...SOLAR ENERGY INTRODUCTION Without the sun, living life on earth is indeed impossible. Sun as we known is a ball of fire that gives us light and heat. The energy that we receive from the sun is called as the solar energy. With the help of this energy serious problems regarding energy that is needed everyday can be solved. Solar energy means capturing the rays of the sun and storing and its heat. This heat can be converted with the help of solar panels into heat or electrical energy. When we talk about solar energy, there are two kinds of solar energy namely, thermal energy and electrical energy. Thermal energy is something which we can find everywhere and is totally free of cost. It helps us ding our daily chores like dries things such vegetables, clothes, heats water, and many other things. Water can basically be heated in two ways i.e. actively and passively. In active method, when a heating element inside the solar hot water system heats the water during hot season. In the passive method the water is pre heated and flows through a cold inlet that of a conventional electric geezer. Talking about electric energy, the power of the sun is used to produce electricity with the help of solar cells. It can be used through a solar home system that helps in conducting electricity where there is no power supply. Apart from that it can be used a system where the electricity supplying utility is connected to the property and lastly it can be used as a backup system where...
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...IMPACT OF SOLAR PANEL IN LIVELIHOOD IN SOME SELECTED (MD. IBRAHIM KHOLILULLAH, DEPT OF AG.FINANCE, BAU MOB: 01718996557) AREAS OF BOGRA DISTRICT Introduction Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity. Electricity is the prime mover for the advancement of all economic and industrial activities. About 59% of total population live in rural and isolated areas and most of them have no electricity access. This scenario is more acute in the rural and isolated areas in Bangladesh where only about 25% have electricity access ( Energy Bangla, January, 2014 ). Bangladesh is a semi-tropical region lying in northeastern part of South Asia gets abundant sunlight year round. The average bright sunshine duration in Bangladesh in the dry season is about 7.6 hours a day, and in the monsoon season is about 4.7 hours, Solar energy can be harnessed. So, solar panel technology is advised. A total of 3,00,000 solar panels had been installed in more than 40,000 villages of 456 upazilas of all districts of Bangladesh. Daily on average 44 MW electricity is being produced by these solar panels.( Momotaz and Karim,2012).Now a days solar panel is applied in different aspects such as solar based recharging station ,solar cooking etc. It presents an attractive alternative to conventional electricity such as no monthly bills, no fuel cost, little repair and maintenance costs, easy to install any where etc. The solar panel technology is very...
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... Boosting Africa’s Energy Sector Instructor Name: Allana Marie Haist Table of Contents Introduction 3 Literature of Review 3 Africa’s Energy Situation 4 Large-Scale Renewable Energy System 5 Why should Africa promote renewable energy? 6 Why Should Africa Promote Environmental Energy Efficiency? 7 Barriers to Renewable Energy Development 7 Recommendations For Boosting Renewable Energy in Africa 8 Conclusion 9 Methodology 10 Interpretation of The Results 14 Conclusion 15 Recommendations 16 Limitations 16 Works Cited 17 Appendix A 19 List Of Figure: Figure (1)- Place of living 12 Figure (2)- Term Renewable Energy 12 Figure (3) - Implementing Green Energy In Africa 13 Figure (4) – What obstructs people from investing in green energy 13 Figure (5)- Do you think Energy and economic development are related? 14 Figure (6)- After allowing the direct electricity from solar panels to the nearest grid, therefore electricity bills will be lower, are you willing to invest in solar panels 14 Introduction There is a need to meet the growing...
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... Instructor Name: Allana Marie Haist Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 LITERATURE OF REVIEW 3 AFRICA’S ENERGY SITUATION 4 LARGE-SCALE RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM 5 WHY SHOULD AFRICA PROMOTE RENEWABLE ENERGY? 6 WHY SHOULD AFRICA PROMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY? 7 BARRIERS TO RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT 7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BOOSTING RENEWABLE ENERGY IN AFRICA 8 CONCLUSION 9 METHODOLOGY 10 INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS 14 CONCLUSION 15 RECOMMENDATIONS 16 LIMITATIONS 16 WORKS CITED 17 APPENDIX A 19 List Of Figure: Figure (1)- Place of living 12 Figure (2)- Term Renewable Energy 12 Figure (3) - Implementing Green Energy In Africa 13 Figure (4) – What obstructs people from investing in green energy 13 Figure (5)- Do you think Energy and economic development are related? 14 Figure (6)- After allowing the direct electricity from solar panels to the nearest grid, therefore electricity bills will be lower, are you willing to invest in solar panels 14 ...
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...ESTIMATION OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR STREET LIGHTS IN VIT ABSTRACT A solar lighting system which can make a 18x3 w lamp glow continuously for about (7) hours if the battery is fully charged has been constructed. Here, solar energy is collected with the aid of a solar panel and thus, a battery is charged during day time with the help of a simple charging circuit. During night time, this stored energy is used to light. The device can be used for small-scale lighting applications in remote areas that are far away from the power grid. The system has a panel to collect the sun’s energy, a battery to store that energy and a light source to use the energy. The system operates like a bank account. Withdrawals from the battery to power the light source must be compensated for by commensurate deposits of energy form the solar panels. INTRODUCTION Electricity is becoming costly every day; so many people are getting interested in using solar energy to fulfil their electricity needs. Power cuts and dependency on Generators is making people look for better sources. Solar Photo Voltaic panels provide a very good alternative way to fulfil their demand. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India is also promoting solar PV systems under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in our country. They also provide subsidise solar panels under this scheme. There are so many people, interested in buying solar panels in India so we thought of doing a research on price...
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...CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH EFFICIENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY GENERATION SYSTEM ABSTRACT Energy from renewable source such as solar is getting interest as the world’s power demands increases daily. Over time solar energy has emerged as a promising sustainable energy sources but unfortunately for solar panels the sun moves. Nigeria as a country is suited for harvesting of solar energy, of which if effectively implemented can end energy crisis faced by this Country Our design includes a construction of solar power system (solar photovoltaic module, rechargeable battery, solar charge controller and load) with an integration of a solar panel tracking device. The design also incorporates a web based portal for control and monitoring of the system remotely. The system uses an Arduino Uno as a microcontroller to control power supply to the inverter and for measuring the battery percentage in a real life over a WIFI Network using Arduino Ethernet Shield. INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background of the study Energy is fundamental to human daily activities. An important form of energy is the Solar energy which source is the Sun, other forms of energy also include Electrical, Chemical and Mechanical energy to mention but a few. The importance of energy to the Environment, Economy, ICT cannot be overemphasized especially in developing countries like Nigeria. Energy is an important factor for economy competitiveness and employment, it allows us to light our homes and offices in the...
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...2004 SOLAR FLARE CYCLES G. MARIª1, M. D. POPESCU1, 2 1Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy Str. Cutitul de Argint nr. 5, RO-752121, Bucharest, Romania gmaris@aira.astro.ro 2 Armagh Observatory College Hill, Armagh, BT61 9DG, N. Ireland mdp@star.arm.ac.uk (Received May 30, 2003) Abstract. We present a review of different solar flare periodicity intervals. Our analysis includes a statistical investigation of flare occurrence and N hemispheric distribution over the last three 11-yr -S solar cycles (SCs 21-23, correspondin g to the period 1976-2001). Moreover, we try to estimate if there is any connection between the flare activity and the strength of solar cycles. For that purpose, we studied not only the number of flares occurring monthly and annually, but we also used two indices that estimate the energy emitted by flares registered in the optical Hα line, as well as in the soft X -ray 1-8 Å band. The strange behaviour of SC 22 descending phase, with short but intense increments in flare activity, having a high degree of N-S asymmetry, could be the cause of the "abnormal" appearance of SC 23. The new magnetic dipole begins to lose part of its energy even during the descending phase of SC 22, so that the activity of SC 23 proves to be below the predicted values. Key words: Sun − solar flares – solar activity cycles − N-S asymmetry. INTRODUCTION Solar flares are wonderfully complex phenomena, seen as sudden and intense increases in brightness on the solar disk...
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...Title: SOLAR ENERGY: “SUNLIGHT into USEFUL ELECTRICITY” >Introduction< In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental concern, alternatives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be investigated. One such alternative is solar energy. Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly by the sun and collected elsewhere, normally the Earth. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear process that converts about 650,000,000 tons of hydrogen to helium every second. The process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. The heat remains in the sun and is instrumental in maintaining the thermonuclear reaction. The electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, infra-red light, and ultra-violet radiation) streams out into space in all directions. Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today. The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their origins to the sun; they were once living plants and animals whose life was dependent upon the sun. The sun is an inexhaustible source of energy. Solar energy is radiant energy from the sun caused by nuclear fusion in the sun’s core. The sun’s radiant energy reaches the earth in rays of sunlight. Solar energy in the form of heat and light sustains life on earth. Solar energy can...
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...emulate this formula by harnessing the sun’s power to supply the earth with a clean, sustainable energy source akin to how nature enables an entire kingdom of organisms to do this for themselves. Solar panels, which are essentially a large collection of Photovoltaic (PV) cells, are manufactured to become excited with a certain amount of sunlight, breaking off electrons and either redirecting or collecting these channels of currents into usable circuits or storage units like batteries (Anderson, 2012). Both are similar in their initial design of creating energy out of sunlight, and both do not directly give off any harmful byproducts. Although it has been argued that the manufacture of PV cells and subsequent solar panels is hardly achieved through environmentally-friendly means (and certainly not with green parts), the benefits of the clean and sustainable energy produced far outweighs this temporary blemish in the overall process (Anderson, 2012). On a final note to the similarities between these two systems, both have an enormous constant source of energy (sunlight) that is transferred into usable energy for either the plants or humans utilizing it. Since the first law of thermodynamics clearly states that energy cannot actually be created or destroyed (Farabee, 2001), both systems have to convert light energy into otherwise usable energy, and the way in which they do...
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...Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.[1][2] Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared" The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere.[3] Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the...
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...daily lives is alternative energy. For example, Southern Nevada heavily relies on alternative energy such as the solar energy, wind energy, water energy, geothermal energy, etc. In a dry area like Nevada, many of the residents say that solar energy is the best solution. The supporters say the reason to support alternative energy is that it brings huge economic benefits and job opportunities to Southern Nevada. Besides that, weather and geographical position in Southern Nevada are perfect for developing alternative energy. On the other hand, what the opponents say is that the cost of developing alternative energy is too expensive, using the cheaper traditional energy...
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...Belhaj Ahmed, our Project Supervisor for his guidance, support, motivation and encouragement throughout the period of this project. We would like to thank Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein Ahmed, for his precious time and efforts to help us in completing this project. We would also like to thank the Department of Electrical Engineering for providing us with a good environment, facilities and the equipment to complete this project. We are also grateful to the lab technician Mr. Edmana Abbas for support and help. ABSTRACT Solar energy has become an alternative source of energy. Several researches have been focused on the photovoltaic (PV) systems efficiency development and the availability of this technology. Today, PV power generation has gained more consequence due to its numerous advantages such as fuel free, no maintenance and environmentally green. This report gives a smart approach for the improvement of the PV control performances. Photovoltaic systems normally use a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to nonstop deliver the highest possible power to the load when even when atmospheric condition change suddenly. In order to achieve this goal, a special interest was focused on both Perturb...
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...result is a system that lacks diversity and security, threatens the health of our citizens, jeopardizes the stability of Earth's climate, and robs future generations of clean air, clean water, and energy independence. Fortunately, renewable energy resources such as wind, solar, bioenergy, and geothermal are capable of meeting a significant proportion of America's energy needs, and can help alleviate many of the problems mentioned above while providing other important benefits. A strong commitment to renewable energy development can: * Protect our environment and public health by avoiding or reducing emissions that contribute to smog, acid rain, and global warming; and by reducing water consumption, thermal pollution, waste, noise, and adverse land use * Increase economic development and create new family-wage jobs * Create new competition to help restrain fossil fuel price increases * Improve our national security * Diversify our fuel mix and enhance the reliability of fuel supplies * Insulate our economy from fossil fuel price spikes and supply shortages or disruptions * Reduce a growing reliance on imported fuel and electricity * Reduce the cost of complying with present and future environmental regulations * Conserve our natural resources for future generations Renewable How? Renewable energy sources are so named because, aside from geothermal and tidal energies, they are replenished constantly by sunlight. Uneven solar heating of...
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...Solar Energy Businesses in the Philippines Solutions) - AVGarcia Power Systems Corp. - AVODROC D MARKETING - Ace Electech Center Importer and Distributor of LED Bulbs, LED Fluorescent, Solar Panel, Solar Fan, Solar Refrigerator, Solar Cooker, Wind Generator, CCTV system, PABX Communication System, Telephones, AVR, Battery Chargers, Sine wave Inverters, Square Wave Inverters, Solar Water Pump and many more. • Business type: manufacturer, wholesale supplier, importer, distributor • Product types: LED lighting, solar street lighting, LED light bulbs, solar lighting systems, wind turbines (small), DC lighting, CCTV Systems, PABX Communication systems, AVR, Inverters, Telephones, . • Service types: engineering • Address: 555 Raon st. (G. Puyat), Sta. Cruz, Manila Philippines • Telephone: 3097535 • FAX: 7401983 • Web Site: http://www.aceelectechcenter.com • E-mail: Send Email to Ace Electech Center AFMI. Global Phils. Inc. • Business type: distributor • Product types: LED lighting, solar electric power systems, batteries deep cycle, uninterruptible power supplies UPS, generators diesel, air filtering and purification system components, ESD and Conductive Tiles. • Service types: consulting, design, construction, engineering, site survey and assessment services, contractor services, maintenance and repair services, testing services • Address: P3 Aurora Building Alabang Zapote Road, Muntinlupa, Philippines Philippines...
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...CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR ENERGY Fig. 1.1(a) Block Diagram of Photovoltaic System Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource as fossil fuel prices fluctuate. At the educational level, it is therefore critical for engineering and technology students to have an understanding and appreciation of the technologies associated with renewable energy. One of the most popular renewable energy sources is solar energy. Many researches were conducted to develop some methods to increase the efficiency of Photo Voltaic systems (solar panels). One such method is to employ a solar panel tracking system. This project deals with a microcontroller based solar panel is always able to maintain a perpendicular profile to the sun’s rays. Development of solar panel tracking systems has been ongoing for several years now. As the sun moves across the sky during the day, it is advantageous to have the solar panels track the location of the sun, such that the panels are always perpendicular to the solar energy radiated by the sun. This will tend to maximize the amount of power absorbed by the PV systems. It has been estimated that the use of a tracking system, over a fixed system, can increase the power output by 30%-60%. The increase is significant enough to make tracking a viable preposition despite of the enhancement in system cost. It is possible to align the tracking heliostat normal to sun using electronic...
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