...Video Compression: An Examination of the Concepts, Standards, Benefits, and Economics ITEC620 April 14, 2008 To accommodate the increased demand for digital video content, compression technology must be used. This paper examines the most commonly used compression formats, the MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 video compression formats, their relative benefits and differences, the delivery methods available for digital video content and the economics of video content delivery. Every time a digital video disc is played, a video is watched on YouTube, an NFL clip is viewed on a Sprint-based cellular phone, or a movie is ordered through an on-demand cable television video service, the viewer is watching data that is not in the state it which it originated. Video in an unmodified state is comprised of vast quantities of data (Apostopoulos & Wee, 2000). In order to make effective and efficient usage of video data, some method of reducing the quantity of data is necessary. Apostopoulos and Wee, in their 2000 paper, “Video Compression Standards” explain this succinctly and well, “For example, consider the problem of video transmission within high-definition television (HDTV). A popular HDTV video format is progressively scanned 720x1280 pixels/frame, 60 frames/s video signal, with 24-bits/pixel (8 bits for red, green, and blue), which corresponds to a raw data rate of about 1.3 Gbits/sec. Modern digital communication systems can only...
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...Organization for Standardization and IEC, the International Electrotechnical Commission. What is commonly referred to as "MPEG video" actually consists at the present time of two finalized standards, MPEG-1 and MPEG-2, with a third standard, MPEG-4, in the process of being finalized . The MPEG-1 & -2 standards are similar in basic concepts. They both are based on motion compensated block-based transform coding techniques, while MPEG-4 deviates from these more traditional approaches in its usage of software image construct descriptors, for target bit-rates in the very low range, < 64Kb/sec. Because MPEG-1 & -2 are finalized standards and are both presently being utilized in a large number of applications, this case study concentrates on compression techniques relating only to these two standards. MPEG 3- it was originally anticipated that this standard would refer to HDTV applications, but it was found that minor extensions to the MPEG-2 standard would suffice for this higher bit-rate, higher resolution application, so work on a separate MPEG-3 standard was abandoned. CONTENTS *Introduction *History *Video Compression *Video Quality *MPEG *MPEG Standards *MPEG Video Compression Technology *MPEG Specification *System -Elementary Stream -System Clock Referance -Program Streams -Presentation Time Stamps -Decoding Time Stamps -Multiplexing *Video -Resolution -Bitrate -I frame -P frame -B frame -D frame -Macroblock -Motion Vectors *Audio *Illustration 1...
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...White paper h.264 video compression standard. New possibilities within video surveillance. table of contents 1. introduction 2. Development of h.264 3. how video compression works 4. h.264 profiles and levels 5. Understanding frames 6. Basic methods of reducing data 7. efficiency of h.264 8. Conclusion 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 9 1. introduction The latest video compression standard, H.264 (also known as MPEG-4 Part 10/AVC for Advanced Video Coding), is expected to become the video standard of choice in the coming years. H.264 is an open, licensed standard that supports the most efficient video compression techniques available today. Without compromising image quality, an H.264 encoder can reduce the size of a digital video file by more than 80% compared with the Motion JPEG format and as much as 50% more than with the MPEG-4 Part 2 standard. This means that much less network bandwidth and storage space are required for a video file. Or seen another way, much higher video quality can be achieved for a given bit rate. Jointly defined by standardization organizations in the telecommunications and IT industries, H.264 is expected to be more widely adopted than previous standards. H.264 has already been introduced in new electronic gadgets such as mobile phones and digital video players, and has gained fast acceptance by end users. Service providers such as online video storage and telecommunications companies are also beginning to adopt H.264. In the video surveillance industry...
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...Video Conferencing Protocols Welcome to the TANDBERG University prerequisite Video Conferencing Protocols. Before commencing you are requested to ensure that you have completed the Introduction to the TANDBERG University eLearning Experience Module that is available through this portal. Video Conferencing Protocols @@MODULE @@MODULETITLE Lesson: Video Conferencing Protocols Learning Objectives On completion of this lesson, you will demonstrate an understanding of some of the protocols which are used in a video conference. You will know how to: Explain the difference between H.320, H.323 and SIP Explain bandwidth and it’s effect on video/audio quality and which standards are used in a call Describe the differences between G.711, G.722, G.722.1, G.728, and AAC-LD Explain the differences between H.261, H.263, H.264, QCIF, CIF, SIF, 4CIF, 4SIF, iCIF, iSIF, and HD slide 2 © TANDBERG Inc. Video Conferencing Protocols Page 2 Video Conferencing Protocols @@MODULE @@MODULETITLE Video Conferencing Protocols Circuit Switched Bandwidth is guaranteed Bandwidth is not shared On demand Information is in a single bit stream Packet Switched Bandwidth is not guaranteed Bandwidth is shared Circuits are built as needed and not available on demand Information is in packets slide 3 Video Conferencing Protocols Video conferencing can be run across two types of networks. These are called ‘Circuit Switched’ and Packet Switched’. Circuit...
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...Video compression design, analysis, consulting and research White Paper: An Overview of H.264 Advanced Video Coding Iain Richardson 2007 Vcodex White Paper: An overview of H.264 http://www.vcodex.com - H.264 and video coding expertise and consulting. 1 What is H.264 ? H.264 is an industry standard for video compression, the process of converting digital video into a format that takes up less capacity when it is stored or transmitted. Video compression (or video coding) is an essential technology for applications such as digital television, DVD-Video, mobile TV, videoconferencing and internet video streaming. Standardising video compression makes it possible for products from different manufacturers (e.g. encoders, decoders and storage media) to inter-operate. An encoder converts video into a compressed format and a decoder converts compressed video back into an uncompressed format. Recommendation H.264: Advanced Video Coding is a document published by the international standards bodies ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union) and ISO/IEC (International Organisation for Standardisation / International Electrotechnical Commission). It defines a format (syntax) for compressed video and a method for decoding this syntax to produce a displayable video sequence. The standard document does not actually specify how to encode (compress) digital video – this is left to the manufacturer of a video encoder – but in practice the encoder is likely to mirror the steps...
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...MPEG-4 The new standard for multimedia on the Internet, powered by QuickTime. MPEG-4 is the new worldwide standard for interactive multimedia creation, delivery, and playback for the Internet. What MPEG-1 and its delivery of full-motion, full-screen video meant to the CD-ROM industry and MPEG-2 meant to the development of DVD, MPEG-4 will mean to the Internet. What Is MPEG-4? MPEG-4 is an extensive set of key enabling technology specifications with audio and video at its core. It was defined by the MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) committee, the working group within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that specified the widely adopted, Emmy Award–winning standards known as MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. MPEG-4 is the result of an international effort involving hundreds of researchers and engineers. MPEG-4, whose formal designation is ISO/IEC 14496, was finalized in October 1998 and became an international standard in early 1999. The components of MPEG-4 Fact Sheet MPEG-4 Fact Sheet MPEG-4 2 Multimedia beyond the desktop The MPEG committee designed MPEG-4 to be a single standard covering the entire digital media workflow—from capture, authoring, and editing to encoding, distribution, playback, and archiving. The adoption of the MPEG-4 standard is not just critical for desktop computers, but is increasingly important as digital media expands into new areas such as set-top boxes, wireless devices, and game consoles. Member companies of the MPEG-4...
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...the Serial Port). Once the most common interface for connecting a printer to a computer, these are also now non-existent in a modern PC. •Game Port: The traditional connector for video game input devices on x86-based PCs. •Ethernet/RJ45: Most people consider this their network jack, internet connection or hardline. These ports are typically used to connect twisted pair (more commonly referred to as Cat5e) cable (or we could just say, "Plug in a network cable that gets you onto the internet"). •Modem/RJ11: A physical interface often used for terminating telephone wires. Once standard issue with every desktop PC and laptop, new computers will often be without a modem/RJ-11 port unless specifically ordered that way. •VGA Port: Acronym for Video Graphic Array. The most common connection for external monitors, but not necessarily the most preferred as it carries an analog signal. •S-Video: Separate Video (not Super Video) carries the video data as two separate signals, lumen (luminance) and chroma (color) •HDMI: High Definition Multimedia Interface is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data. HDMI (currently at revision 1.4) is required for the complete transmission of audio streams exceeding 5.1 channels. •DVI: Digital Video Interface is a video interface standard designed to provide very high visual quality...
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...Video File Formats 3GPP Multimedia File (3gp) | Is a multimedia container format defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for 3G UMTS multimedia services. It is used on 3G mobile phones but can also be played on some 2G and 4Gphones. | Advanced Systems Format File (asf) | File format that wraps various content bit streams; data types can include audio, video, script command, JPEG-compressed still images, binary, and other streams defined by developers. This description is focused on the use of the format for audio and video. | Audio Video Interleave File (avi) | Is a multimedia container format that can contain both audio and video data in a file container that allows synchronous audio-with-video playback. Like the DVD video format, AVI files support multiple streaming audio and video, although these features are seldom used. | Flash Video File (flv) | Is container file format used to deliver video over the internet using Adobe Flash Player version 6-11. | iTunes Video File (m4v) | Is a video format and file extension extremely resembling traditional and common MP4 (MPEG-4 Video File). M4V video file format is developed by Apple Inc., who uses it to flag as a video file and attach it to iTunes, by encoding TV episodes, movies, and music videos in the iTunes Store under official DRM copy protection. | Apple QuickTime Movie (mov) | Is a common multimedia format often used for saving movies and other video files, using a proprietary compression algorithm...
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...VIDEO FORMATS (MPEG-4) A SEMINAR REPORT II TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO ABSTRACT 1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 ABOUT MPEG-4 3 2 THE LAYER STRUCTURE FOR MPEG-4 4 TERMIAL 3 OVERALL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 6 4 CLIENT –SERVER MODEL 4.1 THE MPEG-4 SERVER 10 4.2 THE MPEG-4 CLIENT 13 5 APPLICATIONS OF MPEG-4 15 6 MPEG-4 ADDRESSES THE NEED FOR 16 7 REQURIMENTS FOR MPEG-4 VIDEO 18 STANDARD 8 CONCLISION 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY 22 APPENDIX – A POWER POINT SLIDES III ABSTRACT The Multimedia Technology Research Center (MTrec) is one of the leading research centers in the world which was engaged in MPEG-4 Research. MPEG-4 is mainly targeted for interactive multimedia applications & became the international standard in 1998 .MPEG-4 makes it possible to construct content such as movie , song , or animations out of multimedia objects. MPEG-4 is the global multimedia...
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...Video Conferencing Standards and Terminology Video Conferencing Standards and Terminology. There is an ever increasing number of standards, terminologies and buzz-words used within the video conferencing industry that can make understanding what is both available and compatible a minefield. We have the H.300's, the G.700's, the T.120's and the H.460's, not to mention ISDN, LAN, WAN, ADSL, VPN and POTS all mixed with NTSC, PAL and CIF. To complicate matters more, we also have to deal with the forthcoming media-enabled 3G mobile phone and how this links in with existing systems. This document explains what these standards, terminologies and buzz-words mean, how they relate to the various communications infrastructures of video conferencing and how they relate to each other. It is assumed that the reader has a general knowledge of Video Conferencing systems. However, the following technical papers are available to provide more information: * How do I choose a Video Conferencing system? * H.323 Terminals, Gatekeepers, Gateways & MCUs. * Global Dialling Scheme (GDS) for Schools VideoConferencing. * H.323 Dial Plan and Service Codes used by Gatekeepers etc. * IP Ports and Protocols used by H.323 Devices. * Cost Efficient ISDN Conferencing, including Multipoint Access. * H.221 Framing used in ISDN Conferences. International Telecommunications Union & The Internet Engineering Task Force. Telecommunications standards are set by the United Nations...
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...with melancholy music, as Dove’s possibly most viral video advertisement to date concludes. Dove Real Beauty Sketches was an experiment conducted by Dove that addresses the issue of women’s self-image. It shows a comparison of how women supposedly view themselves differently and more negatively as compared to how others view them. In the video, the featured women participants were asked to describe their facial features to a forensic artist who couldn’t see them and who was sketching them based only on their descriptions. Then, the artist created another sketch based on the description by strangers the participants were asked to get friendly with beforehand. At the end of the video, the artists showed each participant his sketches of them, one based on their own descriptions and another based on the stranger they got friendly with, and there was a huge difference between sketches – the latter being ‘more beautiful’. As the video circulated around the web, it generated various reactions from the online community. Many applauded the ad, saying that the message was beautiful and that it was truthful. Others even said they were in tears after watching the video. I personally admit that I, too, was teary-eyed after watching the video. At the same time, there were also those who criticized it saying that the video was just a marketing stunt and that the ad was just manipulated to seem the way it did. Some people also found the video as hypocritical and even insulting. As I was scrolling...
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...Intelligent Unmanned Aerial Vehicle constructed of carbon fiber with high system stability based on six rotors and a special camera mount with automatic pitch and roll stabilization to ensure smooth HD video and crisp high resolution imagery. Comprehensive basic package includes: Flight Assist Mode (FAM) for Radio Control Unit with automatic landing function Radio Control Unit with Real-Time Telemetry Display 8 x high performance batteries (Lithium-Polymer 5000 mAh) including battery charger and battery transport case or battery transport cardboard box GPS-position-hold Camera-Standard-Ports* for live Video downlink and triggering for most cameras* The Basic Package is Tablet PC Steering and Geo-box ready! *The following cameras can use the Camera-Standard-Ports: - Canon: - Nikon: - Olympus: - Panasonic: GH-2 (PA-1) 600D (CA-1), 5D MKII (CA-2 ), 7D (CA-2 ) D800 (NI-1), D5100 (NI-3), D3200 (NI-3) PEN E-PL (OLY-1 ) For other cameras please ask if your camera is compatible Basic-Version: X6-BKP 29,000 € Professional- Version: X6-BKPPV (incl. X6-TAB, X6-GSSW and X6-LVP) 40,900 € X6-TAB Tablet-PC Steeting Price excl. Vat excl. Cockpit Software Tablet PC Steering System for intuitive piloting – Providing an alternative to the standard remote control, the Tablet PC Steering System makes piloting the Aibot X6 more intuitive and easier to handle. - On screen Telemetry and System Status including battery condition, GPS quality, altitude...
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...Abstract: This study is a replication of Loftus and Palmer (1974) original study on how a different verb in the question used to ask for the speed of the car affected the participants’ estimate on the speeds of the car crash. In this experiment, three videos were shown to them and they were asked a series of questions including how fast the car was when it smashed/contacted each other. The participants are teenage students from an international school in Hong Kong. It is hypothesized that the word ‘smash’ would cause a higher estimate in speed than the word ‘contacted’. Speed estimates for ‘smashed’ were in fact slower overall than ‘contacted’, a discussion on why the results were not replicated is included. The results from this experiment did not conform with the original study so they are inconclusive. (136) Contents: Introduction 1 Design 1 Participants 1 Procedure 2 Results and Conclusion 2 Discussion 3 References 4 Appendix 1 4 Appendix 2 6 Appendix 3 7 Appendix 4 8 Introduction: Loftus and Palmer (1974) believed that our memory depended on the reconstruction of an event in our mind when we try to remember. So they created an experiment where participants were asked to view videos of car crashes and recall the speed they think the cars were traveling at time of collision. The aim was to find out how accurately people can remember the details of a complex event. They found that the more dramatic the word was used to ask the...
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...Ex-MBA 2011-2014 Semester -1 Subject: Technology in Business ------------------------------------------------- VIDEO CONFERENCING – A BOON TO COMPANIES TO REDUCE COSTS, TIME AND SAVE OUR ENVIRONMENT Completed By, Shantesh Varik Roll No: 2011G14 INTRODUCTION – Aim and Objective Videoconferencing is a virtual conference like setup using a number of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. Videoconferencing is slightly different from videophone calls as it is designed to serve a conference rather than individuals. In a tight economy, with companies spending much less on IT, the tech giants will take growth wherever they can find it. The Wall Street Journal reported recently that Cisco and HP are in a pitched battle for customers for their high-end teleconferencing systems. According to the report, it's "one of the few technologies that has benefited from the downturn, growing 30% from last year as businesses look to reduce travel expenses." Cisco, HP, Nortel, and telepresence-focused players like Teleris have developed impressive, beautiful systems that make you feel like you're in the same room with your colleagues. The catch is that not only will you save money, but you'll also reduce your environmental footprint through reduced travel. These companies are cashing in on the business world's pressing need to cut costs, while also appealing to the desire to get green...
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...message about the damaging effects of rigid beauty standards and body policing, showing us the pressure we put on women to look in a certain way in todays society. In the video “Pretty Hurts” it gives the viewers a better understanding of the interpretations trying to be made. Beyoncè takes us behind scenes of a pageant show, giving viewers a vivid image of the horrific truth. She not only shows us the standards that the world expects for women, but also the lengths that women would go through to be number one. I believe Beyoncè often tries to sell herself as effortlessly beautiful, and that her songs, photos and videos do contribute to this virtually unobtainable standard of beauty,...
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