...Techniques for copying with soft errors Ushna Asif Computer Science Bahria University Karachi campus Karachi, Pakistan ushnaasif99@gmail.com hajra masood Computer Science Bahria University Karachi campus Karachi, Pakistan Hajra.cs@gmail.com Aniqa Naeem Computer Science Bahria University Karachi campus Karachi, Pakistan Aniqanaeem@yahoo.com Abstract—This electronic document is a “live” template and already defines the components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] in its style sheet. *CRITICAL: Do Not Use Symbols, Special Characters, or Math in Paper Title or Abstract. (Abstract) Keywords—component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words) Introduction There are many different kind of fault tolerance in computer architecture like failure in operating system and other hardware issues raised in our daily lives among them there is a soft error issues which is also called as semiconductor transient faults. This fault occurred by the cosmic rays or substrate alpha particle that can also have possibly corrupt the user data. A soft error event causes enough of a charge disturbance to reverse or flip the data state of a memory cell, register, latch, or flip-flop. [1] The error is called “soft” because the circuit/device itself is not permanently damaged by the radiation; if new data are written to the bit, the device will store it correctly. The soft error is also often referred to as a single event upset(SEU). If the...
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...Childhood Obesity: The Latest Epidemic Facing Today’s Children Ashford University ENG 122 January 7, 2013 1. Childhood Obesity: The Latest Epidemic Facing Today’s Children Childhood obesity is the latest growing epidemic facing today’s children. In a report published by the Center for Disease Control (2012), nearly 17% or 12.5 million children and adolescents in the United States are classified as obese. Obesity is defined as having a body mass index that is equal to or greater than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and sex. Childhood obesity can be the result of genetics but is mostly the result of continuous overeating with little or no physical activity to counter the number of calories ingested. Since childhood obesity remains a growing epidemic, the rise of childhood obesity can be attributed to such factors as increased entertainment media, targeting of children by marketing, larger portion sizes, and the consumption of sugar drinks. In today’s society, entertainment media devices such as smart phones, television, computers, video games and movies are an everyday part of life. With an extensive amount of media devices at our fingertips, children are spending an average of 7.5 hours a day engaged with some form of a communication device with the majority of that time allocated to watching television or playing video games (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). This increase in watching television or playing video...
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...monitor and maintain every sector of the product name. On August 5, 2003 the CSE (Center for Science and Environment) released a critical press release that name 12 soft drinks brands, Coke brand included, that were sold in and around Delhi to have contain a deadly pesticide residues (CSE Press Release, “Hard Truths about Soft Drinks, 5 Aug 2003). CSE claimed that these dangerous pesticides were known to cause cancer, cause failure of the nervous and reproductive systems, birth defects, and damage to the immune system. Along with the hazardous chemicals found by CSE, there were very limited regulations in place for this industry to follow. These soft drink companies were receiving exemptions for the industrial licensing under the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act of 1951 that would have probably had a chance to take notice to these soft drink contamination events (CSE Press Release, 5 Aug 2003). In response to these very strong allegations from the Center for Science and Environment, Coke Enterprise of India launched their own internal investigation by sending their own sample of their soft drinks to laboratories for testing as a way of supporting their claim against CSE. Samples that were sent by Coke to labs for testing came back with no signs of detecting pesticides Coke claimed CSE’s allegations to be untrue and questionable because of their method of testing the soft drink products. Coke India’s CEO, Sanjiv Gupta threatened to...
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...Coca-Cola 3 and only six weeks into his new role as CEO, Gupta was embroiled in a crisis that threatened the momentum gained from a highly successful two-year marketing campaign that had given Coca-Cola market leadership over Pepsi. On August 5th, The Center for Science and Environment (CSE), an activist group in India focused on environmental sustainability issues (specifically the effects of industrialization and economic growth) issued a press release stating: "12 major cold drink brands sold in and around Delhi contain a deadly cocktail of pesticide residues" (See Exhibit 1). According to tests conducted by the Pollution Monitoring Laboratory (PML) of the CSE from April to August, three samples of twelve PepsiCo and Coca-Cola brands from across the city were found to contain pesticide residues surpassing global standards by 30-36 times including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos (See Exhibit 2). These four pesticides were known to cause cancer, damage to the nervous and reproductive systems, birth defects, and severe disruption of the immune system. 4 In reaction to this report, the Indian government banned Coke and Pepsi products in Parliament and state governments launched independent investigations, sending soft drink samples to labs for testing. The Coca-Cola Bottling Company (Coke) stock dipped by five dollars on the New York Stock Exchange from $55 to $50 in the six sessions following the August 5 disclosure, as did shares of Coca-Cola...
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...Economic Article Analysis Consumption of sugary soft drinks has led to many different types of diseases and health issues for the population. “Many studies link consumption of sugary soft drinks (including non-carbonated beverages) to serious health consequences. One of these is heart disease, the leading cause of death in the United States and one of the most costly. Unfortunately, according to a recent Gallup survey nearly half of all Americans drink at least a glass of soda a day while the average consumption is 2.5 glasses. While diet drinks are popular, most soda drinkers still favor the regular sugary variety. All of this suggests that population wide reductions in sugary drink consumption could result in improved health and wellness and serious reductions in health care costs” (Smucker & M, 2013). Trends have developed over time with obesity in children and the overall population. These trends have been linked to sugary soft drinks. In the years past science could not predict that sugary drinks would cause obesity and health issues. The overall society has changed from the years past as far as manual labor and children working at a young age. Children in the past used to be able to work at a young age with no rules and regulations. With the new rules and regulations, children are held to a lower standard than in the past. Obesity in the past was an issue, but not to the extent that it is today. With any obesity and health issues, exercise must be considered...
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...Coca-Cola3 and only six weeks into his new role as CEO, Gupta was embroiled in a crisis that threatened the momentum gained from a highly successful two-year marketing campaign that had given Coca-Cola market leadership over Pepsi. On August 5th, The Center for Science and Environment (CSE), an activist group in India focused on environmental sustainability issues (specifically the effects of industrialization and economic growth) issued a press release stating: "12 major cold drink brands sold in and around Delhi contain a deadly cocktail of pesticide residues" (See Exhibit 1). According to tests conducted by the Pollution Monitoring Laboratory (PML) of the CSE from April to August, three samples of twelve PepsiCo and Coca-Cola brands from across the city were found to contain pesticide residues surpassing global standards by 30-36 times including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos (See Exhibit 2). These four pesticides were known to cause cancer, damage to the nervous and reproductive systems, birth defects, and severe disruption of the immune system.4 In reaction to this report, the Indian government banned Coke and Pepsi products in Parliament and state governments launched independent investigations, sending soft drink samples to labs for testing. The Coca-Cola Bottling Company (Coke) stock dipped by five dollars on the New York Stock Exchange from $55 to $50 in the six sessions following the August 5 disclosure, as did shares of Coca-Cola...
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...in the US and Western Europe with New Products Sales of traditional carbonated sodas are flat or declining in the United States and much of Western Europe. In 2005, for the first time in 20 years the number of cases of soda sold in the United States declined. Case volume in 2005 was down 0.7 percent, to 10.2 billion cases. Coke's flagship brand, Coca-Cola Classic, was down 2 percent, and original Pepsi from PepsiCo was down 3.2 percent.”1 This trend is continuing; when Coca-Cola reported its first quarter profits and sales in April of 2007, it stated that “sales in North America, as measured by unit case volume growth, declined 3 percent.”2 Soft drink companies are not giving up, however, on sales growth in the US and Europe. CocaCola Co. and PepsiCo have created new soft drinks to combat declining sales growth of traditional carbonated soft drinks in these regions of the world. These “substitute beverages” include such products as vitamin waters, fruit drinks, and energy drinks. As consumers in North America and Europe move away from traditional soda, many are simply switching to “enhanced” water beverages. “Sales of enhanced water jumped from $80 million in 2001 to $245 million the following year, and could top $600 million in the next year or so, according to New York-based Beverage Marketing Corp.”3 “While carbonated soda's share of the market is shrinking, alternative beverage sales are jumping as much as 50% a year. And energy drink sales are advancing even faster.”4 On first...
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...Indian Soft Drinks Market 1970’s and early 80’s—the entry and exit of Coke India has proved to be perhaps the toughest battle ground for the Cola giants. Coca-Cola was the 1st international soft drinks brand to enter India in early 1970’s. Indian market was dominated by domestic brands, with Limca being the largest selling brand. Cola was the largest selling flavor with market share of 40%, Lemon drinks 31% and orange drinks only 19%. Up till 1977, Coca-cola was the leading soft drink brand in India. But due to norms set by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), Coca-Cola left India and did not return till 1993 after a 16 year absence from the Indian beverage market. FERA needed Coca-Cola to reveal its secret concentrate formula as well as reduce its equity stake which was not acceptable. Pure drinks, Delhi launched Campa-Cola, to take advantage of Coke’s exit and by the end of 70’s, was the only Cola drink in the Indian market. In 1980, Parle, another major Indian player launched ThumsUp, the drink which till date is most popular soft-drink in India. Pure Drinks strongly objected to ThumsUp being called a “soft” drink as it felt its taste is too strong. For over a decade, Parle led the Indian soft-drinks market, with its market share reaching a peak of 70% in1990. Late 80’s and early 90’s— Pepsi’s struggle to enter India Pepsi saw the exit of Coke as a God send opportunity to capture then estimated 900 crore market of India. India was then a highly regulated...
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...structure b. Bottlers will have to upgrade their technology to handle expanded product lines (See Exhibit 2) c. Bottlers should consider diversifying into snack food distribution through alliances or CP acquisitions like Pepsi’s Frito-Lay division B. Implications on performance of cola industry 1. CSDs made up a substantial share of 2000 US Liquid Consumption (See Exhibit 4), but this doesn’t make them immune to risk a. Declining stock prices show a corrected over-valuation of companies (See Exhibit 4) b. Declining growth rates for carbonated soft drinks and increasing non- carbonated beverage growth rates further threaten industry performance (See Exhibit 4) 2. International markets are an important source of revenue (See Exhibit 3), and improvements in world economies are forecasted 3. Growing health concerns for caffeine and sugar consumption threatens industry performance a. Alternative sweetener research and development b. Center for Science in the...
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...food companies on television in schools. Today television advertising is filled with fast food i.e. soft drinks, burgers, pizzas etc. Fast food marketers have long known that children make attractive customers but attention to this group and to younger and younger members within it is increasing sharply. The pressure of advertising messages by the fast food companies reaches even the youngest child. 44% of the advertisements on the Saturday morning television are for foods with limited nutritional value. McDonalds, burger king and pizza hut account for 11% of these advertisements. (Cohen) To reach young children advertisers use a variety of methods, advertising on television and the Internet is just one of them. The amount of money spent on marketing directed to children and their parents rose from $6.9 billion in 1992 to $12.7 billion in 1997 (Nestle 179). Advertising must be controlled if we want to control the increasing overweight rates in the nation. Advertising is not only limited to television or the Internet its goes beyond them. Food companies such as McDonalds put their logos, symbols on toys games and other supplies. They also distribute coupons. McDonalds offers cups, toys and other labeled items and its does so in outlets throughout the world. Coco-cola puts its labels on various goods such as a coco-cola picnic Barbie doll. Toys like this convert children into soft-drink consumers as well as advertisers of the product. Children love such items and fast food companies...
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...Marketing: Investors adapt to consumer trends By Jenny Wiggins When the world’s biggest soft drink company starts changing its marketing tactics, investors would be foolish not to ask why. Coca-Cola, which has traditionally promoted itself via its iconic Coke brand, using slogans such as “Coke is it,” now wants to make it clear to consumers that Coke is not the only drink it sells. Its most recent campaign, called “Make every drop count,” says: “You’ve always known us as Coca-Cola, the soft drink. Now it’s time you knew us as Coca-Cola the company.” The television, print and internet advertisements – which started in February in the US and in April in the UK – come as consumers ditch foods and drinks that are perceived as unhealthy (such as sugary fizzy drinks and salty crisps) for products that appear to offer some kind of health benefit, such as probiotic yoghurts that claim to regulate the digestive system. Coke, which also recently launched “Coke Zero” (a diet version of Coke aimed at men), is using the new campaign to impress upon consumers the fact that it sells all kinds of drinks, including bottled water, juices and teas. The campaign is important for the company, because it risks losing money if it does not sell the kinds of drinks consumers now want to buy. Analysts say that growing demand for healthier kinds of foods and drinks is not a fad, but a long term trend that increasingly affects corporate profits. Arnaud Langlois, equity analyst at JPMorgan, says:...
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...go-to-market system and enhanced innovation capabilities. When combined with the actions PepsiCo is taking to refresh the brands across the entire beverage category. It is believed that this game-changing transaction will enable Pepsi to accelerate top-line growth and also improve its profitability. In the future, PepsiCo will continue to see significant areas of global beverage growth, particularly in developing markets and in evolving categories, and invest in those attractive opportunities, concentrating in geographies and categories in which it is the leader or a close second, or where the competitive game remains wide open. 2. Focus on health issues Continued consumer focus on health and wellness, and product development in the soft drink industry makes PepsiCo to keep a watchful eye on health issues in addition to thirst quenching. In this regard, PepsiCo spends more attention to reformulate its zero-calorie DIET PEPSI brand, replacing aspartame with another sugar substitute, sucralose. Additionally, PepsiCo will use its R&D capabilities to develop low- and zero-calorie beverages that taste great and add positive nutrition such as fiber, vitamins and calcium. It is believed that continued consumer focus on health and wellness and changes in consumer and distribution channels will provide PepsiCo with new opportunities to expand its product offerings and interact with its customers and consumers. 3. Rapidly Expand "Good-for-You" Portfolio. PepsiCo...
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...Pepsi’s Strategy in the Carbonated Soft Drinks Market Term Project MAN 385 Prof. Preston McAfee Prepared by: Valentin Angelkov Tray Black Angie Green Jerry James Erin Lutz April 30, 2003 Introduction The following paper analyzes how PepsiCo can increase profitability in the carbonated soft drink (CSD) industry. The industry is a tight oligopoly with Pepsi and its chief competitor, Coca Cola, comprising 70% of the total market. 1 Global beverage sales for PepsiCo in 2000 were $7.6 billion; however, sales growth has averaged only three to four percent in mature markets such as North America2. PepsiCo and Coke have expanded into other ready to drink beverages such as bottled water, tea, and juices in order to counter this low growth in the CSD industry; for the purpose of this paper, however, we will focus on how to affect profitability in the CSD industry. In particular, the paper will examine how current actions by PepsiCo regarding differentiation, pricing, cooperation, and complements have affected their profitability in the CSD industry. Furthermore, the paper will give specific recommendations, with an emphasis on cooperation tactics and complements. Industry Overview The industry for carbonated soft drinks is characterized by the following five forces: Threat of New Entrants – Currently, the biggest threat of entry faced by the majors is from private label manufacturers such as Cott Corporation. Private labels now hold an 8.1% share in the CSD market, the majority...
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...Coca-Cola in India Coca-Cola is a brand name known throughout the entire world. It covers 60 percent of the $1.6 billion soft drink market. In 2006–2007, Coca-Cola faced some difficult challenges in the region of Kerala, India. The company was accused of using water that contained pesticides in its bottling plants in Kerala. An environmental group, the Center for Science and Environment (CSE), found 57 bottles of Coke and Pepsi products from 12 Indian states that contained unsafe levels of pesticides. The Kerala minister of health, Karnataka R. Ashok, imposed a ban on the manufacture and sale of Coca-Cola products in the region. Coca-Cola then arranged to have its drinks tested in a British lab, and the report found that the amount of pesticides found in Pepsi and Coca-Cola drinks was harmless to the body. Coca-Cola then ran numerous ads to regain consumers’ confidence in its products and brand. However, these efforts did not satisfy the environmental groups or the minister of health. India’s Changing Marketplace During the 1960s and 1970s, India’s economy faced many challenges, growing only an average of 3–3.5 percent per year. Numerous obstacles hindered foreign companies from investing in India, and many restrictions on eco-nomic activity caused huge difficulties for Indian firms and a lack of interest among foreign investors. For many years the government had problems with implementing reform and overcoming bureaucratic and political divi-sions. Business...
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...Pepsi alone is considered to be in the soft drink industry. (The PBG Inc. 2013). In accordance to Kpmg LLP, PepsiCo's operations are organized into four business units: PepsiCo Americas Foods (PAF), PepsiCo Americas Beverages (PAB), PepsiCo Europe, and PepsiCo Asia, Middle East and Africa (AMEA). These four business units comprise six reportable segments: Frito-Lay North America (FLNA), Quaker Foods North America (QFNA), Latin America Foods (LAF), PAB, Europe, and AMEA. Pepsico is in 200 countries. Prior to their merger in February 2010, PepsiAmericas (PAS) and Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG), the two North American bottling units of PepsiCo, operated as the company's independent bottling subsidiaries. They were the major distributors of the finish goods. Since the merger, PAS and PBG are operating as a unit of Pepsi Beverages Company (PBC). PBC operates in the US, Canada and Mexico and encompasses approximately three-fourths of PepsiCo's North American beverage volume.(Kpmg 1). Other than producing, marketing and selling PepsiCo's global beverage brands, the PBC also manufactures and distributes third-party brands in key local markets such as Dr Pepper, Crush, Rock Star and Muscle Milk. In lieu of having a core focus on Pepsico, we will focus on Pepsi, its narrow subsidiary. Market definition The soft drink market consists of retail sale of bottled water, carbonates, concentrates, functional drinks, juices, RTD tea and coffee, and other soft drinks. However, the...
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