...drugs in the womb — including prescription pain medications, antidepressants and illicit drugs like methamphetamine and cocaine — can be an emotionally charged issue. Bringing science to bear on the issue, the American Academy of Pediatrics has just updated its guidelines on treating these infants. The number of babies experiencing drug-related symptoms after birth has risen by 45% since 1995, according to data compiled by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The rise may be attributed in part to increased maternal drug misuse and addiction, as well as to greater legitimate use of medication to treat pain and depression. Further, more careful surveillance for symptoms associated with maternal drug use have turned up more affected babies. About 1% of pregnant women report recreational use of opioid painkillers like Oxycontin, according to the National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health, a number that has stayed constant since 2003. The new treatment guidelines, appearing on Monday in the journal Pediatrics, recommend that pregnant women addicted to prescription pain relievers or heroin should be maintained on either methadone or buprenorphine (Suboxone, Subutex). These recommendations are in line with prior consensus documents from the National Institutes on Health and World Health Organization. MORE: The ‘Oxycontin Baby’ Scare The authors state that the alternative to maintenance — active or passive detoxification — is “associated...
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...Postpartum Depression Anai Pineda March 10, 2014 I. Introduction In this report it is my intention to provide the reader with a better understanding of postpartum depression. To start off, it is necessary to understand that postpartum depression can be divided into three categories: postpartum blues, postpartum depression, and postpartum psychosis. A comparison of these three disorders can be seen in figure 2. Some of the characteristics of postpartum depression include a change in appetite, feeling unable to love the baby, or even anger towards the baby. Cases of postpartum depression date back as far as the Middle Ages when “women who exhibited melancholy during or after childbirth were thought to be witches or victims of witchcraft (Sparks).” In today’s modern world we have learned to see past outdated beliefs in witchcraft and that is why “there is a growing movement to integrate mental health screening into routine primary care for pregnant and postpartum women and to follow up this screening with treatment or referral and with follow-up care (O’Hara and McCabe).” II. Disorder and Symptoms Baby blues encompasses the most common symptoms that new mothers may have after the arrival of their baby. These symptoms last only a few days to a couple of weeks and include mood swings, anxiety, sadness, irritability, crying, decreased concentration, and trouble sleeping. Postpartum depression “may appear to be the baby blues at first, but the signs and symptoms are more intense...
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... or twitching). If these occur, report before administering next dose.The therapeutic range for lithium has been established at 0.6 - 1.2 mmol/L." Shellys list Block1 lithium: • Tx of Manic (opposite of depression) Depression • Monitor lithium lab level PP 24 • Tx of bipolar disorder involves variety of drugs used to stabilize mood. Lithium, valproate, divalproex, carbmazepine, olanzapine, oxcarbazepin, lamotregine, quetiapine, and risperidone are examples of drugs used. Only lithium is approved by FDA for use in those 12-18 years. Early treatment is key to preventing chronic, serious mental illness. Nurses are instrumental in identifying children with this disorder, providing info to families and monitoring drugs and psychotherapy. Nurses should observe for side effects to specific drug regimen used and assist parents to find resources for health care since meds and other treatments may be costly. Jepardy • Only drug approved by FDA for use in those 12-18 years diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Ativan (lorazepam) Ther. class. analgesic adjuncts, antianxiety agents, sedative/hypnotics Pharm. class. benzodiazepines Indications • Anxiety disorder (oral) • Preoperative sedation (injection) • Decreases...
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...The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the abundance of people suffering from the it, we are still waiting for definite explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are painfully aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its" victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remain vigilant in the quest for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a smorgasbord of symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can become feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia, disturbances in sleep and appetite, psycomoter retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often ...
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...is used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Paroxetine is an oral drug that is used for treating depression. It is in a class of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class that also contains fluoxetine (Prozac), citalopram (Celexa), and sertraline (Zoloft). Paroxetine affects neurotransmitters, the chemicals that nerves within the brain use to communicate with each other. Neurotransmitters are manufactured and released by nerves and then travel and attach to nearby nerves. Thus, neurotransmitters can be thought of as the communication system of the brain. Serotonin is one neurotransmitter that is released by nerves in the brain. The serotonin either travels across the space that lies between nerves and attaches to receptors on the surface of nearby nerves or it attaches to receptors on the surface of the nerve that produced it, to be taken up by the nerve and released again (a process referred to as re-uptake). Tablets: 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg; Paxil CR Tablets: 12.5, 25, and 37.5 mg; Suspension: 10 mg/5ml Use of paroxetine during pregnancy may result in congenital heart defects. Paroxetine should not be administered to pregnant women unless the need justifies the risk. SIDE EFFECTS: Paroxetine can cause nausea, headaches, anxiety, insomnia, drowsiness, constipation, weakness, dry mouth, sweating, diarrhea and loss of...
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...(immediate-release and extended-release). (2) Major depressive episodes in those with a history of seasonal affective disorder (Wellbutrin XL only). (3) Aid to stop smoking (Zyban only); may be combined with a nicotine transdermal system. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to bupropion or any ingredients. Seizure disorders; presence or history of bulimia or anorexia nervosa due to the higher incidence of seizures in such clients. Concomitant use of an MAOI. Use in clients undergoing abrupt discontinuation of alcohol and sedatives, including benzodiazepines. Use in clients who have shown an allergic response to bupropion or other components of the various products. Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, and Zyban all contain bupropion; do not use together. Lactation. Interactions: Extreme caution with drugs that lower the seizure threshold (eg, other antidepressants, antipsychotics, theophylline, systemic steroids); use low initial doses and gradually titrate. Increased seizure risk with excessive alcohol or sedative use; opiate, cocaine, or stimulant addiction; use of OTC stimulants or anorectics, oral hypoglycemics, insulin. Minimize or avoid...
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...Depression and Psychotropic Medication PD Psychopharmacology CHMC 640 Depression and Psychotropic Medication Depression is often defined as a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest that impacts the way a person thinks, acts, and feels and can have an impact on one’s physical and mental well-being. It is estimated that depression affects 1 out of 10 Americans and that 80% of people exhibiting symptoms re not receiving any form of treatment (http://www.healthline.com). Other statistics revealed that individuals exhibiting symptoms of depression are more likely to have a history of being obese, having heart disease, strokes, suffer from sleep disorders, have lower education, less access to medical care, are unemployed, and recently divorced. These biopsychosocial factors that lead to the onset of depression can also be impacted by such things as age, gender, and ethnicity. While such symptoms and factors of depression can be treated in many different ways, studies have proven that between 60-80% of all cases involving depression can successfully be treated by combining psychotherapy and pharmacological constructs (http://www.healthline.com), the latter which shall be explored in greater detail. History of Medication Although plant extracts such as opium, thorn apple St. Johns wort, Henbane, Indian hemp, deadly nightshade, hypericum oil, alcohol, caffeine, cannabis and other natural remedies have been used for past 3000 years treat...
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...FOR 2009 WITH CLASSIFICATION, ROUTE, AND USE GENERIC | BRAND | CLASS | MAJOR USE | SCHEDULE | ROUTES | atorvastatin | Lipitor | HMA-CoA reductase inhibitor | hypercholesterolemia | not controlled | PO | amoxicillin | Amoxil, Trimox | Penicillin antibiotic | infection | not controlled | PO | hydrochlorothiazide | Microzide | Thiazide Diuretic | Hypertension/edema | not controlled | PO | azithromycin | Zithromax | macrolide antibiotic | infection | not controlled | PO, IV | metformin | Glucophage, Glucophage XR | antidiabetic | Type 2 Diabetes | not controlled | PO | atenolol | Tenormin | beta blocker (B1) | hypertension/angina/acute M.I. | not controlled | PO, IV | Simvastatin | Zocor | HMG-CoA Redctase inhibitor | hypercholesterolemia | not controlled | PO | alprazolam | Xanax, Xanax XR | benzodiazepeine | anxietty/panic disorder | schedule 4 | PO | furosemide | Lasix | loop diuretic | edema/hypertension | not controlled | PO, IV | zolpidem | Ambien, Ambien CR | anxiolytic/hypnotic | insomnia | schedule 4 | PO | potassium chloride | K-Dur, Klor-Con, Micro-K | posassium supplement/electrolyte | hypokalemia | not controlled | PO, IV | sertraline | Zoloft | selective serotonin reuptake (SSRI) | major depression/ocd/panic disorder | not controlled | PO | montelukast | Singulair | leukotriene inhibitor | asthma maintenence | not controlled | PO | escitalopram | Lexapro | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) | major depression/anxiety | not controlled...
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...health and social health.1 One type of mental illness is peripartum depression, depression that occurs during pregnancy or after childbirth.2 This debilitating form of depression is different from the term “baby blues.” The baby blues refer to short-term depressive symptoms that are not debilitating and, thus, do not interfere significantly with a woman’s quality of life.2 Although the exact prevalence of peripartum depression per state is uncertain (due to a lack of a standardized assessment scale), it is still on the rise—anywhere from 5% to 25%.3 The baby blues typically do not need immediate attention by healthcare providers nor do they need immediate treatment with medication, as they resolve within a couple days following childbirth. The symptoms include:...
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...Comparison and Contrast of Asperger’s and Autism Years ago Autism was a disorder that was rarely talked about or diagnosed and if one had heard of it there were common misconceptions as to what exactly it is. In the present time, with the help of extensive research and people speaking out about Autism, we have come to realize that Autism is more common and it also has different spectrums and levels that vary tremendously. For instance, one of the well-known spectrums of Autism is Asperger’s Disorder, which is sometimes misdiagnosed as ADHD (Attention Deficit Hypertension Disorder) due to the similarities in the behavioral problems that are displayed. Some may think that Asperger’s and Autism go hand in hand and they are both the same in every way, but you would be very much mistaken to believe that. Even though Asperger’s is one autism spectrum disorder it are disorders that share similarities, they are characteristically different in terms of their symptoms, causes, diagnoses, and treatment/coping techniques. Asperger’s and Autism are two disorders who shares similarities and differences in terms of their symptoms. “Autism is a spectrum of complex brain disorders. The disorders result in social, behavioral, and communication problems”. Both disorders aren’t well known and sometimes misdiagnosed as more common disorders, due to the fact that the symptoms from both can often mimic other regressive behavioral and developmental disorders. “Asperger syndrome is a pervasive developmental...
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...The University of Iowa Children’s Hospital (2013) produced the pamphlet “Identifying Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) and Treatment Guidelines” to inform the general population about NAS. The pamphlet listed some of the most common drugs including barbiturates, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, opioids, sedatives, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The pamphlet also discussed the general symptoms of NAS and it broke them down into three categories. The first category was neurological symptoms which included irritability, increased wakefulness, high-pitched cry, increased muscle tone, frequent yawning, sneezing, and seizures. When I read these symptoms I was quite surprised that some of them were things such as frequent yawning and sneezing. I assumed that all of the symptoms were going to be traumatic and cause great harm to the infant, however, sneezing and frequent yawning seem to be minor symptoms. The second category was gastrointestinal symptoms which included vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, poor weight gain, poor feeding habits, and uncoordinated and constant sucking (University...
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...blocking the activity of α-blockers, mainly at alpha-1 receptors. It exerts antihypertensive effect partly by reducing total peripheral resistance and vasodilation. It is used in patients with renal impairment, NIDDM or IDDM.Promotes incorporation of water into stool, resulting in softer fecal mass, may also promote electrolyte and water secretion into the colon. It increases the amount of water and fat absorbed by the feces, softening the stool and making it easier to pass.Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. | Contraindicated with allergy to acetaminophen. Use cautiously with impaired hepatic function, chronic alcoholism, pregnancy, lactation. Adverse effects CNS: Headache CV: Chest pain, dyspnea, myocardial damage when doses of 5–8 g/day are ingested daily for several weeks or when doses of 4 g/day are ingested for 1 yr GI: Hepatic toxicity and failure, jaundice GU: Acute kidney failure, renal tubular necrosis Contraindications Hypersensitivity; severe chronic heart failure, bronchial asthma or related bronchospastic conditions; severe hepatic impairment. Adverse effects Bradycardia, AV...
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...716 Index major depressive disorder, brain imaging studies, 70–71 malignant catatonia, 333 malingering, 530–531 ‘manic depressive insanity’, 45 manic states, 250, 253 abnormal beliefs and perceptions, 254 amphetamines and, 266 course and outcome, 274 delusional, 16 in HIV patients, 345 in ICD-10, 42 in old age aetiology, 369 clinical features, 370 treatment, 370 in old age, 369–370 mixed state with depression, 255 sensations in, 6 stroke and, 344 stupor in, 31 manic states, 15–17 Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome, 206, 338 Marijuana Anonymous, 239 marital status, and suicide, 454 masculinity drunkenness and, 428 sense of, 395 Massachusetts Male Aging Study, 402 Massachusetts Women’s Health Study (MWHS), 442 masturbation, 396 McNaughton Rules, 558 McNaughton, Daniel, 558 m-CPP 435 , MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; ‘ecstasy’), 328 medial temporal lobe volume in Alzheimer’s disease, 359 MRI for detecting, 75 medical conditions anxiety disorders in, 170 depression treatment, 521 detection of psychiatric illness, 483 feigned illness, 530–531 mental disorders due to, 327 anxiety disorders, 333 cannabis and psychosis, 330 catatonia, 332 cognitive disorders, 334 delusions, 329 depression and Parkinson’s disease, 332 general principles, 327 hallucinations, 328 mood disorders, 330 personality disorder, 333 psychotic disorder, 328 stimulant psychosis, 329 mental disorders due to, 326–335 relationship to affective change...
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...Running Head: CASE STUDY IN INEFFECTIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT Case Study in Ineffective Pharmacological Management Southern University A&M College Graduate Nursing 652 Dr. Blair April 23rd, 2015 Introduction In the case study of Mr. J; he has been exhibiting dyspnea upon exertion and fatigue. His blood pressure was 170/95 mmHg. After reviewing his labs; his LDL level was 200 mg/dl. Upon physical examination, he was found to have peripheral edema and jugular vein distention. A chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly and pleural effusion. An echogram has also been scheduled. Based on his signs and symptoms, the physician suspects Mr. J has new onset Stage C heart failure. Mr. J has multiple prescribed drugs for Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Parkinson’s, Gout and Depression. After careful reviewing Mr. J’s medications there is concerns ineffective pharmacological management. Ineffective pharmacological management refers to medication therapy prescribed that does not take into account the patient’s age, diagnoses and comorbidities; therefore leading to complications of existing health problems. Side effects, adverse reactions and drug to drug interactions have to also be considered when reviewing a patient’s medication regimen. The drug categories most commonly involved in adverse reaction are cardiovascular agents, antibiotic, diuretics, anticoagulants, hypoglycemic, steroids, opioids, anticholinergic...
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...P3 Explain possible influences on dietary intake There are many influences that may affect an individual and their diet. There are various amounts of factors that may affect an individual factors such as medical disorders, personal preference, lifestyle and socio-cultural factors. There are many underlying health conditions that result in an individual having to alternate their dietary intake. It’s always important that an individual eats healthy, but because of not being able to eat certain foods because of medical disorders eating balanced and even healthy becomes more complicated. An individual can be having a medical disorder that can determine their diet; this could be anything from allergies and intolerance. For example, person that is lactose intolerant will not be able to eat dairy products as this can skill up reactions in which they can be prevented. There will be a person that is lactose intolerant will be deficient in calcium. They are not receiving enough calcium in order for their bones to keep strong. Medical disorders – Anorexia nervosa Dahlia smith is 19 years old female experiencing anorexia nervosa, was admitted to a mental health centre inpatient unit weighing 60lb with liver, kidney and pancreases damaged. Dahlia was hospitalized for 59 days. All privileges had to be earned. Access to food was controlled by the staff. For pounds gained privileges were arranged, for pound lost privileges were shortened. Dahlia eating behaviour was viewed as an unconscious...
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