpose of the study. 4 1.3 The objectives of the study. 4 1.4 Research question(s). 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 6 3.1 Research design. 6 3.2 Data sources 7 3.3 Data collection techniques. 7 3.4. Issues of reliability and validity. 8 3.5 Sampling techniques. 8 3.6 Definitions of key terms, concepts and variables. 9 3.7 Data analysis and interpretation. 9 3.8 Ethical considerations. 10 3.8.1 Confidentiality. 10 3.8.2 Informed consent 10 3.8.3 Provision of debriefing, counseling and additional information. 10 3.9. Pretest or pilot study. 11 4. MY PERSONAL WORK PLAN 12 LIST OF SOURCES 12 From here on, please use 1, 5 spacing in your text. Should you include tables in your introduction or literature review, please number them Table 1, Table 2, etc. TITLE: (Give a brief title for your proposed study here. For example: An investigation into the causes of burnout amongst volunteer caregivers in a home-based HIV-AIDS support program. It does not have to be perfect at the first attempt. You might change...
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...assessment contains no section copied in whole or in part from any other source unless explicitly identified in quotation marks and with detailed, complete and accurate referencing. …………………………………….. (Signature) CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 The research problem. 4 1.2 Rationale or purpose of the study. 4 1.3 The objectives of the study. 4 1.4 Research question(s). 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 6 3.1 Research design. 6 3.2 Data sources 7 3.3 Data collection techniques. 7 3.4. Issues of reliability and validity. 8 3.5 Sampling techniques. 8 3.6 Definitions of key terms, concepts and variables. 9 3.7 Data analysis and interpretation. 9 3.8 Ethical considerations. 10 3.8.1 Confidentiality. 10 3.8.2 Informed consent 10 3.8.3 Provision of debriefing, counseling and additional information. 10 3.9. Pretest or pilot study. 11 4. MY PERSONAL WORK PLAN 12 LIST OF SOURCES 12 From here on, please use 1, 5 spacing in your text. Should you include tables in your introduction or literature review, please number them Table 1, Table 2, etc. TITLE: (Give a brief title for your proposed study here. For example: An investigation into the causes of burnout amongst volunteer caregivers in a home-based HIV-AIDS support program. It does not have to be perfect at the first attempt. You might change...
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...Lecture #1: Defining Sociology and Using our Sociological Tools; Please read Ch. 1 Hello everyone and welcome to the start of what will hopefully be a wonderful semester. This semester we will be examining and analyzing science and technology using a sociological discipline. In the beginning of every lecture I will introduce the vocabulary. These words will be significant for the lecture, so put them to memory because you just might see them later, wink, wink, and wink. Vocabulary: Sociology: The systematic study of human societies. It is the scientific study of human social life, behavior, groups, culture and societies. Culture: A way of life including widespread values (about what is good and bad), beliefs (about what is true), and behavior (what people do every day). Social Problems: A condition that undermines the well-being of some or all members of a society and that are usually a matter of public controversy. Sociological Imagination: Is the quality of mind that enables one to see the connection between personal troubles and social structures. Theory: A statement of how and why specific facts are related. Structural-Functional: A theoretical framework that sees society as a system of many interrelated parts. Social-Conflict: A theoretical framework that sees society as divided by inequality and conflict. Symbolic-Interaction: A theoretical framework that sees society as the product of individuals interacting with one another. Technology: the practical use...
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...Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Mary Ellen Garcia Liberty University Multicultural Issues in Human Services -509 Dr. Eva Straner Due: August, 2013 Abstract In the last thirty years, Grandparents have played a significant role in raising their grandchildren. Numerous changes have occurred that have required our current society to move in a familiar direction to care for children that would in other times have been placed in foster care homes. Research has shown that factors that include substance abuse, illness, child abuse, domestic violence, neglect, and death have put a greater challenge on Grandparents living arrangements. With the increase of divorce, the lack of child care, the demands placed on a single parent to enter the work force to financially support a household has also added to the increase of Grandparent participation in the raising of their grandchildren. In the past, Grandparents worked to support their families and looked forward to the day of their retirement and possible social activities of leisure. These goals have decreased significantly as Grandparents have had to take on the role of sole caregivers and active participates in raising their minor age grandchildren. Grandparents find that their age, income status, health limitations and the challenges with the children, affect their everyday life. The Legal System and Child Welfare Agencies rely on the next of kin to assist with immediate placements but have not included immediate legal ramifications...
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...International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, Vol. 6, No. 4, December 2013, 228-234 Police Corruption in India ____________________________________________________________________ Ravikanth B. Lamani1 G. S. Venumadhava2 Abstract Police as a Law enforcing agency is an important institution of that social control which existed in some form or the other in all society in all ages. Police is an integral part of the present day society. A society in the present set up cannot live and progress without an effective, sincere and honest police force. The Indian police have its roots in the ancient period and the present day police are the outcome of an evolutionary process. The bad things which it has inherited from the old system include corruption among policemen today. Corruption exists in one form or the other in the police system. Corruption has infected every sphere of modern life. It has vitiated the moral values of the society and the police force cannot be an exception. In fact, corruption of police is not a new phenomenon, but the irony is that the issue has seldom been seized by the organization with a sense of seriousness. In this paper an attempt has been made to discuss the various aspects of police corruption in India. The author has tried to discuss the various factors responsible for police corruption and suggest some remedies to control the corruption among policemen. The main objective of the paper is to discuss the extent, causes and...
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...Evolutionary Psychology human-nature.com/ep – 2006. 4: 406-425 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Original Article An Evolutionary Interpretation of Gift-giving Behavior in Modern Norwegian Society Iver Mysterud, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. Email: mysterud@bio.uio.no Thomas Drevon, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway (Current address: USIT, Web gruppa, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1086 Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway) Tore Slagsvold, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway Abstract: We have studied gift giving at Christmas among 50 graduate students in Norway. The students invested more the closer the coefficient of relatedness. However, partners ranked highest, which is natural for people at the start of their reproductive career. All students gave to their parents, siblings, and children, most gave to their grandparents, and only a third gave to some, but not all, of their genetic aunts/uncles. Twenty percent gave to first cousins, and none to second or third cousins. Similar patterns for gifts received were found. There were also sex differences (e.g. women had larger exchange networks than men), and birth order effects. Firstborns spent more on relatives than laterborns. However, middleborns gave more to their male friends than both firstborns and lastborns. We conclude that the results are consistent...
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...Research Methodology • Title A study of the effect of bribery and corruption with lack of censorship in the governmental institution There are various reasons why corruption takes place and takes hold. Sometimes it is due to the fact that officials are simply not paid very much and so they need to supplement their salaries with money from bribes. Sometimes the bureaucratic system is set up in such a way that officials simply refuse to carry out their duties unless they are ‘encouraged’ by being offered bribes. In other cases it is actually part of the tradition and culture of a country to give and receive ‘gifts’ in order to get anything done. In some cases companies from less corrupt countries allegedly engage in bribery in order to do business in countries where corruption is the norm, otherwise they would not be able to operate successfully in those countries. It can be argued that if such companies did not bribe officials in the necessary countries then the economies of those countries would suffer because fewer companies would invest in them, thus making them poorer. On a smaller scale corruption is often just a result of people’s natural desire to ‘beat the system’. Mostly, corruption occurs in environments where it is tolerated and where the temptation is too strong to resist. In the following paragraph there are some examples of how bribes take place in each and every one of them. • Problem Statement Main Problem: A person gives some money to officials...
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...factors 10 Factors of Relationship 11 Factors of Community and Society 12 The result of elder abuse 14 Domestic Settings 14 Treatment in institutions 14 Preventing Elder Abuse 15 Feedback from national level 16 Responses from local people 18 Social Service 19 Health Care 20 Legal Proceeding 21 Campaign to generate public awareness 22 Recommendations 23 Greater Knowledge 23 Causes of the abuse 24 Impact of abuse 24 Evaluating the process 24 Stringent laws 24 Basic Rights for Elders 25 Traditions 25 Other preventive measures 26 Conclusion 27 Reference 28 Introduction The history of elderly abuse is not a very new phenomenon. It can be traced back from a very early age if we flip through the sociological status of yesteryear. However with the passage of time and further defining a goal to reform child abuse and domestic violence, the objective of elderly abuse has also been considered in the agenda. Unlike other form violence, the elderly violence has come into limelight with the progress of public health and criminal justice. The issue of these two forms has paved a way to view, analyse and curb the issue on violence towards senior citizens of a society. This paper will focus upon the issues concerning upon the violence that affects the elderly people either in house or in an institution. Moreover it will also cite the specific crime that usually occurs with elderly people which can be considered as a global issue to the problem concerned...
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...Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Consumer Behaviour What is Consumer Behaviour? * The study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires * An ongoing process * Exchange – 2+ people giving and receiving something of value = an integral part of marketing Consumers’ Impact on Marketing Strategy * Consumers’ needs can be satisfied to the extent that marketers understand the people/orgs that will use what they are trying to sell – better than the competitors * Consumer response is the test of whether a marketing strategy will exceed – knowledge about consumers is important Segmenting Consumers * Marketing segmentation – identifies groups of consumers who are similar to one another in 1+ ways and then devises marketing strategies to appeal to 1+ of these groups * Demographics – measure observable aspects – age, gender, family structure/life stage, social class/income, ethnicity * Psychographics – measure consumers’ personalities, attitudes, values, lifestyles Marketing’s Impact on Consumers * Relationship marketing – making an effort to interact with customers on a regular basis, giving them reasons to maintain a bond with company * Ex: restaurant sending a birthday coupon to consumer every year * Popular culture – music, movies, books, sports, celebs, consumed by mass market – a product of and inspiration for marketers ...
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...CHAPTER III REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Studies on Learning Styles Studies on Mathematics Learning and Learning Style Studies on Learning Style and Teaching Style Studies on Co-operative Learning Studies on Co-operative Learning and Mathematics Conclusion CHAPTER III REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Review of related literature plays a significant role in any type of research work. It allows the researcher to acquaint oneself with current knowledge in the field in which the research is being done. The availability and utilisation of adequate sources or related information enables the investigator to complete the research fruitfully and thus make unique contribution in the field of education with special focus on the method of instruction, learner variables, etc. For many years, educators and researchers have debated on the different variables which influenced student achievement. Decades of research in education suggest that students utilise individual learning styles (Felder, 1996). Instruction should therefore be multifaceted to accommodate the variety of learning styles. The literature in support of this assertion is vast and includes textbooks, learning style inventories and resources for classroom implementation (Dunn & Dunn, 1993). Though research in education and applied psychology has produced a number of insights into how students think and learn, the resulting impact on actual classroom instruction is uneven and unpredictable. ...
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...The Hunger Games: Action-film feminism is catching fire Lisa Schwarzbaum Burning up Jennifer Lawrence’s Katniss Everdeen is both strong and vulnerable – a new kind of action heroine who has powered The Hunger Games: Catching fire to a $158m US debut. (Lionsgate) Jennifer Lawrence’s Katniss Everdeen is a new type of female action film icon, and moviegoers should be very excited about that, writes Lisa Schwarzbaum. As Catching Fire ignites on movie screens around the world, this is what we know about the 21st Century heroine called Katniss Everdeen: she is strong but also soft. She is brave but she has doubts. She is a phenomenal fictional creation, yet is real enough that moviegoers can draw inspiration from her values, her resourcefulness, and her very human inner conflicts. And she is played by Jennifer Lawrence, who appears not only to be handling her current duties as Hollywood’s finest model of well-adjusted millennial female stardom but doing so with charm. Everdeen and Lawrence: golden girls both. Personified in Lawrence’s lithe movements and cool, focused gaze, Katniss is a brave, resourceful and independent-minded fighter; but she is also a troubled and vulnerably guilt-ridden human being. Nina Jacobson, the producer of the Hunger Games film franchise, puts it this way: “She is a singular heroine in that the burden of survival weighs on her. She has a ton of survivor’s guilt. And she keeps surviving.” Girl on fire It is strange that behaving like a well-adjusted...
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...------------------------------------------------- Compensatory Discrimination in Light of Theories Of Justice INTRODUCTION In a civilized social system, law plays not only the role of guarantor of justice equality and liberty, but also as a tool for attaining the ends of justice. In this respect the modern democratic state has to adopt objective standards to protect the human rights of its citizens. Equality is one among those cardinal human rights by which the State is mandated to treat the equals equally and unequal unequally when it distributes its own benefits to the people. But who are equals and who are unequal is a thorny issue, for the limited resources are much valuable and required by the various group of people and they have to be distributed justly and fairly. In the Indian constitutional scheme, it had been envisaged by the framers that there should be equality of opportunity is for all citizens in public employments and such equality of opportunity a fundamental right of the citizens’.At the same time, the need for some beneficial treatment to the weaker sections of the society was also enshrined with that right. What is the basis of distribution of societal resources to certain sections? The thrust of this Chapter goes with the following enquiry. Is there any jurisprudential foundation for protective discrimination? If so what is it? This aspect is assessed from the angle of different theories of justice viz., social justice, distributive justice, equality...
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...Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Introduction Displaced people fall on new life struggle by losing their social capital and network due to river bank erosion (Field observation). For this reason, in this study, the research problem was loss of social capital, network and role of safety net of the displaced people by River Bank Erosion (RBE). The main objective of this study was to measure the loss of social capital including network due to RBE, to explore the changing situation (social, economic and political) that displaced people face due to loss of social capital including network by RBE, to discover how do displaced people create new social capital including network and to assess the role of safety net to meet present crisis. In the context of socio-economic, geographical and ecological condition, the social capital including network and safety net is more important tool to meet any natural crisis. In this study village, the displaced people lost their material object as well as social capital and network. That’s why this study has focused on social capital including network and safety net programs in the context of river bank erosion. In this research problem, the word social capital has been considered as relationships, connections, links, and affiliations among displaced people and network has been referred as an informal relationship among persons, individuals and groups and safety net has been referred as the roles/programs of government and non government organizations...
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