...Cancer refers to a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in some parts of the body. Such cells reproduce uncontrollably leading to the development of tumors that can infect other body parts in a process known as metastasis. It is urgent to note that some tumors are not dangerous. Thus, it is important for medical doctors to diagnose tumors with highest accuracy to avoid potential confusion. Cancer can occur in more than two hundred forms (Schmidt & Popham, 1981). Each cancer is diagnosed then treated differently. The cost of treating cancer is high. Therefore, is a need to invest more on the prevention of cancer to avoid the high cost of treatment (Cooper, 1993). Many researchers and doctors describe cancer as a lifestyle...
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...lung cancer Lung cancer is one of the main causes of death in men and women. People think that the cause of lung cancer is only smoking which in cases it is the main cause of this specific cancer but there are other ways to get lung cancer. Another way you can catch lung cancer is second hand smoke someone can be so healthy and yet be around someone and easily get lung cancer. There are two types of lung cancer small cell lungs (SCLC) and the other is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Doctors say that (SCLC) is better to treat than (NSCLC) because (SCLC) spreads more slower and more able to catch then (NSCLC). But just because doctors can find it doesn’t mean they find it in time to treat the cancer in time. Lung cancer prognosis...
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...Mammography Screening for Breast Cancer Yao Luo University of San Francisco BACKGROUND Despite the high incidence rates, in Western countries, 89% of women diagnosed with breast cancer are still alive 5 years after their diagnosis, which is due to detection and treatment (Parkin, D., & Pisani, 1999). Mammography is such a widespread screening in most developed countries, with the aim of reducing breast cancer mortality through early detection of the disease. However, the organization and delivery vary across geographic regions in ways that may influence its effectiveness (Domingo et al., 2015). In this article critique paper, I choose two relevant peer-reviewed articles using case-control study design to explore the effect of mammography screening on breast cancer survival. The first one is Mammography Screening and Risk of Breast Cancer Death: A Population-Based Case–Control Study (Suzie et al., 2011). STUDY AIMS The authors conducted a case–control study to assess the effectiveness of the Dutch population–based program of mammography screening. The hypothesis of this study was that mammography screening was associated with a decreased risk of dying from breast cancer. METHODS A. What was the main outcome of interest? The main outcome was the breast cancer. Data on breast cancer were obtained from the Comprehensive Cancer Center Rotterdam. Causes of death were obtained through linkage with Statistics Netherlands. B. What was the main explanatory variable of interest...
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...These figures are important because they show that many races and genders are dying from skin cancer, although it is very preventable.There are many different precautions that can be taken to prevent skin cancer. Skin cancer is a problem today because it affects people’s daily lifestyle and in some cases is deadly. Skin cancer may be the most common malignancy in humans, but according to Dr. Mark Lebwhol, professor of dermatology at the Icahn School of Medicine, it is also one of the most preventable cancers (“Skin Cancer Prevention”). Because skin cancer continues to rise at an alarming rate, all Americans need to be more informed of how to prevent it. It is important for all people to know the many risk factors of skin cancer. Risk Factors...
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...What is the cause of skin cancer? Stresses such as tobacco and radiation can cause cancer by damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cells. DNA is the source of life which is stored inside the nucleus of every cell that makes up a living organism. To be able to fit inside a 10-micrometer average size cell, 10-meter long DNA has to be packed into a complex structure which is known as chromatin. Nucleosome is DNA wrapping around histone octamers and chromatin is form when nucleosomes in a nucleus compact together (Yu et al. 2011). At the chromatin level, it compacts to protect DNA from stresses after a short period of time (Interview with Dr. Michael Bergel 2015; unreferenced, see “Acknowledgements”). DNA fails to repair or kill itself (apoptosis) after being damaged which will causes DNA mutation. DNA mutation in a certain gene can make cells grow “out of control”. In human cells, the process of repairing DNA damage which occurs within chromatin is called Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER). Increasing age will decrease DNA ability to repair itself; this explains why a majority of cancer patients appear to be older adults. Ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation) is the main cause of skin cancer. Chromatin in skin cells after UV irradiation are found to...
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...fast food restaurants in the U.S is an over load. Every corner that you may turn there is a guaranteed to have a Sonic, Taco Bell, Jack in the box, and the most famous McDonalds. There are many cause and effects to obesity not just the fast food restaurants. There are many ways to prevent obesity being that it such an unhealthy world. Obesity is a disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems. People may think there are many causes of obesity such as genetics, but at the most those are just risk factors. With having these risk factors it only increases a person’s chance of becoming obese, it doesn’t necessarily make you obese. The causes of obesity can vary, but the main cause is very simple. It is mostly when a person consumes more calories from food then he or she is able to burn or consume. For example if you are at McDonalds and you order a Big Mac, with you eating the whole burger getting extremely full, feeling like you are about to explode; you are eating more than your stomach can take instead of getting a smaller burger, something that is going to fill you up to the perfect point. Secondly another cause of obesity is diseases is having a high diet of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates is simply a main type of nutrition, they are mainly the main source of energy for your body. Carbohydrates in weight gain is not very clear to people. When eating a...
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...HIV/AIDS AND CANCER DONNETTA HARRIS UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX LEILANI CLARK COM/155-UNIVERSITY COMPOSITION AND COMMUNICATION Millions of people all over the world have been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS or cancer, and in some cases, both. These two diseases are both very deadly and can cause other problems within a person’s body. HIV/AIDS and cancer are chronic diseases that affect the human body, although there are some advantages with HIV/AIDS compared to cancer. Even though there are treatments available for both of these diseases, unfortunately, a cure has yet to be found. HIV/AIDS is another name for Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV is the virus that ultimately leads to AIDS, and AIDS is the disease that causes death. They are not the same. People can live for years and years before getting AIDS. There are three main stages of HIV infection. These stages are acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. The acute infection usually follows the initial contraction of the HIV virus. Most individuals may experience flu-like symptoms. Other symptoms may include, but are not limited to, enlarged lymph nodes which may become tender, rash, and sores that may appear in the mouth or genital area. The next stage of HIV is clinical latency, which is also referred to as asymptomatic HIV or chronic HIV. It...
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...Breast Cancer: The Fight in Men and Women Abstract Cancer is made up of many diseases. There are over 100 different types of cancers. Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells split without control and intrude the likes of other tissues. Cancer cells normally spread to other areas of the body through the blood and lymph system. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the United States when it is referred to women. Breast cancer also can be found in men. It is said to be a rare occurrence, but it is a growing problem among the male species. Breast cancer has many risk factors that can play a huge part in the wake of this disease. There are several different tests that can determine your status. Cancer is a disease that is a major problem within our country. There are many naive people who may be unaware of the seriousness of this unfortunate disease. Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States today. Breast cancer is the most common of all cancers that consumes the lives of many women each year. However, breast cancer is also a problem that attacks men as well. Breast cancer is considered a rare occurrence in men, but it is a growing problem that should be recognized. Because breast cancer is a disease that is more common in women, it is silently overlooked and rarely talked about in men. [Thesis might be revised further so that it summarizes the main idea of your essay more clearly.] In the United States there are 234,580 new cases of breast...
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...The Epidemiology of Skin Cancer Skin cancer is best known as a mutation of the skin when cells grow abnormally. These mutations most commonly come in forms of moles, freckles, or simple markings that are out of the norm. Basal Cell Carcinoma is the most commonly occurring form of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinomas occur in the basal cells in the lining of the skin and mostly occur from over exposure to sunlight. Skin cancer is rising to become the most prevalent form of cancer. According to The Skin Cancer Foundation Website 5 million people are treated for a case of skin cancer each year. The American Academy of Dermatology stated that in adults ages 25-29 melanoma is the most common form of cancer the second most common form of cancer for15-29...
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...Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Lung Cancer, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is “cancer of a highly malignant form that affects the lungs, tends to metastasize to other parts of the body, and is characterized by small round or oval cells which resemble oat grains and have little cytoplasm.” It forms within the cells that line the air passages. Lung cancer has two main forms: non-small cell and small cell. The majority of all lung cancer cases are caused by smoking, which is most often seen in patients that are or were heavy smokers. While smoking also contributes to non-small cell cancer, it also includes several types of cancers. In chapter 12 of our readings it states that “of the several lifestyle risk factors for cancer, tobacco use is perhaps the most significant and the most preventable.” Our readings also state that male smoker’s relative risk is of developing cancer is about 23 times higher than a male nonsmoker. Age and sex are major risk factors as well. Table 12.3 of chapter 12 shows that 1 in 101 men and 1 in 124 women will develop lung cancer between ages forty and 59. According to an article I found (http://lungcancer.about.com/od/whatislungcancer/a/lungcancerwomen.htm), lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in women despite the male probability of contraction showing a slightly higher result. More woman die from lung cancer yearly than the next three cancer related causes combined. Ironically, a higher percentage of woman...
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...Medical Issues Cancer Instructor: Daniella Atwell January 14, 2013 Cancer is a deadly disease that affects so many people and their families. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world today. Some studies say that one in three people will suffer from some form of cancer in their life. There are several different types of cancer that effect different parts of the body. Cancer is treated in various different ways and some kinds of cancer are curable, and some are not. Every person on this planet will ultimately one day have to leave it behind. It is not the choice of the person whether they go peacefully or whether they go with pain. More often than not a person will go with pain. More people die every day from cancer and it appears to mess up the lives of all those connected with it. What people need to understand is yes cancer is a life altering event; however cancer is not the end of the world. Death is at times inevitable and there is no way around it. Possibly cancer patients realize this more than anyone. “All creatures born upon this earth must, in the end, die. Some live long and peaceful lives. But others are caught up in struggles and must fight for their lives” (Silverstein 12-13). Cancer patients will struggle and fight for their lives and not have the relief of dying peacefully. The exact cause of cancer is unknown. Many causes probably exist, and it may be necessary for a variety of factors to be present in order for cancer to develop...
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... Group 6: HPV as a leading cause of Cancer Human papillomavirus (HPV) was founded in the 1950s as a virus infection that is associated to many cancers. It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and less intimate skin-to-skin contact. Preventions have been implemented to raise awareness of the virus. The first vaccine for HPV approved as a widespread use in the US was in 2006. The virus acts to infect the keratinocytes in the skin and mucosal membrane. Other areas the HPV acts as a carcinogen are the cervix, anus, penis, vulva, vagina, oropharynx, benign genital and cutaneous warts, respiratory papillomatosis, and nasal or oral papilloma. Some researchers have concluded that the HPV infection which is more common during the active period of age is directly related to certain cancers. Researchers have found that HPV is associated with certain types of cancers and also have found that HPV can have no association with certain cancers. The research we did will explain the various cancers associated with HPV and attempt to answer the question “is HPV the leading cause of cancer?” In the United Stated and around the world, cancer is and continues to be a very serious disease that affects millions of people. Head and neck cancers are “the sixth most common cancer in the world” (Lajer et al. 2012). While the link between HPV and cervical cancer has been established; it is still unclear to researchers how HPV is related to head and neck cancer. The authors assert that alcohol...
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...1. What is Lung Cancer? Lung cancer is one of the most common and difficult malignancies, and is thus a major focus of research. To understand lung cancer, it is important to understand the anatomy of the lungs. The lungs are organs found in the chest and are responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Each lung consists of lobes. The left lung contains two lobes, and the right lung contains three lobes. When you breathe in, air travels into your lungs through the trachea (windpipe). The trachea then splits into two tubes, called the bronchi. The bronchi continue to branch forming smaller bronchioles, and at the end of these bronchioles are small air sacs called alveoli....
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...Lung Cancer In general, cancer kills on average 7.9 million people worldwide every year, which is 13% of all deaths. Cancer is not just one disease but rather a group of diseases, all of which causes cells in the human body to change and grow out of control. Cancers are classified either according to the kind of fluid or tissue from which it originates. One of these types of cancer is Lung Cancer, more people die from lung cancer than any other cancer. With the advances of medicine and technology, options are available to people with lung cancer to help them live a longer life, thus giving suffers more time to spend with their loved ones. Lung Cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. Most cases are directly linked to tobacco use. Around 220,000 people are diagnosed with lung cancer every year (Lung Cancer, 2012). It starts in the lungs but can quickly spread to surrounding areas. Lung cancer occurs when the cells in the lung grow at an uncontrollable rate. It will form in the tissue of the lung, most often in the cells that line the air passages and damage the tissue that surrounds it and then interferes with normal functioning of the lung. It can then quickly spread to the lymph system. Lymph nodes are small organs that link lymph vessels and contain lymph which is a clear fluid that helps fight infection and travels through the body in vessels that are like veins. The cells can also quickly spread to other parts of the body through the blood. Even though the...
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...the case with cancer. More and more people die everyday from cancer and it appears to ruin the lives of all those associated with it. What people need to understand though is yes cancer is a life altering chain of events but cancer is not the end of the world. Death is inevitable; there is no way around it. Perhaps cancer patients realize this more than anyone. “All creatures born upon this earth must, in the end, die. Some live long and peaceful lives. But others are caught up in struggles—must fight for their lives” (Silverstein 12-13). This is the case with cancer. Cancer patients will struggle and fight for their lives and not have the luxury of dying peacefully. The cause of cancer is still unknown to scientists but they have been able to come up with some possible explanations. Cancer affects newborn babies, boys, girls, women, men, animals and even plants. The possible causes of the cancers that affect each of these groups include chemicals in the body, viruses, ultraviolet rays, smoking, and it has been proven to be hereditary in some cases. Many people who develop cancer have had repeated or prolonged contact with one or more of these cancer causing agents (Silverstein 27). With the many different types of cancer it may, for some people, seem impossible for scientists to discover a cure. Skeweris 2 There are more than one hundred known types of cancer. Scientists are sure there are many more they just have not yet been diagnosed. The cancers that are most...
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