The test will focus on material covered since the Midterm Exam:

Unit #7: Deviance and Social Control * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 7 * Wolf, “The Rebels: A Brotherhood of Outlaw Bikers” * Video: Faking the Grade

Unit #8: Sociological Research Methods * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 2 Unit #9: Social Stratification / Politics and Economics * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 8 and Ch.14 * Bales, “A New Slavery” OR Reiter, “Serving the Customer: Fast Food is Not about Food” Unit #10: Global Inequality * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 9 * Eglitis, “How Economic Inequality Benefits the West” OR Klein, “The Discarded Factory….” * Video: NO LOGO Unit #11: Racial and Ethnic Inequality * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 10 and Ch. 16 pp. 375-377 * Video: The Real Avatar – optional Unit #12: Gender and Family * Schaefer and Haaland, Ch. 11 and Ch. 12 pp. 254-259, 262 and 265-267 * Adam, “Why Be Queer?” * Kimmel “Masculinity as Homophobia” * Video: Tough Guise 1. Explain how Daniel Wolf used participant observation to conduct research on biker gangs and how he used the interactionist perspective and labeling theory in his analysis. Define the term counter-culture, say how this concept applies to biker gangs, and use the conflict perspective to explain why people might join a counter-culture such as a biker gang. Use Merton’s anomie theory and the cultural transmission theory of deviance to analyze biker gangs. (Chapter 7 and Wolf article)
Participant observation because He joined the rebels for a period of time to get an accurate sense of how they operate, referred to as participant observation By being one of them he was able to observe the gang in their natural settings and gather information from the field. This resulted in him being able to collect primary information by gaining in-depth knowledge and descriptions of their daily lives. By doing this he was able to provide an insiders perspective by better understanding members emotions, feelings and thoughts prior to making interpretations.
The interactionist perspective focuses on the concrete details of what goes on among individuals in everyday life. Daniel wolf became apart of the biker group which enabled him to focus on the biker gangs everyday life that allowed him to provide a detailed comprehensive report on the exclusive social and cultural formation of the biker group. He uses the labeling theory in his analysis because the biker group in society were labeled as deviant therefore anyone that associated with them or looked like them such as Daniel did in the beginning even when they weren’t doing anything wrong were automatically labeled as delinquents and viewed as deviant.
Counter culture –when a subculture in this case the biker gang deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture. Biker gang are considered a counter culture because they purposely potray themselves to society as rebels. They constantly break the law, get into fights distrupt the peace in society on purpose. Conflict perspective- agree that a common culture may exisist but the most powerful and wealthy control most of the wealth and property.Therefore, those who feel they are at a disadvantage (not amongst the most powerful or wealthy class) and are considered the subservient may feel like they actually belong are a considered a somebody when they join things such as biker gangs. This creates a sense of empowerment for them a sense of belonging.
Merton’s anomie theory states that society urges individuals to demonstrate persistent individualism in chase of financial and measurable success; however, occasions for advancement and goal attainment are not equally accessible. Thus, according to Merton, crime and deviance are caused by an inequality in social order. Therefore causing people to turn to convenient means such as crime to achieve their goals. This theory has five basis forms of adaption, which include conformity to social norms, the innovator, ritualist, retreatist and the rebel. (Schaefer and Haaland 2011:154-155) The biker gang would fall under the category of the rebel. This is because the gang has continuously tried to override the prevalent system. They are monitored by the police and engage in disobedient behavior on a consistent basis that prevents society from completing and conforming to acceptable social norms. They choose to alienate themselves from social and cultural structures and create their own goals and means for success. (Wolf 1991:105)
Cultural transmission is defined as a person who learns criminal behavior through interactions with others. In the biker gang case Daniel wolf was able to learn all the ropes of being a gang member through association with those who engage in that kind of lifestyle therefore he was able to learn it himself.

2) Compare quantitative research using surveys to gather data with qualitative interviews and observations. In your answer explain the general differences between quantitative and qualitative research, and how surveys and qualitative interviews and observations differ in terms of the way data is gathered and the findings are analyzed. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using surveys and one advantage and one disadvantage of observations. Interview-researcher obtains info through face to face or telephoning questioning Advantage-high response rate difficult to turn down personal request Disadvantage-may not be a reflection of true accurate results as only take the opinon of people in selected locations or status Questionnaire-print or written form to obtain info Advantage- cheaper especially in large samples Observation-collect info through direct participation or by closely watching a group or community under study Advantage- allows sociologists to examine certain behaviours and communities that could not be investigated through other research techniques Disadvantage- in order to be successful observers but must fully understand what they are observing. They must fully comprehend the way the group sees the world in order to be effective.
Quantitative research focuses on numbers or quantities. Quantitative studies have results that are based on numeric analysis and statistics. Often, these studies have many participants
Qualitative research studies are focused on differences in quality, rather than differences in quantity. Results are in words or pictures rather than numbers. Qualitative studies usually have fewer participants than quantitative studies

4. What indicates that gender inequality continues to persist with respect to women in the workforce and what explains this? Provide evidence from sociological research and statistics regarding the gendered “gap” in pay, the feminization of poverty, gendered occupational segregation, the glass ceiling, and the “second shift”. How do liberal feminist and Marxist feminist perspectives explain gender inequality?

* Woman experience unequal treatment as statistics indicate in 2005 woman working FT had an avg earning of 76% of what their male counter parts made. Visible minority woman made in Canada earned less then non-visible minority. Women continue to work in occupations that have been traditionally concentrated to woman such as nursing. Additionally, large number of woman in comparison to men make up the worlds poor. Women are increasingly dominating the ranks of the impoverished leading to feminization of poverty. This is because a large number of woman in there senior years will have low CPP especially true for immigrated woman. Woman constantly are being denied education and health care in the world. Woman make up a disperportionate number of low income. * Most woman in Canada continue to experience gendered patterns of inequality relating to pay, working conditions and opportunities for advancement. This is due to occupational segregation or confinement to sex typed woman jobs such as in 2006 women = 75% clerical/admin jobs, 87% nursing and 57% sales jobs. Associating woman with occupations that parallel traditional gender role expectations of house wives serving there husband and children. * Glass ceiling is when there is an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work place because of there race, gender or ethnicity. In this case glass ceilings continue to block woman from top mgmt. positions in government, education, politics and business. For example in forbes 2002 magazine in the most diversified corporations white men held 80% of both the bod positions and top 50 paid positions in companies. * Second shift * How do liberal feminist and Marxist feminist perspectives explain gender inequality? 1. Explain and give examples (from Canadian history or the histories of other countries) of each of the following forms of racial and ethnic discrimination and domination: a) institutional discrimination, b) racial profiling, c) forced assimilation, d) expulsion e) segregation, f) genocide and g) environmental racism (Chapter 10 and 16; instructor’s notes).

Institutional Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals that results from the normal operations of society. A form of Institutional Discrimination is Racial or Ethnic Profiling. Racial Profiling is when certain people are questioned by law enforcement due to their race, or ethnicity. An example of racial profilingwould be how since after 9/11, all people that have brown skin color have a harder time crossing the American boarder. Examples of institutionalized discrimination include laws and decisions that reflect racism.

Forced assimilation is a process of forced cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups, into an established and generally larger community. This presumes a loss of many characteristics which make the minority different. An example in canadian history would be the residential schools that the aboriginals were forced to attend.

Expulsion is a form of social oppression in which minorities are forced to leave their communities or societies.
Jews were expelled from Arab and other Muslim countries. The 1940s were a turning point in this tragedy; of those expelled, 600,000 settled in the new state of Israel, and 300,000 in France and the United States.

Segregation is separation of humans into racial groups in daily life. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. Example of this would be how American had different washrooms for african americans and whites after slavery was abolished.

Genocide is "the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, caste, religious, or national group. An example of genocide would be the concentration camps during Hitler’s era.

environmental racism is placement of low-income or minority communities in proximity of environmentally hazardous or degraded environments, such as toxic waste, pollution and urban decay. While there are competing views as to an exact definition, the interplay between environmental issues and social indicators are key to its understanding. An example would be how the reserves for aboriginals in canada are in areas that are degraded.

2. Compare the conflict perspective (world systems theory) and functionalist perspective on the question of whether multinational corporations do more harm than good in the global economy. In your answer, explain how each perspective views the problem of global inequality and the role of multinational corporations. Draw upon material given in the course readings on global inequality (Chapter 9 and Chapter 14 - deindustrialization and offshoring - and either the Reiter, Eglitis OR Klein articles) as well the video No Logo.

Multinational corporations are corporations that have their headquarters in one country but do business throughout the world. The production of goods in branch plants in other countries. This is referred to as outsourcing. MNC are based in core countries. Expanding their markets increase profits.

Functionalists point out how MNC help developing nations. Bring jobs and industry to areas once dependent on subsistence farming. Diffuse technologies, skills, management styles and values from developed nations to undeveloped regions. The modernization theory points out how development of periphery nations will be assisted by innovations transferred from the industrialized world. Critics would point out how this makes core nations even stronger.

Conflict Theorists point out in the world systems theory how MNC’S create a “race to the bottom” in the Global South. They exploit workers as a cheap source of labour. Women and children are frequently employed.

Deindustrialization refers to the systematic, wide spread withdraw of investment in basic aspects of productivity.