...Animal Diversity Stephen Oppon BIO 108 Animal Diversity I November 6, 2013 Page !1 ! Phylum Porifera ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Page 132 Given that all sponges are filter feeders, why does it follow that all sponges are aquatic? Filter feeding is the filtering of nutrients and plankton suspended in water therefore for sponges to feed effectively they must be aquatic ! ! Would mobility improve the ability of sponges to capture food? Explain. Motility would improve the ability of the sponge to capture food because as a non motile creature it can not seek out food. Sponges can only capture for that is streaming towards them and this is a very ineffective means of feeding ! Animal Diversity Page !2 ! ! ! ! ! Phylum Cnidaria ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Animal Diversity Page !3 ! Phylum Platyhelminthes Comparison of 3 different species of planarians Brown Sketch White Black ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! S-like pattern Not really sensitive to light S-like pattern Extremely sensitive to light, it tries to stay in the paper shade as much as possible S-like patter They are almost insensitive to light Movement Sensitivity to light Page 137 What can you conclude about the sensory capabilities of the planarians The planarians sensitivity to light are highly dependent on their pigmentation, since the darker ones has less response to light than the lighter ones Why is bilateral symmetry more adaptive than radial symmetry for a motile animal. Bilateral symmetry aids int he...
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...Goldfish scooping is a traditional Japanese game that requires players to scoop goldfish into a bowl with a poi. A poi consists of a plastic frame that is round with poi paper; poi paper is very delicate and sometimes you can pay more money for stronger poi paper. The game is over when your poi is completely broken so you can keep playing if there is just a small tear in your poi. To play the game, it typically cost 100 yen, which is equivalent to 1 Canadian Dollar. As well as the fish you catch you get to keep and in some cases, if you catch a large enough amount of fish you will get a better fish as a reward. Also for the fish to be considered caught you have to have the fish in your bowl, but you can not scoop with the bowl. "No one can live entirely on their own, nor can any country or society exist in isolation." ~ Daisaku Ikeda. This quote was said by a Japanese spiritual leader stating that no one can subsist in seclusion. Japan has successfully moved from isolation to adaptation politically, economically, and socially. Japan used to be an entirely self sufficient, but now they are no longer sequestered. Japan has transitioned from isolation to adaptation in many ways, but one of the most significant changes were politically. According to the textbook during the Edo period, the society of Japan was ruled by the Shogun, although the emperor had higher authority than the Shogun he did not make as many decisions. Japan had an exceedingly strict hierarchy that...
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...With more than 8,000 known species spanning across the globe, sea sponges are among the most populous and mysterious creatures on the planet. Living in both seawater and fresh water, in the shallows and the deep sea, they have been found thriving in nearly every type of habitat. Sea sponges are multicellular heterotrophs that belong to the Porifera phylum. Porifera means “pore-bearing,” and refers to the thousands of tiny holes that speckle their surface. These holes are their means of existence – their entire circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and excretory systems are supported by the flow of water through their pores. Sponges are primitive in both structure and behavior. They are mostly detritivores that eat microscopic life forms and...
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...Study The twentieth century has witnessed tremendous advances in the understanding of infectious diseases, but many problems remain. Skin diseases are a common threat to humans that could be prevented by antibiotic treatment. Carbuncle, a skin disorder, is caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that may occur as a commensal and may affect other tissues when normal barriers have been breached. Researchers around the globe developed antibiotics, such as penicillin and glycopeptides that could kill or slow down the growth of S. aureus bacteria. By 1950, it was reported that 40% of the hospital S. aureus isolates were penicillin and glycopeptide resistant; and recently, this has risen to 80%. Microciona prolifera, or red sponge, contains substances with antibiotic capacity that could kill or slow down the growth of a strain of S. aureus bacteria suggesting possibilities for creating novel drugs to treat the infectious skin disease. This study aims to determine the most efficient antibiotic solution of ectyonin extract from Microciona prolifera against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Statement of the Problem General Problem This study aims to compare which of the different solutions of Ectyonin extract from Microciona prolifera is the most effective in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria. Specific Problem Specifically it aims to answer the following questions: 1. Which of the four solutions is most effective in inhibiting the...
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...unidentified nurse working in the in the surgical unit who failed to do a correct count on the sponges before surgery and after. Further more she forged a technician signature on the operating room record who was suppose to do the count himself, but failed to do his job. The doctor himself did not follow the correct procedure, and stuffed a 4 by 4 saturated sponge with anesthetic inside of the incision, causing the patient to have terrible pain and a lump in the knee by the incision.(Jones 2012). The patient went to another hospital and it was discovered that a foreign object, a sponge was left in after the procedure. The patient had to have another operation to remove the sponge. Can you image having something lounged in your knee causing unbearable pain after surgery. In 2010 a patient went to a local hospital in Woodland Hills California, to have a knee replacement surgery done, and the operating surgeon left a foreign object inside the knee after performing surgery.(CDOPH). (Jones 2012). It was found that their was a unidentified nurse working in the in the surgical unit who failed to do a correct count on the sponges before surgery and after. Further more she forged a technician signature on the operating room record who was suppose to do the count himself, but failed to do his job. The doctor himself did not follow the correct procedure, and stuffed a 4 by 4 saturated sponge with anesthetic inside of the incision, causing the patient to have terrible pain and a lump...
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...Informational Speech Making it count in surgery Purpose: To prevent retained items in Surgical Procedures Thesis: My goal is to inform my audience the importance of counting the instruments and sterile supplies for Surgical Procedures. Organizational Pattern: Topical I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Have you ever heard of someone having a sponge left inside them from surgery? When this happens, it’s because staff did not count correctly. A retained object can cause a patient pain, severe infection, additional surgical procedures and even death. B. Relevance: According to Joint Commission statistics, Retained Surgical Items are the most reported sentinel events C. Credibility: I’ve been an Operating Room nurse for 22 years. In that time I have been a was a charge nurse for 6 years, O.R. Clinical Instructor for 8 years and have spent the past year as head nurse. D. Thesis: My goal is to tell you of the steps we take in surgery to prevent a Retained Surgical Item (RSI). E. Preview: Let me explain what puts the patient at risk for this adverse event and what steps we take to prevent harm to our patients. Transition: First you should know that unless the case is emergent, the Operating Room staff counts all of the items that will be used in a surgical procedure before that patient ever comes into the operating room. II. Body A. There are a few situations that we are aware of that predisposes...
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...Endangered Species are species of animals or plants that are at risk of extinction. There are many different types of endangered species all over the world. One endangered species is the hawksbill sea turtles that are known for their head, which ends in a sharp point that resembles a bird’s beak. These turtles are considered highly valuable because of their colored and pattered shells, which can cause a threat on the population as well as other threats associated to them. This will discuss hawksbill turtles, why they matter, the threats and ways people can help save them. Hawksbill sea turtles are small tropic sea turtles that are typically found around coastal reefs, rocky areas, oceanic islands and lagoons. They have lengthened oval shells...
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...The Xstat is a device that helps stop the bleeding from critical wounds, such as a gunshot wound. It was designed by a group called “Revmedx” from Oregon. The group consists of scientists and many combat veterans. The FDA announced and made it an official medical product on April 3rd, 2014. In the past, squad medics would have to use a gauze and bandages, along with applying direct pressure to stop the bleeding of a gunshot wound, and sometimes even that wouldn't work. With the XStat the bleeding can be stopped in 20 seconds. In the Xstat syringe, there are 92 sponges, that can soak up to 300 milliliters of fluid for one victim. The cellulose sponges are coated with a homeostatic agent, and grow rapidly to fill the hole in less than 15 seconds....
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...because they have similar features, however, “the complete lack of a nervous system sets Trichoplax aside from eumetazoans” (Nielson, 2001, p. 50). Due to the fact that this animal “exhibits limited specialization and organization of cells,” placozoans do not have any sensory or nervous system (Sumich, 2004, p. 132). [pic] Phylum Porifera is more commonly known as sponges. “Sponges are simple, sessile animals that lack true tissues” (Campbell, 2005, p. 639). Sponges do not have a specific system or group of organs and cells that make up a nervous system. Although sponges lack a nervous system, epithelial cells play an important role in the conduction of stimuli (Floreano, 1999, p. 237). “There is no system of coordination, so the responses to stimuli are very simple” (Puranik, 2007, p. 108). The way the sponge’s body is arranged, as a loose arrangement of cells, makes the body “devoid of power of conductivity” (Puranik, 2007, p. 108). When a sponge undergoes a very strong stimulus, such as a cut, there is no transmission sent through the sponge for more than 3 to 4mm over the surface of the sponge. The osculum, a large...
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...few or little known species. The study of animal phylogeny is an important and ongoing scientific investigation. Because there are differing hypotheses regarding the evolutionary relationships between animals, we will use a simplified phylogeny (Figure 1) to help us organize and understand the enormous diversity among animals. It is helpful to group animals according to certain unifying characteristics. The largest grouping of animals is the phylum (plural phyla). As you have learned in lecture, there are a few simple questions one can ask about animals to put them into different phyla. The first question is, “What type of symmetry does the animal exhibit?” Animals can be asymmetrical, that is, possessing no organized body plan. Only the Sponges fall into this category. Animals can also be radially symmetrical, where the body is arranged around a central point at all stages of life. Many in the phylum Cnidaria (pronounced “knee dare ya”) are radially symmetrical. All other animals are bilaterally symmetrical, that is, their bodies can be bisected into two identical, but mirror image halves. 1 Figure 1. Simplified phylogeny of animals based on symmetry, absence or presence and number of tissue layers, absence or presence of body cavity, and type of development characterize different groups. Another important consideration is whether tissues are present, and how many tissue types...
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...Social and Economic development of The Bahamas The economy in The bahamas suffered drasticaly until certain recent events which impacted The bahamas economy greatly. Jobs were hard to find, poverty was on the increase and many were left hungry. Some of the events in bahamian history that impacted the bahamian social and economic development were the civil war,the blockade running, the prohibiton, wrecking, exporting of goods{fruit,vegetables,sponges,sisal,tobacco,shells},and the plaiting of palmetto and silver top trees for exports. Very often bahamians used situations in America to increase their income as in the blockade-running during the civil war and also the prohibition. The first week of the civil war president lincoln declarded a blockade of Civil war which Great Britain's textile industry depended on, southern cotton (clothing,and yarn), so it favoured the Confederacy. Lincoln knew that it was vital for the south to receive war matierals such as guns and ammunition, medicine and clothing via its ports. He figured that if southern ports were blockaded, the entire economy and war effort there would collapse, and northern states would win the war. British ships could not reach southern ports because the Union was blockading them. To gain access to this import, blockade runners in sleek, fast boats would travel the 560 miles from Charleston to Nassau with loads of cotton. Here, they would meet up with British vessels and trade their cotton for the goods that the...
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...Sea star Lab Safety: Wear safety goggles/glasses and gloves while handing specimens (it is preferred that specimens remain in the appropriate containers untouched). Lab coats or aprons may be available upon request. Demonstrations/Tutorials: To display each life cycle with specimens and slides, see the following display suggestions – Clean up and Disposal of Waste 1. Return any materials to original locations. 2. Try to preserve any living specimens for future labs. Lab Alternatives – Computer Based p. 113 Exercise 1 – Phylum Porifera – Sponges Given that all sponges are filter feeders, why does it follow that all sponges are aquatic? Filter feeding is the filtering of nutrients and plankton suspended in water therefore for sponges to feed effectively they must be aquatic Would mobility improve the ability of sponges to capture food? Explain. Mobility would improve the action of the sponge, help it to capture food because it has a hard thing trying to find it non mobility Exercise 2 – Phylum Cnidaria – Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals 1 how do jellyfish us there stingers? The tentacles are covered with sacs filled with poison(venom) What...
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...Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals producing industries are called mineral based industries. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, from an orebody, lode, vein, (coal) seam or reef, which forms the mineralized horizon and package of economic interest to the miner. To gain access to the mineralised package within the lease area (aka Mining Rights Lease) it is often necessary to mine through (to create access, shafts, addits, ramps) or remove to the side waste material which is not of immediate interest to the miner. The total movement of ore and waste, which also includes the removal of soil in some cases, is referred to as the mining process. Depending on the nature, attitude, and grade of the orebody, it is often the case that more waste than ore is mined during the course of the life of a mine. The waste removal and placement is a major cost to the mining operator and to facilitate detailed planning the detailed geological and mineralisation characterization of the waste material forms an essential part of the geological exploration programme. The science of extractive metallurgy is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the extraction of valuable metals from their ores, especially through chemical or mechanical means. Mineral processing (or mineral dressing) is a specialized area in the science of metallurgy that studies the mechanical means of crushing, grinding, and washing...
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...An example of mutualism in the Barwon Heads Rocky Shore environment is between the Decorator Crab and sponges. As the name suggests, the Decorator Crab uses sponges and other organisms to coat its body, and therefore camouflage itself and hide from predators. The crab also benefits from this relationship as it can feed on the algae that grows around the sponge. On the other hand, the sponge benefits as it is exposed to a wide range of feeding opportunities, since it is able to move around the shore quicker and easier attached to the crab. This makes feeding easier for the sponges, as most sponges move slowly or stay in the same place, and are therefore exposed to less opportunities to obtain...
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...being place on that counter top. Then I prepare dinner on that same island after clearing it off. When most of the time I do not wipe it down but will now base on what I found out. While researching the most bacteria found in your household is found that the floor in front of your kitchen sink has more bacteria (830 per square inch) than the trash can (411 per square inch). (franco, 2013) Also that wonderful sponge that we use to clean our dishes is possibly spreading bacteria such as E. coli, salmonella, or campylobacter. It not only collects the bacteria and viruses but gives them the ideal breeding ground to reproduce.(boyer, 2012) Bringing in groceries and sitting them on the counter also spreads germs brought in from out of the home. Thinking about bacteria I would guess that the fridge handle has tons of bacteria and viruses living on it as my kids go straight for the fridge when they get home from school without washing their hands. The kitchen is by far the most germ ridden in my house and now I think twice about how clean I really thought it was. That sponge is going in the microwave after each use to destroy 99.9% of all the bacteria. The other place that one thinks is full of bacteria and viruses is the bathroom. This is one place in my home that lacks the daily cleaning, we clean the bathrooms once and week. Looking in the bathrooms you will see dirty clothes sitting on floor, toothpaste that was spit out of my kids mouth dried up in sink, towels that we dry...
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