...Intro Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and experiences of organism in relation to the environment. Sports psychology is concerned with the psychological foundations, processes, and consequences of the psychological regulation of sport-related activities of one or several persons acting as the subject of the activity. Applied sports and exercise psychology involves the idea of theory and research into the field to those individuals such as coaches, fitness professionals, and athletic trainers about psychological aspects of their sports or activity. The ultimate goal that’s trying to be reached through applied sports and exercise psychology is to facilitate optimal involvement, performance, and enjoyment in sport and exercise. Throughout this literature review I will go into detail on what is it to be a sports psychologist, and what are their major job and the benefits of this practice. Many individuals get their masters or even undergraduate degrees in sports psychology. Today many schools don’t offer this option so you can also get a master’s in clinical psychology if you want to pursue the career of a sports psychologist. By giving detailed descriptions and the goals, steps necessary to take to become a sports psychologist, athletic trainer and many other careers you can get into. I found a few scholarly articles that help explain the ultimate goal of applied sports and exercise psychology. Is applied sports and exercise psychology necessary in enhancing an...
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...Cassidy Hanson (W0495976) PSYC 101 SEC 1 Sport Psychology Sport psychology is simply the psychology that goes with athletic activity and exercise. This subfield of psychology is used mostly with athletes and coaches to test the athletes speed, agility and improve his or her motivation. This paper will provide some insight on how this subfield of psychology came to be, some examples of certain topics discussed and researched as well as some examples of research still used today. First let us begin on the history of sport psychology. Sport psychology is a relatively new subfield of psychology dating back to the 1920s. A psychologist by the name of Coleman Griffith organized the first American sport psychology laboratory at UIC. After a few years, in the 1930s the laboratory got shut down due to insufficient funding. This did not stop Coleman Griffith when he consulted with professional sports teams like the Chicago Cubs. Meanwhile three men from Stanford University, B.C. Graves, Walter Miles and football coach Glenn Warner, all created and experiment to find the fastest way to get the offense to run together once the center hikes the ball. Miles created a durable chronoscope to...
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...The Psychological Effect of Injury Sanjay Arikupurathu Nova Southeastern University Introduction to Psychology Dr. Davis September 24, 2013 An injury can have a variety of impacts on a person’s life. There are many factors that come into play when determining the severity of an injury including, gender, age, and location on the body. An injury to oneself can be heartbreaking and can affect more than your physical state. They affect your mental and emotional well-beings as well, and create a reluctance to perform certain activities if these states become too fragile. If you are not trained mentally to persevere even during the toughest times, you may be forced to abandon the things you love doing. The time you need assistance the most is when you are coping and rehabilitating from an injury. Your support system is what will determine if you can return to full strength from your injury, no matter the severity. For most people, an injury limits only your social activities. But for some, an injury can derail their entire life, and extinguish the things they are most passionate about. When an athlete suffers an injury, it can be a major setback in their career and livelihood. An injury to an athlete truly tests their mental toughness because it affects their ability to cope and rehabilitate as well as return to the field/court. The type of injury can range from something minor such as sprain or a bruise to a crushed bone or torn ligament. The age and type of...
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...(Imagery) good technique lifting the weight has influenced us to perform at a high level. (Forrester, Michael A. 2000). Before leaving our homes in the morning we find ourselves checking ourselves over to see whether we look good (i.e. Shave, shirt and pants match “self-image“). We decorate our houses and fitness centers with pictures, photographs and other images both for the pleasure they bring us and for what they “represent” about our lifestyle. When we hear about a new technology component that captures our attention, we have to be the first to “show it off”. An image of throwing a winning touchdown pass or purchasing the newest clothing line might influence the way people perceive us. Hardly a day goes by without sport professionals, psychologists and sport commentators warning us of the dangers of image “psyching your self out” while all the time making sure their own images are presented in line with the appropriate conventions (Forrester, Michael A. 2000). Our thoughts (images) can trigger neural and muscle pattern activity in corresponding parts of the body. As a part of the body is thought about in action, neural activity increases in that location. Perhaps, in some way, neural pathways appropriate for that skilled movement are strengthened.” By this rationale, I have an example on how we could visualize (image) tasks to improve performance by imagery, such as healing an illness or losing weight (Shackell, E. M., & Standing, L. G. 2007). I strongly agree that...
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...Health and Sports Psychology Literature Review Psychology/635 November 9, 2015 Health and Sports Psychology Literature Review Introduction According to Brown & Mahoney (1984), sports psychology beginnings is in the motor of learning and motor performances. One of first publications in the U. S. was on the way spectators viewed competitive bicycling (Brown & Mahoney, 1984). Sports psychology focuses on the knowledge from kinesiology and psychology. Sports psychology involves all of the psychological aspects that are includes in sports. This includes how psychological aspects affect performance, along with how sports can affect the mind and body. Health and sports psychology identify how psychological factors impact health, as well as the aspects of sports. Sports psychologists can employ shaping and chaining, reinforcement schedules, and one-trial learning techniques in teaching new technical skills among athletes. Shaping and Chaining Before identifying how shaping and chaining can be employed to teach new technical skills to athletes, sports psychologists have to understand each process of shaping and chaining. If a behavior does not take place, it is not associated with an individual’s performance or listed in the abilities that he or she is able to perform. Shaping can be used to add behaviors that can help athletes perform, effectively and efficiently. Shaping can identify a behavior that is not present yet and work towards the retrieval of that specific...
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...and I feel it is important to grasp a better understanding of the student-athletes behavior in respect to their coaches’ actions. When exploring the behavior of others, researchers are studying they psychological make-up of those beings James 3:1 says, “Not many of you should become teachers, my brothers, for you know that we who teach will be judged with greater strictness.” Those who teach are those who God knows can handle everything involved in teaching. Coaching and teaching go hand in hand. Coaches are teachers of a particular sport...
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...In Psychology there are sever key relationships with the mentality of a performer a sporting performance. One important factor is anxiety. Anxiety according to Weinberg and Gould is “a negative emotional state characterized by nervousness, worry, apprehension and associated w/ activation or arousal of the body” There are two parts to anxiety that cover both the thinking, known as cognitive anxiety and the physical effects known as somatic anxiety. Examples of cognitive anxiety include negative self-talk such as telling yourself that you aren’t good enough, an inability to concentrate on the task at hand and constantly performing well in training but are struggling to translate that into a competitive environment. Somatic examples include sweating, constant need of the toilet, muscle tension, headaches, dry mouth, bad sleeping patterns and feeling ill. This list is not exhaustive. Another view on anxiety can be that of both trait and state anxiety. Sometimes we can refer to anxiety as a stable personality component and sometimes it can be a change in a mood state. State anxiety is defined by Spielberger as “An emotional state characterized by subjective, consciously perceived feelings of apprehension and tension accompanied by or associated with activation or arousal of the autonomic nervous system” Tests can be taken to assess your state anxiety and self-confidence known as the competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI-2). It measures both cognitive and somatic...
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...Alex Civitano Reflection Paper #3 I am going to be writing about an in-game refocusing routine for a tennis player. I am a track runner and have never played tennis competitively, which is why I am interested in giving the tennis player’s refocusing routine and mental aspect a try from the perspective of a situation where the player is between points in the middle of a game. First, I will explain some of the important principles for a person beginning their training in the mental game. Next, I will go into how it is very important to be “forgetful” in a competition that has downtime, such as tennis with paused gameplay between points. I will then show my mental checklist and end by explaining my pre-shot routine. There a few important principles to take into account when beginning the training of one’s mental game and trying to find success in this mental game. The first principle is to be comfortable being uncomfortable. New ways of thinking acting are always awkward at first. Even bad habits are comfortable things to most people. Negative thinking is comfortable because it is easy to be hard on ourselves. Retraining the body and mind requires discomfort while learning new and better ways of playing. The second principle is to commit to a fair test of time. Success in the mental game will not be overnight. We will make mistakes and learn from them; mistakes are important sources of feedback during the learning process. The benefits we will get from a heightened mental...
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...INCENTIVES AS A MOTIVATIONAL TOOL IN SPORTS 664 argued that an athlete’s motivation is very critical, but what is more critical is the understanding of what exactlymotivates athletes. Having a clear understanding of what motivates athletes accords the coach an opportunity todesign appropriate motivational climate in order to realize an athlete’s physical talent.Motivation and the use of rewards as a motivational tool for success have been widely studied in sports psychology (Ambrus & Egorov, 2009; Browning & Burr, 2009; Bucciol, Montinari, & Piovesan, 2011; Crifo etal., 2004; Dommeyer, Curt, Hirao, Ikeda, Linkletter, & Watanabe, 2010; Gould, Feltz, Horn, & Weiss, 1982;Hellandsig, 1998; Mallett & Hanrahan, 2004).A former NBA (National Basketball Association) basketball star, Tim Hardaway, was promised a huge bonus if he made a lot of assists in games. The bonus was entirely based on passing the ball. Hardaway passedthe ball a lot, particularly towards the end of the season. When interviewed, the former start admitted that to gethis bonus he had sometimes passed even when he should have shot the ball. He was highly driven by themonetary bonus. Hardaway is a typical example of the effects of rewards in sports.Given incentives, athletes will do what they are told to do in order to get the monetary incentive. “Showme the medal” was a slogan introduced by the Chinese Sports Department in order to best capture the spirit of the Chinese sports apparatus. Leung and Yang (2006) observed...
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...Chapter 1 The Problem Introduction Recreation is an important human activity which benefits a person not only the physical but also a person’s well being. The “need to do something for recreation” seems to be an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be “fun” the term “recreation” implies participation to have a healthy and refreshing mind and body. It is also very entertaining. Active and healthy recreation is already practice before. One example is the era of Romans. The Romans had the coliseum, where they watched chariot races and other entertainment. The Greeks had amphitheaters where they viewed drama and comedy. Others invented the Olympics, one of the greatest entertainment sport spectacles in the world. Even the bible discusses singing, dancing, music, and other forms of acceptable recreation, so even the most ancient civilizations enjoyed entertainment and recreation of some sort. Aristotle said that happiness result from being the best we can be. The sort of happiness that Aristotle was thinking should not be equated with simple pleasure. Amusing ourselves can be pleasant, but he says it is childish. Amusement for sheer pleasure degrades rather than improves us. Aristotle admits that amusement is helpful because it refreshes us from work. But amusement is never as good as true leisure, which...
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...Benefits of Children Playing Sports Eng/147 Encouraging children to play sports will enhance their team building skills, understand what commitments are, and will build a child’s confidence. The biggest and most important things that children learn about playing sports are team building skills. It has been generally agreed upon by researchers that sports can promote healthy development. (Holt, Kingsley, & Tink, 2011). It has been been seen through out the years that the majority of jobs in the workforce are looking for people who both know how to lead and follow. When children grow up playing team sports they grow up with the understanding of the importance for teamwork. Commitments are a very important part of not only playing team sports, but also in anything that want to do as they get older. One of the biggest problems that can be seen by the children of today is that when things get tough they just quit. When children grow up with a thought process like this it only hurts them when they get older. I can remember a few years after I joined the Marine Corps I started to notice the change in the mentality of the younger Marines. One in particular comes to mind. I kid not even 18 yet came over to ask me a question about deploying to Iraq. I told how it was and that things would be fine because we are a team and everyone of us counts. He looked at me and said, “I don’t care if we are a team it’s going to be to hard to be away from my family and I would rather go home...
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...Student details | Name | Kristy-Anne Rix | Student Number | S2839420 | Course | Communication Media | Unit details | Unit code | Com16 | Unit name | Developing research and analytical skills | Unit tutor | Guy | Assessment Item details | | Due date | | Word count | 2162 | Extension granted | □ No □ Yes | Extension date | | Is this a resubmission? | □ No □ Yes | Resubmission date | | ACADEMIC INTEGRITY DECLARATION Breaches of academic integrity (cheating, plagiarism, falsification of data, collusion) seriously compromise student learning, as well as the University’s assessment of the effectiveness of that learning and the academic quality of the University’s awards. All breaches of academic integrity are taken seriously and could result in penalties including failure in the course and exclusion from the University. Students should be aware that the University uses text-matching software to safeguard the quality of student learning and that your assignment will be checked using this software. I acknowledge and agree that the examiner of this assessment item may, for the purpose of marking this assessment item: 1 reproduce this assessment item and provide a copy to another Griffith staff member; and/ 2 submit this assessment item to a text-matching service. This web-based service will retain a copy of this assessment item for checking the work of other students, but will not reproduce it in any form. Examiners will only award...
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...G. (1976). Cognitive information processes in motor short-term memory and movement production. In G. E. Stelmach (Ed.), Motor control: Issues and trends (pp. 175-185). New York: Academic Press. Gurman, A. S., & Kniskern, D. P. (1981). Family therapy outcome research: Knows and unknowns. In A. S. Gurman & D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy (pp. 105-128). New York: Brunner. 二、期刊或雜誌類 楊志顯（2004） 。我國大專院校體育教師專業進修需求、動機與阻礙因素之研究。大專 體育學刊，6(3)，21-32。 黃國彥、吳靜吉、李新鄉（1994） 。教師專業承諾量表編製初步報告。測驗年刊，41， 143-156。 Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7. Main, M., Tomasini, L., & Tolan, W. (1979). Differences among mothers of infants judged to differ in security. Developmental Psychology, 15, 472-473. 三、翻譯書籍 Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2002). 競技與健身運動心理學 （簡曜輝、季力康、卓俊伶、 洪聰敏、黃英哲、黃崇儒、廖主民、盧俊宏） 。台北市：台灣運動心理學會（原著 於 1995 年出版） 。 註：參考文獻放在英文部分，正文引用文獻為：(Weinberg & Gould, 1995/2002)。 Laplace, P.-S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814) 四、在研討會發表的論文 李家梵（2003） 台灣極限運動場使用者動機與滿意度之相關研究。論文發表於中華民 。 國大專院校九十二年度體育學術研討會，桃園縣，國立體育學院。 Rocklin, T. R. (1989). Individual differences in item selection in computerized self-adapted testing. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Research Association, San Francisco, CA. 五、未發表的論文 許泰彰 （2000） 國小教師運動行為及其相關因素之研究。未出版之碩士論文，桃園縣， 。 1 國立體育學院體育研究所。 Devins, G. M. (1981). Helplessness, depression...
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...Company Background This report is a comprehensive marketing plan for Burlington Sporting Goods, located in Alamance County, NC. Burlington Sporting Goods (BSG) is Alamance County’s oldest sporting goods store. Since the store opened in October 1947, BSG has offered a wide variety of sport related products and services to the people of Burlington and Graham. Along with retail sporting goods and apparel, BSG offers corporate screen-printing for team uniforms, a basketball facility and an indoor batting facility. The batting facility features a completely enclosed 70' x 70' batting cage with nine token operated pitching machines. Additionally, BSG offers Nike SPARQ training and hosts birthday parties and summer camps for basketball, cheerleading and baseball. Mission Burlington Sporting Goods strives to foster mutually beneficial ties in Alamance County. Since we opened our doors in October 1947, Burlington Sporting Goods has provided the towns of Graham and Burlington with a wealth of services for all their athletic and sport needs. We're the oldest sporting goods store in Alamance County, and we take pride in providing Alamance County with our team-oriented and friendly staff (BSG, 2013). The following plan is designed to boost the financial success and brand equity of Burlington Sporting Goods in order to help the organization achieve and maintain its stated mission. It features an analysis of BSG’s current position within its market, an analysis of the organization’s target...
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...Imagery, PEETLEP Model and Technology Michael S. Harmon Capella University Abstract The use of imagery in the realm of sport psychology is widely accepted and used to enhance skill, reduce anxiety, increase decision making skills, etc. Although several models are available to construct imagery scripts, the PEETLEP model offers seven concepts that should improve the delivery system over more traditional oriented approaches. Integrate that model with advances in technology (video capture, podcasts, virtual reality), the sport psychologist has the opportunity to help an athlete enhance their performance like no other time in history. Imagery conducted for sport performance is referred to as sport imagery, but can be used interchangeably with the broader term mental imagery (Taylor and Wilson, 2005). Several other terms including mental practice, mental rehearsal, and visualization have also been used to refer to various components of mental imagery in sport (Morris, Spittle, & Watt, 2005; Taylor and Wilson, 2005; Weinburg & Gould, 2007). Specifically, sport imagery can be defined as using all senses to re-create or create a sport experience in the mind with the goal of enhancing sport performance during training and competition (Morris, Spittle, & Watt, 2005; Vealey & Greenleaf, 2001; Weinberg & Gould, 2007). There is a large amount of empirical evidence that supports that mental imagery works (Liggett, 2000; Moran, 2002; Morris, Spittle, & Watt...
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