...Introduction: The diet coke and Mentos experiment has been a favorite of amateur scientists, but how does it work? There have been debates, and scientists have concluded that the diet coke and Mentos is a physical reaction, called nucleation. Nucleation sites are areas that have high surface with low volume. Such places can be your fingerprint, scratches on glass, specks of dust, or even Mentos candy (Eepy Bird). Mentos candies have a pitted surface that’s rough when looked at through a microscope, therefore creating a wonderful place for nucleation to occur. Water molecules like to be next to other water molecules, so if you drop something into the soda, like Mentos, it acts as a site for growth of bubbles. Mentos have a high ratio of surface area to volume, so there’s more places for bubbles to go, creating the fountain of fizz (NewScientist). The goal of the experiment was to test different types of sodas and to see what type of soda reacted best with the Mentos to create the biggest fountain of fizz. Materials: • 2000 mL graduated cylinder • Mentos candy • Mentos candy dispenser • 2-Liter bottle of Mountain Dew Procedure: First, all of the materials were obtained. Five Mentos candies were dropped into the Mentos candy dispenser and the pin was put through the hole to secure the Mentos from falling out of the bottom of the dispenser. Then, the cap was unscrewed from the 2-Liter bottle of pop and the Mentos candy dispenser was screwed on...
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... Aim: Determination of the number of moles of water molecules of crystallization present in hydrated Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4.xH2O) Apparatus: Mass balance, test tube, test tube holder, heat-proof mat and bunsen burner. Reagents: Hydrated sodium carbonate. Theory: Chemical decomposition, analysis or breakdown is the separation of a chemical compound into elements or simple compounds. A more specific type of decomposition is thermal decomposition or thermolysis, which is caused by heat. ABA+B, the reaction is endothermic, since heat is required to break the chemical bonds. Most decomposition reaction require energy either in the form of heat, light or electricity. Absorption of energy causes the breaking of the bonds present in the reacting substance which decomposes to give the product. When a hydrated salt is heated it decomposes into a pure form of the salt and water. MgSO4.xH2O MgSO4 + H2O Procedure: Refer to Handout Results: A. Mass of test tube/g = 21.77 B. Mass of the tube and salt/g = 24.0 A table showing the mass of the test tube and salt after 3 consecutive heating: Heating | Mass of the test tube and salt/g | 1st | 23.96 | 2nd | 23.81 | 3rd | 23.81 | Calculations: G. Mass of anhydrous magnesium sulphate/g = F - A = 23.81 – 21.77= 2.04 H. Mass of water of crystallization evaporated/g = B – F = 24.0 – 23.81= 0.19 I. Number of moles of anhydrous magnesium sulphate = _____G____ ...
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...Ward February 19, 2013 ENG 110 Process Analysis Cookies for Shelby Baking cookies with my five-year-old daughter Shelby is quite an event. I love the mess and the chaos involved. She is my only child, and she won’t love baking cookies with me forever. I should probably make more time for baking. After all, the end result is always a success. The hardest part for me is to remember to set the butter out at room temperature the day before. Surprisingly, Shelby is always more excited about the process than the end result. I remember baking cookies with my mom as a child. I only remember the Christmas cookie event, because there probably was not mid-year cookie baking taking place. I hope Shelby holds on to our baking memories as she grows up. The beginning of this cooking fiasco is putting on the proper attire. There are two beige aprons that hang in our kitchen. A red and black swirl design screen printed on the front surrounds the word “Mommy” on mine, and “Me” on hers. They were a gift from one of Shelby’s schoolteachers. She typically hands me mine, we both put them on and she waits for me to tie hers behind her back. Shelby would cook every meal with me if I let her. Unfortunately, cooking with my child is not conducive to efficient meal preparation, or edible meals for that matter. Now that we are properly dressed, we collect all of our ingredients. We get from the pantry, the flour, white and brown sugar, salt, and baking soda. Then we open the refrigerator...
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...materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq) salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s) salt (aq) + hydrogen (g) o acid (aq) + metal carbonate (s) salt (aq) + water (l) + carbon dioxide (g) • Cracking of long chain alkanes (e.g. decane) to give a shorter chain alkene & alkane o Thermal cracking (heated with steam in absence of O2 to 750-900°C) Initiation: C10H22 2C5H11· Propagation: C5H11· C3H7· + C2H4 Termination: 2C3H7· C6H14 o Catalytic cracking zeolite (heated in absence of O2 to 500°C)...
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...Life Cycle Analysis: 100% Acrylic Latex Paint | Jessica Johanson – Geography 101 (Environmental Geography) | This report focuses on the life cycle of acrylic latex paint, taking the reader through the various stages of production through to disposal. | | Contents Introduction 2 Objectives & Structure 2 Product 2 Paint 3 Raw Material Stage 3 Titanium Dioxide 4 Chloride Process 5 Sulfate Process 5 Water 5 Plastic Acrylic Resin 6 Manufacturing Stage 6 Final Use 7 Disposal Stage 7 Product Care Association 7 Landfill Disposal 8 Conclusion 8 Bibliography 9 CIL Naturaliving Paint 11 Introduction Objectives & Structure This life cycle analysis report is going to acknowledge the environmental and health benefits of using CIL’s naturaliving VOC-free paint, while also shedding light on the effects that its production and distribution have had on the environment. Following the introduction will be a brief overview and history of latex paint. The remainder of the report will be comprised of the life cycle of latex paint, which will walk the reader through the stages of: raw material extraction, manufacturing/production, distribution, final use, and disposal. Product The product chosen for this report is 100% acrylic latex paint, specifically, CIL’s naturaliving, VOC-free paint (for product ad, see Appendix: A). There are two main types of paint currently in production, oil-based (alkyd) and water-based (latex)...
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...Office Hours, 10.1 Operating Procedure, P12 10.2 Warnings on liability, P12 10.3 Rules and Regulations, P12 Use of Laboratory After Office Hours 11.1 Appendix 3 (Application Form), P14 11.2 Appendix 4 (Student’s Declaration Form), P15 Ambulance Services, P16 Lab Safety Handbook on Chemical Hazards, Physical Hazards and Biological hazards, P17-P64 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 2 Definitions • • • • • Lab Session: Time duration allocated for student to do lab experiment. Lab Sheet: A printed material usually contains a series of instructions and information given to the student on how to conduct lab experiment. Lab Report: A written report prepared by student based on individual observation and data analysis after the lab experiment. The format and requirements are usually stated in the lab sheet. Lab Coordinator: A person in charge of coordinating all the lab sessions of the semester and administrating lab matters. Lab Instructor: An academic staff (lecturer or tutor) in charge of the lab session. The lab instructor will give briefing and instructions to students during the lab session. 1. Introduction Practical lab is one of the components integrated in the unit syllabus of a taught subject which is to get students to appreciate the underlying theories or principles of science and engineering by acquiring practical or hand-on experience from the lab...
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...PROJECT PART 1. EXPLORATION OF RISK: CONSTRUCTION OF THE THIRD SHIPPING LANE THROUGH THE PANAMA CANAL Presented to: R. Hiles PM595 Prepared by: Carlton D. Clyburn Jr. OCTOBER 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 3 II. Exploration of Risks 4 III. Fault Trees 4 a. Fault Tree: Project Completion Delay 5 b. Fault Tree: Changes in Cost Projections (Overruns) 6 IV. Conclusion 7 V. References 8 Introduction Construction of a third shipping lane through the Panama Canal has begun and it is a collaboration of contractors and manufacturers from around the globe working in unison to exacting concrete and design specifications. The Panama Canal’s third lane expansion involves building enormous new locks that will accommodate the new generation of shipping vessels that are about three times the size of “Panamax” ships constructed to fit precisely in the existing canal’s lock chambers. According to the vessel glossary of the World Trade Ref, the Panamax is defined as: “An ocean-going cargo vessel of the maximum size possible to pass through the locks of the Panama Canal, which are 1000ft long by 110ft wide and 85ft deep. These vessels are typically of 50,000 to 80,000 dwt, 965ft (290m) in length; 106ft. (32.3m) beam; and 39.5ft (12.04m) draft.” The new locks on the Atlantic and Pacific entrances will consist of a trio of chambers measuring 1400ft (427m) long, 180ft (55m)...
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...29 EXPERIMENT 3. ACID-BASE TITRATIONS: DETERMINATION OF CARBONATE BY TITRATION WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID BACKGROUND Carbonate Equilibria In this experiment a solution of hydrochloric acid is prepared, standardized against pure sodium carbonate, and used to determine the percentage of carbonate in a sample. An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid is almost completely dissociated into hydrated protons and chloride ions. Therefore, in a titration with hydrochloric acid the active titrant species is the hydrated proton. This species is often written H3O+, although the actual form in solution is more correctly (H2O)nH+. For convenience we designate it simply H+. Carbonate in aqueous solution acts as a base; that is, it is able to accept a proton to form bicarbonate ion. 2CO3 + H+ HCO3 (1) Bicarbonate is able to combine with another proton to form carbonic acid: HCO3 + H+ H2CO3 (2) Equilibrium expressions for the dissociation of bicarbonate and carbonic acid may be written 2[H+] [CO3 ] K2 = (3) [HCO3] [H+] [HCO3] [H2CO3] and K1 = (4) 30 where K1 and K2 are the first and second acid dissociation constants for H2CO3; the experimentally determined values are K1 = 3.5 x 10-7 and K2 = 5 x 10-11. When successive protonation reactions such as (1) and (2) occur, the extent to which the first reaction proceeds before the second begins depends on the difference between the two acid dissociation constants. By combination of Equations (3) and (4) with those for charge and...
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...EARTH POLLUTION By: GLEIDI B. LEOGAN (BSE-1A) TO: DR. ROSEL W. DELES (ENG.2) I. INTRODUCTION Pollution is a major global concern because of its harmful effects on the person’s health and on the environment. Everyone is affected as we are all inhabitants of this one and only place we call home, our planet Earth. Each person has something to contribute to prevent its further deterioration, to help ourselves, the children and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. We can help combat pollution in our own immediate environment if we are aware of the nature and form of pollutions and its effects on us and the environment. A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant, its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence. There are two main categories of pollutants. Biodegradable pollutants are materials, such as sewage, that rapidly decompose by natural processes. These pollutants become a problem when added to the environment faster than they can decompose. Non-degradable pollutants are materials that either do not decompose or decompose slowly in the natural environment. Once contamination occurs, it is difficult or impossible to remove these pollutants from the environment. I. SOURCES OF EARTH POLLUTION A. AIR POLLUTION SMOG OVER SANTIAGO Set in an enclosed...
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...EARTH POLLUTION By: GLEIDI B. LEOGAN (BSE-1A) TO: DR. ROSEL W. DELES (ENG.2) I. INTRODUCTION Pollution is a major global concern because of its harmful effects on the person’s health and on the environment. Everyone is affected as we are all inhabitants of this one and only place we call home, our planet Earth. Each person has something to contribute to prevent its further deterioration, to help ourselves, the children and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. We can help combat pollution in our own immediate environment if we are aware of the nature and form of pollutions and its effects on us and the environment. A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant, its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence. There are two main categories of pollutants. Biodegradable pollutants are materials, such as sewage, that rapidly decompose by natural processes. These pollutants become a problem when added to the environment faster than they can decompose. Non-degradable pollutants are materials that either do not decompose or decompose slowly in the natural environment. Once contamination occurs, it is difficult or impossible to remove these pollutants from the environment. I. SOURCES OF EARTH POLLUTION A. AIR POLLUTION SMOG OVER SANTIAGO Set in an enclosed...
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...Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbons Vijay Kothari*, Meera Panchal, Namrata Srivastava Institute of Science, Nirma University *Corresponding author: vijay.kothari@nirmauni.ac.in; vijay23112004@yahoo.co.in Abstract Hydrocarbon contamination in the environment has been a notable problem since years. Particularly the major oil spills in last few decades, and resulting loss to biodiversity has brought public attention to this problem. Bioremediation is a promising approach for recovery of environmental sites contaminated with crude oil and other hydrocarbons. Many microorganisms have been identified to possess hydrocarbon degradation potential. This review covers an overview of common hydrocarbon pollutants, microbes known as hydrocarbon degraders, major pathways and enzymes involved therein, factors affecting hydrocarbon degradation, and various approaches employed to exploit degrading capacity of microbes for remedial purpose. In addition to making use of inherent catabolic ability of degrader populations, metabolic engineering can be of considerable value in dealing with the problem of hydrocarbon contamination. Keywords: Bioremediation, Oxygenase, Biomagnification, Cometabolism, Consortium, Biosurfactant. Introduction Hydrocarbon (HC) group of compounds consist of hydrogen and carbon in their structure. As petrochemical industries are flourishing worldwide, HC contamination has become one of the major environmental problems faced globally. Environment is particularly being...
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...------------------------------------------------- March 2013 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis entitled “Utilization of Characterized Activated Carbon Prepared from Corn Cobs in Sugar Decolorization”, prepared by Dyle Angellowe B. Mapagu, Aurilyn A. Ramirez and Roxanne L. Soriano, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering, is hereby recommended for oral examination. Approved by the Tribunal on Oral Examination with a grade of _________. Engr. Ma. Haidee A. Mabborang Member Engr. Monico U. Tenedor Member Engr. Marianne DC. Calica Member Engr. Caesar P. Llapitan Chairman Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering. Engr. Ernesto D. Marallag Dean, College of Engineering ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We, the authors, convey our gratefulness and appreciation to the people who have given valuable assistance in the completion of this study. To Engr. Policarpio Mabborang, Jr. for providing a perceptive and logical evaluation of our research, for his corrections and suggestions in the improvement of the study, and for his patience towards us; To Engr. Caesar Llapitan, Engr. Marianne Calica, Engr. Monico Tenedor, and Engr. Ma. Haidee Mabborang, who served as our panelists in the defense, pointed out mistakes and gave good suggestions in revising our thesis; To Engr. Gina Consigna, head of the Feed Laboratory...
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...RESEARCH KnightFrank.co.in Q1 2010 India OrganiSed ReTAILMarket Diagnosis & Outlook Knight Frank HIGHLIGHTS ! During 2010-12, 55 mn.sq.ft. of retail space will be ready in 7 major cities ! Between 2010 and 2012, the organised retail real estate stock will more than double from the existing 41 mn.sq.ft. to 95 mn.sq.ft. ! About 20% or 8 mn.sq.ft. of mall space is vacant ! During 2009-12, the Organised Retail Market will grow at a rate of 31% p.a. ! Between 2010-12, a higher pace of real estate development in comparison to the pace of organised retail market growth, will create an oversupply situation to the magnitude of 21 mn.sq.ft. in 2012 Q1 2010 India OrganiSed retail Market Diagnosis & Outlook KnightFrank.co.in table of contents 1. Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. National Capital Region (NCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Mumbai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4. Pune. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5. Bengaluru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 6. Hyderabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 7. Chennai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 8. Kolkata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 9. Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Mumbai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...MAINTENANCE INTERVALS Operation and Maintenance Manual Excerpt © 2010 Caterpillar All Rights Reserved ® ® SEBU7878-03 October 2009 Operation and Maintenance Manual C9 Generator Set C9E1-Up (Generator Set) SAFETY.CAT.COM SEBU7878-03 87 Maintenance Section Maintenance Interval Schedule Maintenance Interval Schedule Instrument Panel - Inspect .................................. 130 Stator Winding Temperature - Measure/Record .. 141 Voltage and Frequency - Check ......................... 142 SMCS Code: 1000; 7500 Every 250 Service Hours Ensure that all safety information, warnings, and instructions are read and understood before any operation or any maintenance procedures are performed. The user is responsible for the performance of maintenance, including all adjustments, the use of proper lubricants, fluids, filters, and the installation of new components due to normal wear and aging. The performance of this product may be diminished if proper maintenance intervals and procedures are not followed. Components may experience accelerated wear if proper maintenance intervals and procedures are not followed. Cooling System Coolant Sample (Level 1) Obtain ............................................................... 101 i03638078 Every 250 Service Hours or 6 Months Cooling System Supplemental Coolant Additive (SCA) - Test/Add ............................................... 102 Engine Oil and Filter - Change .....
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...The inorganic portion made up of rock fragments, was formed over thousands of years by physical and chemical weathering of bedrock. Productive soils are necessary for agriculture to supply the world with sufficient food. A soil pollutant is any factor which deteriorates the quality, texture and mineral content of the soil or which disturbs the biological balance of the organisms in the soil. Pollution in soil has adverse effect on plant growth. The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment. Soil contaminants are spilled onto the surface through many different activities. Most of these are the result of accidents involving the vehicles that are transporting waste material from site of origin to a disposal site. Soil pollution is particularly dangerous for the environment and our health because soil, either in the mountains or in the plains, contains the largest part of the water we drink and produces all the food we need. There are many types of soil pollution, each one with its own features and preventive measures to avoid disasters. What is soil pollution anyways? Soil pollution is defined or can be described as the contamination of soil of a particular region. Soil pollution mainly is a result of penetration of harmful...
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