...SPLIT CYCLE IC ENGINE Abstract: The Split-Cycle Engine changes the heart of the conventional engine by dividing (or splitting) the four strokes of the Otto cycle over a paired combination of one compression cylinder and one power cylinder. Gas is compressed in the compression cylinder and transferred to the power cylinder through a gas passage. The gas passage includes a set of uniquely timed valves, which maintain a precharged pressure through all four strokes of the cycle. Shortly after the piston in the power cylinder reaches its top dead center position, the gas is quickly transferred to the power cylinder and fired (or combusted) to produce the power stroke. Split-cycle internal combustion engine claims have the potential to double fuel efficiency for same size engine, while reducing the manufacturing price by up to 50% which includes a built in dedicated compressor. Rather than using batteries and electric motors/generators to harness braking energy, the engine uses the air compressor. A split cycle engine includes a novel compressor apparatus driven by the combustion engine, a closed-cycle refrigeration system in cooperation with the compressor apparatus, and a pneumatic motor driven by compressed air from the compressor apparatus. Refrigerant in the compressor absorbs thermal energy from compressed air and assists in compressing the air. High-pressure air from the compressor is stored in a storage tank and may be used to drive the pneumatic motor or other auxiliary equipment...
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...TERM PAPER on Split Cycle Engine and Graphene: the future of Automobiles Vinod Gupta School of Management IIT Kharagpur Submitted in partial fulfilment of Management Information Systems Course (BM61014) to Dr. Prithwis Mukherjee at VGSOM, IIT Kharagpur Submitted by : Mayank Mohan 10BM60048 Page | 0 CONTENTS TOPIC Page No ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION TO SPLIT CYCLE TECHNOLOGY BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SPLIT CYCLE ENGINE OTHER SPLIT CYCLE TECHNOLOGY: TOUR ENGINE GRAPHENE : THE MATERIAL FOR THE FUTURE AUTOMOBILES FUTURE OF AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN INDIA HURDLES TO SPLIT CYCLE TECHNOLOGY SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES 1 2 3 8 9 10 13 15 16 Page | 1 ABSTRACT Split Cycle Engine and Graphene : the future of Automobiles The Split-Cycle Engine functions by dividing (or splitting) the four strokes of the Otto cycle over a paired combination of one compression cylinder and one power cylinder. Gas is compressed in the compression cylinder and transferred to the power cylinder through a gas passage. Graphene is a 2-dimensional network of carbon atoms. These carbon atoms are bound within the plane by strong bonds into a honeycomb array comprised of six-membered rings. This paper describes that how combining these two may lead to a sustainable future by tackling problems like low mileage and low efficiency of automobile engines leading to low consumption of fossil fuels . Page | 2 Introduction to Split Cycle Technology The Split-Cycle Engine was originally conceived...
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...Split engine Split-cycle engines feature paired cylinders, so a four-cylinder engine has two sets of paired cylinders working together, with a crossover passage linking the two cylinders in each pair to each other. The four strokes of the engine are split into two groups, with the left cylinder handling intake and compression and the second handling combustion and exhaust. The Scuderi™ Air-Hybrid design adds an air storage tank and controls that allow it to recapture and store the energy lost as the engine operates. The new design solves some of the problems that have hampered previous split-cycle designs. The low volume breathing problem is solved by outward-opening pneumatic valves and a reduction in the clearance between the piston and cylinder head to under 1 mm, which means virtually 100 percent of the compressed air is pushed out of the cylinder. The thermal efficiency problem of previous designs has been solved by adopting After Top Dead Center (ATDC) firing, which avoids losses caused by recompressing the gas. Firing ATDC is achieved by high pressure air entering the cylinder and resulting in massive turbulence. Firing ATDC is cleaner burns that also dramatically reduces NOx emissions and improve fuel efficiency. The Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has been testing a 1-liter, two-cylinder engine for almost a year. The preliminary results suggest a 30-36 percent increase in fuel efficiency for the naturally aspirated Scuderi™ Air-Hybrid and a 25 percent increase...
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...A.What is air conditioner Air conditioning (often referred to as A/C or AC) is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more comfortable conditions, typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space such as a building or a vehicle to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. In common use, an air conditioner is a device that lowers the air temperature. Thecooling is typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also be made based on desiccants.[1] In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies the condition of air (heating, cooling, (de-)humidification, cleaning, ventilation, or air movement). However, in construction, such a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC -as opposed to AC).[2] B. Heater 1. Principles of Air Conditioning BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AIR CONDITIONING You don’t have to be an air-conditioning expert to use Spot Coolers, but understanding the basics of air conditioning will help you understand how Spot Coolerswork. This section highlights some of the basic principles of air conditioning for those who would benefit from additional knowledge in this area. PRINCIPLES OF COOLING Heat Transfer Heat is a form of energy. Every object on earth has some heat energy...
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...of fuel injection strategies on the performance and Emissions in HCCI engine Name: Institution: Keywords: HCCI engine, Fuel injection strategies, performance, emissions Introduction. Internal combustion (IC) engines have a wide range of application; therefore, reduction of emissions levels is an important design consideration [1]. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is as an attractive alternative that offers various advantages in internal combustion engines including the potential for significant reduction in PM and NOx as well as increased diesel efficiencies [2-4]. The HCCI technique involves the compression of a homogeneous mixture of fuel and air until auto-ignition occurs followed by Combustion that is considerably faster than Spark Ignition (SI) combustion [6]. The HCCI’s engine performance (including brake thermal efficiency, combustion phasing and emissions levels) is commonly predicted using numerical methods. Hairuddin et al [5] discuss the various strategies used in numerical method (such as multi zone and single zone models turbulence model and mixing model) and injection methods of predicting performance among other issues related to the HCCI engine. Various studies have shown that the can improve the thermal efficiency of the engine while simultaneously maintaining low levels of emissions and that HCCI technology can be realized by modifying either CI or SI engines using several fuel combinations [7,8]. In HCCI the fuel/air mixture...
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...get 20 mpg (11.76 liters per 100 km)! when a car pulled up to the gas pump lately and been shocked by the high price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past $20 or $30, maybe you thought about trading in car for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe worried that the car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. The auto industry has the technology to address these concerns. It's the hybrid car. You're probably aware of hybrid. Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. This is an improvement over the electric car, which uses gasoline engine along with electric motor powered by batteries. In the series system of the hybrid car engine driven generator is employed to recharge the batteries while the electric motor drives the car. Where as in parallel system the heat engine is directly connected to the electric motor. The key to a hybrid car is that the gasoline engine can be much smaller than the one in a conventional car and therefore more efficient. INTRODUCTION We might wonder why anyone would build such a complicated machine when most people are perfectly happy with their gasoline-powered cars. The reason is twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. The emissions standards dictate how much of each type of pollution a car is allowed to emit in to atmosphere. The amount is usually specified in grams per mile (g/mi)....
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...Abstract: This case is about the split between the Hero Group and Honda Motor Company. Hero Honda Motors Ltd. (Hero Honda), a joint venture between Hero Cycles of India and Honda of Japan, came into existence in 1984 as a motorcycle and scooter manufacturer in India. In 2001, Hero Honda became the largest two wheeler manufacturing company in India with over a million units produced as well as the 'World's number one' company in terms of the unit volume sales for the calendar year. The technology for manufacturing the bikes was provided by Honda whereas Hero was strong in its distribution and service network spread across the country. | | In August 1999, Honda Motor Company announced the setting up of Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India (HMSI) for making scooters and later motorcycles as well. After this, the stock of Hero Honda fell by 30%. Subsequently, HMSI started producing motorcycles, competing directly with Hero Honda. Hero felt that its ambition to go international was being hampered by the joint venture. Both the companies decided to end the joint venture and signed their parting agreement on December 16, 2010. With the split, the erstwhile partners became competitors. Both the companies have several opportunities ahead of them and are likely to face challenges to gain and consolidate their position in the Indian two wheeler market. Issues: » Understand the benefits (utilizing strong points of both) and problems (different ambitions) of companies being in a Joint...
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...Strategic Planning of BMW's Global Production Network Author(s): Bernhard Fleischmann, Sonja Ferber and Peter Henrich Source: Interfaces, Vol. 36, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2006), pp. 194-208 Published by: INFORMS Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20141389 . Accessed: 23/12/2013 16:01 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . INFORMS is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Interfaces. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 195.229.156.147 on Mon, 23 Dec 2013 16:01:50 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Interfaces Vol. 36, No. infjffiHJL 2006, pp. 194-208 DOI i0.l287/inte.l050.0187 ISSN 0092-21021 EissN 1526-551X1061360310194 @ 2006 INFORMS 3, May-June Strategic Planning Production Bernhard and Logistics, Germany, of BMW's Network Fleischmann University of Augsburg, Global of Production Department D-86135 Augsburg, Universit?tsstra?e 16, bernhard.fleischmann@wiwi.uni-augsburg.de BMW AG, D-80788 Sonja...
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...MEC 3621 Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines) Prof. Dr. A.K.M. MOHIUDDIN Introduction • The purpose of internal combustion engines is the production of mechanical power from the chemical energy contained in the fuel. • In internal combustion engines, as distinct from external combustion engines, this energy is released by burning or oxidizing the fuel inside the engine. • The fuel-air mixture before combustion and the burned products after combustion are the actual working fluids. • The work transfers which provide the desired power output occur directly between these working fluids and the mechanical components of the engine. • The internal combustion engines which are the subject of this course are spark-ignition (SI) engines (sometimes called Otto engines, or gasoline or petrol engines, though other fuels can be used) and compression-ignition (CI) or diesel engines. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE • Otto, in the broader sense, was the inventor of the modern internal combustion engine as we know it today. • Further developments followed fast once the full impact of what Otto had achieved became apparent. By the 1880s several engineers (e.g., Dugald Clerk, 1854-1913,; and James Robson, 1833-1913, in England and Karl Benz, 1844 - 1929, in Germany) had successfully developed two-stroke internal combustion engines where the exhaust and intake processes occur during the end of the power stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke. ...
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...producing high value products at reasonable prices led the world's largest manufacturer of motorcycles to collaborate with the world's largest bicycle manufacturer. During 80s, Hero Honda became the first company in India to prove that it was possible to drive a vehicle without polluting the roads. They company possess three manufacturing units based at Dharuhera, Gurgaon and Haridwar are capable to produce 4.4 million units per year. They introduced new generation motorcycles that set industry benchmarks for fuel thrift and low emission. Business History 1983 - Joint Collaboration Agreement with Honda Motor Co. Ltd. Japan signed 1984 - The Company was Incorporated on 19th January, at New Delhi. The Company Manufacture motor cycles upto 100 cc capacity. The...
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...SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 2003-01-2307 A Comparative Study of the Production Applications of Hybrid Electric Powertrains Harry L. Husted Delphi Corporation Reprinted From: Hybrid Vehicle and Energy Storage Technologies (SP-1789) Future Transportation Technology Conference Costa Mesa, California June 23-25, 2003 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Tel: (724) 776-4841 Fax: (724) 776-5760 Web: www.sae.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. For permission and licensing requests contact: SAE Permissions 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001-USA Email: permissions@sae.org Fax: 724-772-4891 Tel: 724-772-4028 For multiple print copies contact: SAE Customer Service Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-1615 Email: CustomerService@sae.org ISSN 0148-7191 Copyright © 2003 SAE International Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. A process is available by which discussions will be printed with the paper if it is published in SAE Transactions. Persons wishing to submit papers to be considered for presentation or publication by SAE should send the manuscript...
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...PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE SUBMITTED BY MASHHOODA MOHAMMED SHOEB KHAN BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN GENERAL FIRST YEAR - FIRST SEMESTER FACULTY GUIDE-MRS PRIYANKA CHANDANANI ASSISTANCE PROFESSOR – ECONOMIC ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my faculty guide Mrs Priyanka Chandanani who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful topic Product Life Cycle which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things. I am really thankful to her Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within limited time I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME ABSTRACT The product lifecycle model can be understood as a three-stage model of technological development associated with a particular product technology. In the explorative stage many different designs are developed, in the development stage products become standardized into a dominant design, and in the mature stage only incremental changes occur within the dominant design. Although the product lifecycle model is widely accepted and often applied in empirical research, innovation...
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... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 TIG Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-20 MIG: Wire Feeder/Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-30 MIG & FCAW: Industrial Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-34 Multi-Process Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35-46 Advanced Process Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47-58 Multi-Operator Welding Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59-64 Engine Drives: Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65-74 Engine Drives: Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-90 Semiautomatic Wire Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91-110 Submerged Arc & Automatic Equipment . . . . . . . . 111-126 Welding Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127-152 Guns & Torches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153-170 Plasma Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171-176 Wire Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...smooth dream. Early Life Brijmohan Lall Munjal was born in 1923[2] at Kamalia, district Toba Tek Singh in unpartitioned Punjab, British India. Kamalia is now in Pakistan. He was from a simple middle-classArora/Khatri family. After completing his formal education, he worked at the Army Ordnance Factory, before moving his base to India after partition. Munjal was born in 1923 at Kamalia (in present day Pakistan). During the partition, his family decided to shift to India and settled down in Amritsar. When the brothers decided to start a bicycle parts manufacturing business, they felt Ludhiana was a better location and moved into the city. In 1956, they decided to venture into manufacturing bicycles. Hero Cycles was launched. It was not easy as no ecosystem existed for producing cycles. Munjal and his brothers forged on building them in the process. Today, Ludhiana is called the bicycle capital of the country where every component needed for a bicycle is available in the city. How it all began During the partition, his family decided to shift to India and settled down in Amritsar. When the brothers decided to start a bicycle parts manufacturing business, they...
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...GOOGLE ADWORDS in less than 900 Words Link: http://blog.crazyegg.com/2013/01/30/how-to-google-adwords/ Author: Adam Kreitman Date: January 30, 2013 Set Your Goals Know specifically what you’re looking to achieve with your campaign. Is it a specific number of leads per month? Do you want phone calls, newsletter signups, or sales on your site? Is there a certain cost per conversion you want to achieve? Understand your goals first because they’ll affect how you set up and manage your campaign. Do Your Research 1. Use keyword tools to find the most relevant keywords people are typing into the search engines to find your product/service/company. Plan to spend at least a few hours on this…it’s the foundation of your campaign. 2. Study the companies bidding on these keywords in AdWords. See who consistently is ranking at or near the top of the rankings (you can use a spy tool like iSpionage to help). Note their ad copy and offers. Visit their websites. Sign up for their mailing lists. Purchase their products. 3. Where are customers buying and reviewing products/services/businesses like yours online? Read their reviews. What do they love/hate about your competition? What are the deep needs/desires they’re looking to fulfill? What emotions are they expressing? While researching them, look for great quotes you can use for ad copy. Landing Page/Offer An irresistible offer on your landing page will overcome a lot of other deficiencies in your AdWords campaign...
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