...University of Phoenix Material Soil and Glaciers Worksheet From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission. Part 1 Size grades of soil are named sand, silt, and clay, which includes colloids. Size grades are defined using the metric system. Use Figure 4.8 from the textbook to fill in the following chart. Specify the type and size and description of the particle. In some cases, particle size will be less than some value or greater than another value. For instance, gravel is greater than 2.0 mm. Name Size Description Gravel >2.0 mm Rock that is unconsolidated with fragments that have a general particle size range Sand 0.05 Sand particles are largerly formed by the physical break up of rocks. Sand has small surface areas and have an almost negligible role in the chemical activity of the soil. Sand particles are chemically insert or inactive. Silt 0.002 Silt is formed by physical weathering. Finer silits, which approach colloidal sizes, may exhibit some of the characteristics properties of clay. Clay Below 0.002 milimeters The clay fraction differs from the sands and silts in that it is composed predominantly of minerals formed as products of secondary weathering. The rock mineral will go through change before becoming clay minerals. Colloids 0.0001 – 0.00001 milimeters Like other soil particles, some colloids are minerals, whereas others are organic. Minerals colloids...
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...University of Phoenix Material Soil and Glaciers Worksheet From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission. Part 1 Size grades of soil are named sand, silt, and clay, which includes colloids. Size grades are defined using the metric system. Use Figure 4.8 from the textbook to fill in the following chart. Specify the type and size and description of the particle. In some cases, particle size will be less than some value or greater than another value. For instance, gravel is greater than 2.0 mm. |Name |Size |Description | |Gravel |>2.0 mm |Limestone, dolomite , sand mixture of pebbles and small rocks | |Sand |>2mm |Quartz, gypsum,mollusk shell, coral fragments basalt pumice. colloids | |Silt |>0.01mm |Sedimentary rock, water, wind, ice include colloids. | |Clay |>0.002mm |Plasticity, firm,silicate, granite, alumina limestone, colloids | |Colloids |>0.00001mm |Molecules, colored glass, tiny grain of sand, silt, and clay. | Part 2 Soils have been classified according...
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...peninsula is generally very flat with a few hilly areas and glacial moraines which is when soil and rocks are left behind by retreating glaciers. The upper peninsula is fairly mountainous. The porcupine mountains are some of the oldest mountains in North America and have an altitude of 2,000 feet above sea level (newworldencyclopedia.org). Michigan is a unique state not...
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...Tundra Biome The arctic tundra is the worlds youngest biome. it contains the last set of continental glaciers from about 10,000 years ago. As the glacier went away it scraped away the soil from underneath, leaving bare rock. Before plants were able to grow the arctic tundra had to develop soil. Soil forms very slowly on the tundra because the cold weather slows the rate at which chemical reactions occur. Only a thi layer of soil has formed in the thousands of years since the glaciers retreated. The Southern part of this tundra is mostly made up of bare rock. There is little plant life in the tundra biome because the soil there isn't nutritious for certain plants to grow. The soil there is very much like sand, and the plant there have made many adaptations to survive in the tundra. Many of the plants have formed fuzzy hairs to keep warm, and some have developed a low root system or grow close to the ground to prevent permafrost and to keep out of the winds path. The plants of the arctic tundra have developed special characteristics so they can live in the tundra. Many animals inhabit the tundra. Each animal has adapted in their own special way. The Arctic Fox and Polar Bear both have thick coats to keep them warm in the freezing climate. The Caribou better known as the Reindeer have long antlers, and very large hooves to help climb up steep mountains or rocks. Every animal in the tundra has something to help them with the chilly climate. The arctic tundra is found in...
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...the Earth’s surface but has retreated to the polar regions. * Accumulation: the net gain in an ice mass. The sources of accumulation are direct snowfall and avalanching from higher slopes. * Sublimation: a transition from the solid state to gas with no intermediate liquid stage. * Ablation: the process of wastage of snow or ice, especially by melting. * Steady State: when the amounts of accumulation and ablation are equal over the course of a year. As a result, the snout of the glacier will remain stationary. * Surge: a short-lived phase of accelerated glacier flow. * Pressure Melting Point (PMP): the temperature at which ice under pressure will melt. * Extensional Flow: also known as extending flow, this is the extension and related thinning of glacier ice in those zones where velocity increases. * Compressional Flow: also known as compressing flow, this is the type of glacier flow whereby a reduction in velocity leads to an increase in thickness of a glacier. * Weathering: the breakdown of rocks in situ (in their original location, without them being moved away). This produces finer particles that can then be moved by agents of erosion such as wind and running water. The Global Distribution of Cold Environments: Ice Ages: * Begin as a result of global climatic changes. *...
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...This would be roughly 6,000 years after the retreat of the Wisconsinan glaciation. The deglaciated terrain would need sufficient time to develop a soil profile substantial enough to support the needs of the Basswoods. The succession of the area would have begun with the pioneer species that, after an ample period of time, would have broken down the bedrock and provided organic materials to create soils. Therefore, we cannot expect Basswoods to occupy the deglaciated terrain until subsequent stages of succession. Additionally, the Basswoods require damp soils in order to grow and reproduce. Moist soils would imply moist environments. The time period that best allows for a moist environment based on palynological evidence is approximately between 8,500-5,000 years ago. This was a warm and wet period after the glaciations of the Northeast. The cool and dry climate that existed before this time period, as indicated by Menking et al. (2012) would not have been an ideal climate for the expansion of...
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...The Rankin and Armstrong-Jacklin farms got pieces of this but are mostly thin soils. A second place where significant farming on the lake occurred was the old Vankoughnett settlement that was owned and worked by the Tölpts the longest. It appears that the soil underneath this area was once at times underwater or part of a small delta system, creating some associated soils such as lake bottom silt and clays. The soil types that can be used for farming around the lake were clearly well chosen by those first settlers in the area. The other Vankoughnett farm on Crane Lake, known now as Fred's Landing is a poorer soil due to having more sand content and is similar to the soil used by the Powell small farm in Lawson Bay (then Powell Bay). Just to the west of this Landing (and some around Oldfield Lake) are 'ice-contact deposits' created very near the ice front of the glacier as it melted into Lake...
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...Long Island took more than 450 million years to develop into the geography we inhabit present day. Long Island’s geologic history began when future North America (known as Laurentia) collided with continental fragments, resulting in a foundation of consolidated hard rock. Several hundred million years of continental collisions and separations formed the Appalachian Mountains, whose eroding streams delivered Long Island’s sedimentary layer of sand, silt and clay. Over the next 63 million years, erosion continues to carve out valleys that will eventually become the Long Island Sound and bays off the North Shore. The next stage of growth is a result of approximately 4 Glaciers delivering the top layers of Long Island over thousands of years....
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...was formed when movement in the Ochill fault line caused land to the north to move upwards and land to the south to slip downwards. The Ochill fault is no longer visible today due to it being covered with top soil and glacial moraine. The formation of the scarp exposed areas of hard and soft rock. Millions of years later glaciers moved through the the Fourth Valley, in doing so they eroded the soft rock (e.g. Red Sandstone) by plucking, abrasion and freeze-thaw. Plucking is when the glacier freezes onto rocks on the sides and base, before pulling them out, creating moraine that will later be deposited. Abrasion occurs...
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...The advance and retreat of glaciers is dependent between inputs, storage and outputs. Inputs include the accumulation of snow, avalanches, debris, heat and meltwater. Glaciers are mostly ice however, they may carry debris, moraine, and meltwater. Further, the outputs are losses are because of ablation, the melting of snow and ice and sublimation of ice to vapour and sediment. The size of a glacier is dependent on its regime (balance between rate and amount of supply of ice and the amount and rate of ice loss). The glacier will have a positive regime when the supply is greater than the loss by ablation (melting, evaporation, calving, wind erosion). There will be a negative regime when the wasting is greater than the supply and the glacier is...
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...Earthquakes I Earth’s composition Earth is a dense, stratified planet with many layers: core (inner and outer), mantle and crust Inner core: most dense material, solid iron and nickel Outer core: second most dense, liquid, iron and nickel Mantle: composed of oxygen, silicon, magnesium, aluminum Crust: composed of sodium and potassium rich silicate rocks Upper 100-350 km of upper mantle makes up asthenosphere: fluid layer due to heating from core Plate tectonics Earth’s uppermost layer, the lithosphere, broken up into 7 plates due to movement of asthenosphere underneath Plate tectonics- name for dynamic interactions of these plates Plate boundaries 3 types: divergent, covergent, and transform Divergent boundaries: tension from deep earth pulls two plates away from each other, allowing lava to upwell through the cracks and create new seafloor Covergent boundaries: two plates coming together as stress pushes plates toward each other- one plate forced under another in a subduction zone Transform boundaries: two plates slide past each other horizontally-frequent cause of destructive forces like earthquakes The nature of earthquakes Cause = abrupt movements on faults Fractures in earths lithosphere Normal fault- block above the fault has moved downward relative to the black below Reverse fault- upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block (aka thrust fault) Right lateral strike slip fault- two blocks slide past one another Earths crustal...
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...by acidic rainwater. In particular, limestone is weathered by rainwater containing dissolved CO2, (this process is sometimes called carbonation). Hydrolysis - the breakdown of rock by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts. Oxidation - the breakdown of rock by oxygen and water, often giving iron-rich rocks a rusty-colored weathered surface. 6. There all doing something and apart of rocks 7. Well sorted rocks are generally porous, while poorly sorted rocks have low porosity. So rocks are sorted by water. 8. Mineral, organic,water,and air 9.They all contain different materials, and are located in different areas. 10. If there is a very cold, dry climate then the soil will not get the nutrients it needs to be healthy, but if the climate is warm and wet then the soil will be rich and full of nutrients. 11. They all contain different materials, and are located in different areas. 12. it’s in the system because Precipitation is water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. 13. The fluid stream is broken up into droplets by applying an acoustical energy to the fluid using a piezoelectric transducer. Precise control of the droplet formation is controlled by the instrument electronics and involves the frequency (clock) and amplitude of acoustical energy. Also a critical factor is the size of...
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...|weathering involves a chemical change in at| |down to form clay minerals. Other materials|can cause and rock to break down and then |least some of the minerals within a rock. | |such as quartz break down into sand which |materials from that are then transported |Mechanical weathering involves physically | |varies in grain sizes. "Seditment with |elsewhere by the wind in an erosion |breaking rocks into fragments without | |grain sizes between those of sand and clay |process. Fluids that cause the most erosion|changing the chemical make-up of the | |is called silt." One of the most complex |are water, wind, and ice. According to the|minerals within it. It’s important to keep | |products of weathering is "soil". Soil |chapter 7.4 reading ice can be the most |in mind that weathering is a surface or | |usually contains a mixture of minerals with|vicious because ican can flow so...
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...Study Guide: Midterm Exam Concentrate your studies in the following areas. Questions for the Midterm Exam will come principally from this material. Lutgens and Tarbuck Textbook: Minerals (Chapter 1) * Know the definition of a mineral. a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence * Know the basic definition of a rock. the solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed on the surface or underlying the soil or oceans * Know how atoms of the same element are related. Atoms of the same element must have the same number of protons which is the atomic number. What do they have in common? They all have protons * Know definitions for the following terms: valence electrons, an electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell (valence shell) of the atom, that can be transferred to or shared with another atom. An electron in one of the outer shells of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms nucleus, the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth. atom, the basic unit of a chemical element element, ion, and chemical compound. * Know the difference between ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic compounds contain a metal cation bonded to a nonmetal anion. This means that the first element in the compound's name and formula is to the left of the zig-zag line on the periodic table above. Covalent compounds contain NO...
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...Fluvial process- River process Igneous(cools fast)- small crystal Igneous(cools slow)- large crystals Sedimentary- erodes, is transported, and later becomes rocks, sandstone and metamorphic (crystalline structure changed due to heat and pressure) Erosion- Process by which particles are separated from original site and deposit at a new site Arid and semiarid- wind and water are the main sources of erosion Geological Erosion- Sow uniform rate since the Earth was formed; wars down high places and builds up in low places A Slow uniform example is the Grand Canyon An example of deposition is the Mississippi Delta Region 3 Causes of Erosion Rain intensity- faster the velocity of the runoff the greater the erosion Erodibility- soil structure influences this Surface structure- roots...
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