...research methods have similarities and differences based on philosophical roots that determine how a researcher will interact with study subjects to produce data or aesthetic judgments for an holistic understanding of individual or societal behavior. To what degree researchers will interact with participants is determined in two approaches that either promotes positivism or constructivist viewpoints. Positivism, according to Williamson (2006), considered as the investigation of human and social phenomena by observable and measureable methods, produces quantitative and reproducible data. In the viewpoint of positivism, data is obtained from the contextual origin and knowledge is determined as an external reality, one that is not integrated with the contextual milieu or qualitative variances (Williamson, 2006). According to Nomalungelo (2012), the positivist viewpoint is aligned with traditional western-based science, limiting in its integration of research with other qualitative approaches, paradigms and world views. Conversely, constructivism, as described by Nomalungelo (2012), is knowledge produced from intersection of human interaction and social processes, resulting in dynamic development of qualitative knowledge as the viewer creates varying interpretations from a continuously shifting, contextual social reality. Therefore, the discovery of new meanings and realities are reached by various observers, so that no one perspective mediates the reality. In sociology, according...
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...Sociology A-Level This bridging work MUST be completed by the time you start your course and it will be assessed in September. The aims are for you to be ready to start learning at post 16 level. What do you do in your first year? Exam Board: AQA - all exam, no coursework. At AS two units are taught; Unit 1 Families & Households (40% of AS) Unit 2: Research methods in context to education (60% of AS). Summer Bridging Work- ESSENTIAL Research topic: Is the position of men and women in the family equal? The Division of labour refers to the roles that men and women occupy within the family. Many types of division of labour exist and have changed over time. Task 1: Research the following types of division of labour and complete the table: Type of Division of labour | Definition | Statistics or studies that support the type of division of labour | Instrumental role | | | Expressive role | | | Segregated role | | | Joint conjugal role | | | Symmetrical family | | | Patriarchal family | | | Matriarchal family | | | Dual burden | | | Triple shift | | | Find out the following: What are the definitions for each type of division of labour? Research either statistical evidence or sociological research that supports each type of division of labour – the evidence does not need to be recent. Create a table as seen above. Task 2: Write two statements; for and against the question “Is the position of men and women in the...
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...TEACHING OF SOCIOLOGY Sociology is the academic study of social behavior, its origins,development,organisations and institutions. It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis in order to develop a body of knowledge about social order, social disorder and social change. Sociologists conduct a lot of research. In simple terms, it is the analysis of a social institution or a societal segment as a self contained entity or in relation to society as a whole. Sociology is defined as a theory, on one hand, of social organization and on the other, of social evolution. It is the psychology and biology of associational process. But I assume that in a department of sociology in a college, other closely related subjects will and should be taught such as demography, philanthropy and social anthropology or psychology. In one way all these subjects are sociology. So .. Here the Question is "how should sociology and other related subjects be taught in a college? Here, the problem may be related to the teaching staff available for the teaching of the subject. The staff available should be adequate, not too less, not too many. there should be one or two teachers confined to teaching only sociology and as a main subject ,not as a sub-section or only as a part time course. It should be taught systematically. Today however sociology is gaining popularity. One of the method applied can be this: the teacher can give its whole time and energy in...
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...Task 4 Laura Simmerman, RN GLT1 Issues Behavioral Science Undergrad October 20, 2014 Sociology is the study of social behaviors. In social science or sociology, there are two specific research methods commonly used. Social anthropology is considered the holistic study of humanity. This field promotes culture as a scientific concept. Anthropologists use the study of social anthropology as the means of studying how culture affects how people adapt to their environment in non-genetic ways. In both sociology and cultural anthropology there are 2 large categories of research. Quantitative research is quantifiable, meaning measureable, and is collected by analysis. The collection must be able to be counted or mathematically calculated. In general, the idea of doing quantitative research is to be able to apply statistics to large populations of people. On the other hand, qualitative research involves interviewing or observing people. It helps us understand the “experience, meaning of life worlds, the essences of experience, the attentive practice of thoughtfulness, and caring attunements is extended” (Munhall, 1989). Qualitative research is able to be present with not only social research but experimental, linguistic, and cultural context research. It helps us study the human experience. Subcategories of these research methods will be discussed in comparison to sociology and cultural anthropology. When researching a hypothesis there is a research approach catered to each...
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...SOCIOLOGY – AQA – UNIT 4 - CRIME AND DEVIANCE The exam is split into 3 questions: • Q.1 is a pure methods section which contains two parts a) 12 marks and b) 21 marks. You should spend 45 minuets on this question. • Q.2 is a method in context question. Part a) is for 9 marks [could also be a 3 and 6 mark question] and part b) is for 15 marks. You should spend 30 minuets on this question. • Q.3 is a theories essay for 33 marks. THIS QUESTION IS SYNOPTIC! You should spend 45 minuets on this question. Below is a list of all the areas and studies you need to know for each section of the exam. Don’t worry if you don’t know all the studies, each college/school are likely to teach slightly different ones, just make sure you know about that amount for each section. Q.1 For the first two pure crime parts you need to know: Functionalist theories of crime and deviance Durkheim – Social control, social regulation including suicide Merton-Strain theory, blocked aspirations Cohen – Status frustration Cloward and Ohlin – Deviant subcultures New Right/Right Realism James Wilson – Strict law enforcement needed Wilson and Kelling – Broken windows, zero tolerance Murray – Cultural deprivation, single parents and ineffective, the underclass Erdos – Families without fathers Subcultural theories Cohen – Delinquent subcultures Cloward and Ohlin – Delinquency and opportunity, criminal, conflict and retreatist...
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...Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science (a term with which it is sometimes synonymous) which uses various methods of empirical investigation[1] and critical analysis[2] to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity. For many sociologists the goal is to conduct research which may be applied directly to social policy and welfare, while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes. Subject matter ranges from the micro level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure.[3] The traditional focuses of sociology have included social stratification, social class, culture, social mobility, religion, secularisation, law, and deviance. As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to further subjects, such as health, medical, military and penal institutions, the Internet, and the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge. The range of social scientific methods has also expanded. Social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophic approaches to the analysis of society. Conversely, recent decades have seen the rise of new analytically, mathematically and computationally rigorous techniques...
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...Derek Thompson 02/03/2013 Assignment 1: Exploration of a Journal Article in Sociology Intro to Sociology Dr. Sandra D. Smith When I was looking for a journal to read about I came across the paper A Novel Approach: The Sociology of Literature, Children’s Books, and Social Inequality (singer 2011). Doctor Singer wanted to take a look at the impact on society and underlining themes in children’s books. This was the beginning of her work that she would use later in that she would be off of Windy Griswold work and she would try and prove combination of humanistic and social scientific methods in order to study American children’s novels and their production contexts. She was trying to find social conflicts that were coming up in the context of children’s books one of the key example she gives is when Griswold was doing this research before here she notice that British publishing company tended to label people into certain social dynamic such as many times they place the people of Nigeria into roles that place them in urban environments or villages which made people think that there country was most built this way. This was done because British publishing companies could sail the books better if this was done this way because that is what people expected to see. In America we do the same thing we put African American in unban city and from low income families because it is easier to relate to and except. Doctor Singer this moved on to look for stores that...
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...The relation between sociology and anthropology is widely recognized today. In fact, anthropologist Kroeber pointed out that the two- sciences are twin sisters. Robert Redfied writes that viewing the whole United States, one say that the relations between sociology and anthropology are closer than those between anthropology and political science, which is partly due to greater similarity in ways of work. Anthropology is a general science like sociology. 'The word anthropology' is derived from two Greek words, 'anthropos' and 'logos' meaning the study of man. More precisely, it is defined by Kroeber as the science of man and his works and behavior. Anthropology is concerned not with particular man but with man in-group with races and peoples and their happenings and doings. There is a great deal of similarities between anthropology and sociology. A number of subjects include society, culture, family religion, social stratification, etc. For this reason an eminent anthropologist like A.L. Kroeber regards "Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters" Etymologically, anthropology means the study of the science of man. It traces the development of human race, and studies, in particular, the primitive preliterate people and their culture. Anthropologists are sure that anthropology is deeply concerned with the physical and cultural development of human beings from the time of their origin to this day. There cannot be two opinions about the fact that the field of its investigation is...
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...Version 1.0 General Certificate of Education June 2011 Sociology 1191 SCLY2 Education with Research Methods; Health with Research Methods Unit 2 Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available...
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...Version 3.0 General Certificate of Education January 2013 Sociology 1191 SCLY2 Education with Research Methods; Health with Research Methods Unit 2 Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the students‟ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of students‟ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students‟ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year‟s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to download...
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...Department of Sociology Course Outlines for BA Sociology (Elective) Marks Paper A: General sociology Paper-B: Sociological Theory, Research and Social Problems Grand Total: 100 100 200 PAPER-A GENERAL SOCIOLOGY Note: All topics should be covered in the context of Pakistani Society. 1. a) b) c) d) 2. Introduction Definition of Sociology. Subject Matter. Relationship of Sociology with Other Social Sciences. Utility and Application of Sociology. Social Groups a) Types of Groups (Primary and Secondary Groups, in groups, Out-groups, formal Groups, Informal Groups. b) Distinction between social groups and social categories. c) Other related concepts (Reference Groups, Locality Groups, Society) Social Interaction a) Definition. b) Importance of social interaction. c) Process of Social Interaction (cooperation, competition, conflict, Assimilation, Accommodation and Acculturation). Social Norms a) Definition b) Types of social Norms (Folkways, Mores, (Amar-o-Nahi), Laws c) Other related concepts (Deviancy, Social Control, Social Sanctions, Taboos, Values and Beliefs) Status and Role a) Definition b) Types of Status and Role (Achieved and Ascribed) c) Related concepts (Role Conflict, Role Playing) Culture Definition Elements of culture(traits, patterns, complexes, ethos) Types of culture (Non-material and material, ideal and real Cultural Uniformity and Cultural Variability Other related concepts (sub-culture, cultural relativism, Ethnocentrism) 3. 4. 5. 6. a)...
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...focuses on “social” aspects of human behaviors, specifically, how people understand, and interact with others. Social Psychology Social psychology is the study of how and why people think, feel, and do the things they do depending upon the situation they are in (Myers, 2010, p. 4). In other words, social psychology focuses on the individual and relies on scientific research to generate theories of social behavior. The world is a dynamic place and the actions of human beings are constantly changing as individuals respond to various events and situations that confront them. Social psychology plays a role in helping to understand better how individuals view themselves and others in various social and cultural contexts. For example, social psychology can help in better understanding how stereotypes are formed, where attitudes of racism and sexism come from, and why some people are attracted to each other. Social psychology looks at a wide range of social topics, including group behavior, social perception, leadership, nonverbal behavior, conformity, aggression, and prejudice . It is important to note that social psychology is not just about looking at social influences. Social perception and social interaction are...
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...Du Bois wrote more like an accomplished novelist than a sociologist. Each year in between 1896 and 1914 Du Bois pu8blished a book on relations between African Americans and whites and that’s how he started with publications. Some of his well-known and famous books or major autobiographies are “The Philadelphia Negro” (1899), “The Souls of Black Folk” (1903), “Black Reconstruction” (19350) and “Then and Now” (1939). He still went on to wrote so many influential books which had impact in the black communities and population before his death. • Sociology as scientific method Sociological research is the scientific means of acquiring information about various aspects of society and social behavior. So in general sociology bases some of its fact through science. Sociology as a scientific method can be described as an accurate and unbiased collection and analysis of social data, using systematic observation, conducting experiments and also exhibit skepticism. • Micro and Macro and Sociological perspective There are two types of sociological theories: macro and micro. Macro theories focus on the society as a whole and aim at establishing the general characteristics of the society. It is basically looking at the society as a whole and looking at a bigger picture. It aims to answer three basic questions: • What holds the societies together? • What are the sources of conflict in a society? • How do societies change? There are two branches of macro-sociological theories:...
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...AQA Qualifications A-level Sociology SCLY2/Education with Research Methods; Health with Research Methods Report on the Examination (Specification 2190) June 2013 Version: 1 Further copies of this Report are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2013 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. REPORT ON THE EXAMINATION – A-level Sociology – SCLY2 – June 2013 SCLY2 General Most students appeared to have sufficient time to answer all questions to the best of their ability and very few committed rubric errors such as answering questions from both sections of the paper. There were some outstandingly good answers from well-prepared students; more generally, students seem to have found the set questions accessible. However, it is worth reiterating two points made in previous examination series in relation to AO2 skills. Firstly, students continue to fall short when it comes to evaluating knowledge of sociological material. Secondly, some schools and colleges appear not to be focusing sufficiently on the importance of the skill of Application in answering the Methods in Context questions 05 and 14. The legibility of handwriting...
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...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Importance of sociologyTop of Form Bottom of Form A sociological look at the world provides a number of unique benefits and perspectives. Sociology provides an understanding of social issues and patterns of behavior. It helps us identify the social rules that govern our lives. Sociologists study how these rules are created, maintained, changed, passed between generations, and shared between people living in various parts of the world. They also study what happens when these rules are broken. Sociology helps us understand the workings of the social systems within which we live our lives. Sociologists put our interactions with others into a social context. This means they look not only at behaviors and relationships, but also how the larger world we live in influences these things. Social structures (the way society is organized around the regulated ways people interrelate and organize social life) and social processes (the way society operates) are at work shaping our lives in ways that often go unrecognized. Because of this perspective, sociologists will often say that, as individuals, we are social products. Even though we recognize their existence, these structures and processes may “appear to people in the course of daily life as through a mysterious fog” (Lemert 2001, 6). Sociologists strive to bring these things out of the...
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