* History of Spain makes it different * Even today, culture + politics are different * How was this difference shown in different representations throughout the time : 18th marruecas, 19th Alhambra et ford, 20th hemingway fiesta, 21st?
Furthermore, these different cultures are so specific that they want to claim independence from one another. It is for example the case of Cataluña, a region that seeks to be proclaimed independent from Spain.

http://0-www.palgraveconnect.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9780230592643

http://encore.lib.warwick.ac.uk/iii/encore/search/C__Sfranco%20spain__Orightresult__U?lang=eng&suite=cobalt

https://imagenturistica.wordpress.com/estereotipos-y-retos/ http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/01/spain-different-no-more tales alhambra https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l-QLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA275&lpg=PA275&dq=tales+of+the+alhambra+que+pais+es+espana&source=bl&ots=3xSfZYXpEY&sig=w590UWVckRSD_WfbcP_iC__jZEA&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2uazyvevKAhVDnw4KHe6UCDEQ6AEITDAG#v=onepage&q=tales%20of%20the%20alhambra%20que%20pais%20es%20espana&f=false gatherings ford

https://archive.org/stream/gatheringsfromsp00ford#page/286/mode/2up/search/what+to+observe+in+spain

During the 19th century, travellers undertaking the Grand Tour changed their itineraries to discover and directly experience a new category of aesthetic taste establishing a “Picturesque Tour” through Greece, South Africa, South Italy, Turkey, and Spain.
British travellers contributed to portray Spain as a paradigm of the picturesque.
They found in Spain those values which they looked for in their respective countries without success, such as the sublime and the exotic.
They all share a similar image of Spain : a land full of exoticism and adventures where time seemed to have been stopped.

Tales of the Alhambra :
Language very positive, use of figures of speech (oxymoron), attention to landscape, finding in Spain the opposite of the Western world, comparison with Africa…

Richard Ford
In 1830 he left England with his family to travel to Andalucia until 1833. He provides an informed vision of Spain.

The romantic image of Spain is a variation of the West’s fascination with the Orient.
The exotic primitive Spain was epitomised by the phrase “Africa begins at the Pyrenees”, the idea that Spain is different, not European.

La leyenda negra consiste en que, partiendo de un punto concreto –supongamos que es cierto- se extiende la condenación y la descalificación a todo el país a lo largo de toda su historia, incluida la futura. Esto es lo que se inicia para España desde el siglo XVI y se condena en el XVII y adquiere nuevo ímpetu a lo largo de todo el XVIII y reverdece con cualquier pretexto, sin prescribir jamás’ (Julián Marías, España inteligible. Razón histórica de las Españas, p. 46)
Las representaciones exteriores de España son también las que le han afectado mas profundamente. Estamos en presencia de un doble efecto, mas complejo que en ningún otro caso. La leyenda negra es el reflejo de un reflejo, una imagen doblemente deformada puesto que aparece doblemente reflejada. Es la imagen exterior de España tal y como España la percibe. Consiste, por tanto, en los rasgos negativos – que son objetivamente los mas repetidos- que la conciencia española descubre en la imagen de ella misma.’ (Pierre Chaunu)

No century has been more neglected by our historians, about none have we cared less, despite its nearness in time… Whenever we dabble in history, we run straight to our beloved fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, wherein lays our mythology.’ (Benito Pérez Galdós, 1871)

* The Iberian Peninsula was not part of the Grand Tour: «Es un país del que sabemos tan poco como de las regiones más salvajes de África, pero no vale la pena conocerlo» (Voltaire, 1766). It was ruled out as a member of ‘Enlightened Europe’. * Samuel Johnson to Giuseppe Baretti: ‘I wish you had stayed longer in Spain , for no country is less known to the rest of Europe’ (1761)

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=siR6x_d5RfcC&pg=PR11&lpg=PR11&dq=Spain+Is+(Still)+Different:+Tourism+and+Discourse+in+Spanish+Identity&source=bl&ots=QhhNi6kcBw&sig=MmpiL7u09c74grwa3gj0pKtzMkI&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9h-2_6czKAhXKXRQKHRdlDqkQ6AEIVjAI#v=onepage&q=Spain%20Is%20(Still)%20Different%3A%20Tourism%20and%20Discourse%20in%20Spanish%20Identity&f=false

“Language, customs or clothes, everything was new for a boy who had left Spain as a child and was coming back with all the wantonness of a Frenchman and the harshness of an Englishman.” Autobiography, Cadalso.

Moroccan Letters : main character Gazel, while travelling through Spain, imitates the people he sees, while still distancing himself from them, to be able to criticize them.

Defense of the Spanish nation against Montesquieu’s Persian letters : defends his country from criticism from someone who doesn’t even come from Spain => doesn’t know Spain.

http://www.spainthenandnow.com/

Struggle between centralist identity Castile/identities of the other regions (Catalonia, Galicia..)
Different cultures within Spain.

http://www.donquijote.org/culture/spain/

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wf_EBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT10&lpg=PT10&dq=spain+is+different&source=bl&ots=S6bn7px3Hl&sig=ijG7tfLb-EBQaYujBb3eBBQBHU4&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikyYaa8czKAhVJtxQKHVEZDnI4FBDoAQg4MAM#v=onepage&q=spain%20is%20different&f=false

Antonio Canovas del Castillo, dominant political figure of the 19th century : “Spaniards (…) are those that cannot be anything else.”

Ramon Valle Inclan, Bohemian Lights : “Spain is a grotesque deformation of European civilization”. After loss of cuba, Philippines, and Puerto Rico to the US at the end of the 19th century.

Post war period : peace, prosperity, democracy in all Europe, except in Spain, under Franco’s dictatorship => spain is different bitch.

After the end of Franco’s regime, Spain’s uniqueness stopped being negative.
Nadal : distinctive style + tennis god = greeted with a banner “Spain is different” => positive

Perceptions of travellers :
In the past, Spain was seen in a negative way, negative stereotypes

8th-15th century : Islamic occupation => Spain was seen as a strange, exotic land, beyond the Christian Europe

While people admired Spain’s military power, the Black Legend (propaganda from Jews and Protestants who had been expelled from Spain) described Spaniards as “unusually cruel, avaricious, treacherous, fanatical, superstitious, cowardly, corrupt”.

Enlightenment thinkers : added decadence to the list of flaws of the Spaniards.

18th – 19th centuries : Romantic movement : new image of Spain : fanatical religiosity turned into beautiful faith
Pride, ignorance and laziness turned into personal integrity.

Romantic artists wanted to show adventure, exoticism etc => Spain was the perfect place to do that => very positive image + different because only country in Europe like this.

Hemingway : “the only good people left in Europe”.
Spain = “unspoiled and unbelievably tough and wonderful”.

Franco’s regime : Spain’s uniqueness, strangeness got even bigger in people’s opinions, because the country was very isolated from the rest.

Historians of Spain have also argued that Spain was very different.

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/01/spain-different-no-more

“Spain is different” : * Napoleon said that after losing at Bailen in 1808 * Used as a slogan to attract tourists in the country in the 60’s by Manuel Fraga Iribarne.

Consistently went a different way than the other European countries, especially in the 20th century : only country where fascism succeeded in war, and stayed in power for 40 years. Francoism took Spain back to the 19th century, eliminating all the progress the country had made during Republic : * Laws of 1851 were readopted * Women lost the right to vote * The war was called a crusade : war of God against evil

« It's time we recognised this, so that Spain can, at long last, stop being different. »

http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Vol%209-4/McCauley.pdf

Account of an American tourist in Spain
What makes Spain so different? * It was for so long isolated from the others and from progress that the old traditions are still present, and exposed to the modern world. * Spanish history is different :
Centuries of Moorish rule => arab world in Spain + see other articles about Spanish history * Spanish language is different : great variety of dialects, of accents.

Ce que je fous dans le plan : * Intro : “spain is different” when was it used * Spain has always gone the other way in history * Culture in Spain today is still very specific * Politics in spain are different from the rest of Europe * Exotic country * BUT it’s becoming less and less different

Je me fais chier et je n’arrive plus à bosser je deviens littéralement folle.
ACHETER MORE REDBULL

I’ll come outside with you if you wanna go
But I’m going back in 5

http://www.abc.es/espana/20141221/abci-spain-diferent-201412181821.html http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2011/03/28/actualidad/1301263201_850215.html http://www.laondadigital.uy/archivos/10644

For one person who likes Spain there are a dozen who prefer books on her,
Hemingway

Africa begins in the Pyrenees," is variously attributed to everyone from Napoleon to French Alexandre Dumas, but no one seems to know for sure who first coined the term about Spain's unique position on the European continent and its supposed exotic nature.

"Spain is different," Manuel Fraga. Spanish dictator Francisco Franco's multi-purpose minister and the founder of today's governing Popular Party, Fraga came up with this simple yet effective slogan when in charge of the country's first tourism drive in the 1960s. Today it is often used ironically by Spaniards to describe an aspect of society they see as inefficient or dysfunctional.

“Africa begins in the Pyrenees”. No one knows for sure who pronounced this quote, it could have been the French political leader Napoleon Bonaparte, just as some people claim it was the famous French author Alexandre Dumas. Whoever said it, it was one of the first statements that clearly illustrated the country’s uniqueness, its exotic aspect, its special culture when comparing with other European countries. Spain is indeed a country with a very special culture, and in addition many historians claim that it has always gone a different way from the other European countries. This uniqueness has been observed by many writers, even in contemporary Spain, transforming it in people’s minds into a strange, fascinating, different land. From this point of view, I will demonstrate in this essay how the different representations of Spain have made it look so unique and special.
To do this, I will base my ideas on novels or other works dating from the 18th century, until today, to compare how the representation, and therefore the vision, of Spain has changed and evolved through time.

“Spain is different” : This well known statement has been used several times in the history. Pronounced for the first time by the French political leader Napoleon Bonaparte, after losing the battle of independence against the Spanish nation in 1808. Even then, Spain was considered different because of its mode of warfare, that the French army wasn’t used to. But it is better known for having been used as a political slogan during Franco’s regime in the 20th century. Indeed, one of the key political figures of Francoism, Manuel Fraga Iribarne, used this slogan in order to attract tourists in Spain during the regime. He used the exoticism and difference of his country to promote tourism, to therefore make it stronger economically.

“I would sooner be a foreigner in Spain than in most countries. How easy it is to make friends in Spain!” – George Orwell

-19th century : tales of the Alhambra + quotes + better image of spain with romanticism + uniqueness became a quality