...Redistributing Routing Protocols Document ID: 8606 Contents Introduction Prerequisites Requirements Components Used Conventions Metrics Administrative Distance Redistribution Configuration Syntax and Examples IGRP and EIGRP OSPF RIP Redistributing Static Routes Except Gateway of Last resort in RIP using Route Map IS−IS Connected Routes Avoiding Problems Due to Redistribution Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 How to Redistribute Single Static Route Related Information Introduction The use of a routing protocol to advertise routes that are learned by some other means, such as by another routing protocol, static routes, or directly connected routes, is called redistribution. While running a single routing protocol throughout your entire IP internetwork is desirable, multi−protocol routing is common for a number of reasons, such as company mergers, multiple departments managed by multiple network administrators, and multi−vendor environments. Running different routing protocols is often part of a network design. In any case, having a multiple protocol environment makes redistribution a necessity. Differences in routing protocol characteristics, such as metrics, administrative distance, classful and classless capabilities can effect redistribution. Consideration must be given to these differences for redistribution to succeed. Prerequisites Requirements There are no specific requirements for this document. Components Used ...
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...NT2640 Cisco IOS Admin Distances & Juniper JUNOS Route Preferences Introduction Most routing protocols have metric structures and algorithms that are not compatible with other protocols. In a network with multiple routing protocols, the exchange of route information and the capability to select the best path across the multiple protocols are critical. Administrative distance is the feature that routers use in order to select the best path when there are two or more different routes to the same destination from two different routing protocols. Administrative distance defines the reliability of a routing protocol. Each routing protocol is prioritized in order of most to least reliable (believable) with the help of an administrative distance value. Prerequisites Requirements Cisco recommends that you have knowledge of these topics: * Basics of the routing process. Refer to Routing Basics. Components Used This document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions. Conventions Refer to Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions. Select the Best Path Administrative distance is the first criterion that a router uses to determine which routing protocol to use if two protocols provide route information for the same destination. Administrative distance is a measure of the trustworthiness of the source of the routing information. Administrative distance has only local significance, and is not advertised in routing updates...
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...IP Troubleshooting Small Group Exercise Activity Overview: This is a small group activity consisting of an IP troubleshooting exercise consisting of five scenario based questions. The exercise begins with a review of a recommend IP troubleshooting procedure and continues with five scenario based questions. Simplified IP Troubleshooting Procedures: Host: * Verify layer-1 and layer-2 * Physical connectivity to the host to connected. Ethernet connection should indicate electrical connectivity with some type of LED indicator light. * Verify OS detecting network interface correctly by verifying drivers installed correctly and OS display the interface as “connected” * If you have access to switching infrastructure ensure that host is assigned to the proper VLAN with the correct interface switching type (access or trunk) * Verify layer-3 * Verify IP address assignment configuration with “ipconfig /all” command on MS Windows OSs * IP address and mask correctly assigned? * Default gateway; is the host on the same IP subnet as the default gateway? * Attempt to ping default gateway, * If successful host has layer-3 connectivity to directly connection network * If unsuccessful attempt to ping other host on directly connected IP subnet * If host is having issues with pinging hosts on directly connected network, verify ARP resolution by using the command ”arp –a” command. This command...
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...router will perform a route lookup: a. Routing Table Format- A routing table is used by TCP/IP network routers to calculate the destinations of messages it is responsible for forwarding. The table is a small in-memory database managed by the router's built-in hardware and software. Each IP address identifies a remote router (or other network gateway) that the local router is configured to recognize. For each IP address, the routing table additionally stores a network mask and other data that specifies the destination IP address ranges that remote device will accept. Home network routers utilize a very small routing table because they simply forward all outbound traffic to the Internet Service Provider (ISP) gateway which takes care of all other routing steps. Home router tables typically contain ten or fewer entries. By comparison, the largest routers at the core of the Internet backbone must maintain the full Internet routing table that exceeds 100,000 entries and growing as the Internet expands. b. Routing Lookup Mechanism- c. Classful vs. Classless Routing- Classful Routing, which is sometimes called a classful network. If you are using a classful routing protocol then all of your networks are in different classes and are separated by a router. Remember that the useable IPv4 address ranges are divided into classes. Class A 1-126, Class B 128-191, and Class C 192-223. So when we talk about a classful routing protocol, it will only look at the IP address class and not...
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...655356 b) 128 c) 512 d) 254 2. Which of the following describes a collision domain? a) The process of a bridge learning MAC addresses to be able to filter instead of flooding b) The separation of two IP subnets by a router c) Devices connected to an Ethernet hub d) Devices connected to an Ethernet switch operating in full duplex mode 3. Given the following routing table on a router, which next hop will the router select given the IP packet with the destination address of 202.8.40.254? Address/Mask Next hop 202.8.0.0/16 Interface 0 202.8.40.0/24 Interface 1 202.8.40.128/25 Router 1 default Router 2 a) Router 1 b) Router 2 c) Interface 0 d) Interface 1 4. Which of the following two protocols operate at the OSI Transport layer? a) IP and ARP b) TCP and UDP c) UDP and IP d) ARP and ICMP 5. The process of a DNS server adding a UDP header to the contents of a DNS query response, followed by adding an IP header, and then adding a data link header and trailer is an example of what? a) Adjacent layer interface b) Data encapsulation c) Same layer interaction d) Packet reordering 6. The term autonomous system (AS) defines the collection of metrics for routes to a particular network. a) True b) False 7. Given 5 bits of mask for the host portion of an IP address, how may usable host addresses are available? a) 62 b) 22 c) 14 d) 30 8. When a Telco provides a circuit handoff for a TDM circuit such as a DS1/T1 at the demark, the interface type is _________...
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...CCNP ROUTE 6.0 Instructor Lab Manual This document is exclusive property of Cisco Systems, Inc. Permission is granted to print and copy this document for non-commercial distribution and exclusive use by instructors in the CCNP TSHOOT course as part of an official Cisco Networking Academy Program. CCNPv6 ROUTE Chapter 1 Lab 1-1, Tcl Script Reference and Demonstration Instructor Version Topology Objectives • • Use Tcl scripts to verify full connectivity. Identify causes of failures. Background The Cisco IOS Scripting feature provides the ability to run Tool Command Language (Tcl) commands from the Cisco IOS command-line interface (CLI). Tcl scripts can be created to accomplish routine and repetitive functions with Cisco IOS-based networking devices. In this lab, you create and execute a Tcl script that sends pings to multiple IP addresses in the network to test overall network connectivity. Note: Cisco IOS Release 12.3(2)T and later supports Tcl scripting. Required Resources • • 2 routers (Cisco 1841 with Cisco IOS Release 12.4(24)T1 Advanced IP Service or comparable) Serial and console cables Note: This lab uses Cisco 1841 routers with Cisco IOS Release 12.4(24)T1 and the advanced IP image c1841-advipservicesk9-mz.124-24.T1.bin. Other routers (such as a 2801 or 2811) and Cisco IOS Software versions can be used if they have comparable capabilities and features. Depending on the router model and Cisco IOS Software version, the commands available and output...
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...Volume 1 FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Computer Network Systems Department Computer Networks 1 Lab Manual V 2.0 P R E P A R E D D R . A S U B Y H I J J A W I M O H A M M A D 2 0 1 2 R E V I E W E D B Y D R . M O H A M M A D H I J J A W I Applied Science Private University – Jordan http://FIT.asu.edu.jo Table of Contents Lab 1: Network Components ....................................................................................... 7 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 7 Objectives: ........................................................................................................ 13 Lab Steps: ......................................................................................................... 13 Lab 2: Cable Construction ......................................................................................... 14 Introduction: ...................................................................................................... 14 Objectives: ........................................................................................................ 20 Lab Steps: ......................................................................................................... 21 Preparation ....................................................................................................... 21 Main Steps .................................................
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...the directly connected network. The host cannot ping its default gateway. The output of the “ipconfig /all” command is below. Also the IP address assigned to the router for that segment is also displayed below. What do you think the problem is with the configuration of this host? PC “ipconfig /all” output (summarized) Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-AB-C5-00-00-00 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.40.9 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.128 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.40.254 DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 8.8.8.8 Router “show ip interface brief” Router# show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol GigabitEthernet0/0 192.168.40.254 YES NVRAM up up Answer: The problem is that either the IP address is wrong or the subnet mask is wrong. That is because the 192.168.40.9 IP address is not in the same subnet as the default gateway IP address (192.168.40.254). Changing the subnet mask to 255.255.255.0 or changing the IP address to 192.168.40.129 – 192.168.40.253 would resolve the problem. The ping command can be used to check for connectivity, and it was. The tracert command could have been used to see where the ping failed. Scenario 2: One user complains of lack of connectivity to certain resources outside of their directly connected network. The...
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...CCNA Exploration 2: Chapter 2 toets antwoorden / CCNA Routing Protocols and Concepts exam 2 answers CCNA Exploration 2: Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 2 Exam Answers 1. What happens to a static route entry in a routing table when the outgoing interface is not available? The route is removed from the table. The router polls neighbors for a replacement route. The route remains in the table because it was defined as static. The router redirects the static route to compensate for the loss of the next hop device. 2. The routers in the diagram use the subnet assignments shown. What is the most efficient route summary that can be configured on Router3 to advertise the internal networks to the cloud? 192.1.1.0/26 and 192.1.1.64/27 192.1.1.128/25 192.1.1.0/23 and 192.1.1.64/23 192.1.1.0/24 192.1.1.0/25 192.1.1.0/24 and 192.1.1.64/24 [pic] 3. Hosts on two separate subnets cannot communicate. The network administrator suspects a missing route in one of the routing tables. Which three commands can be used to help troubleshoot Layer 3 connectivity issues? (Choose three.) ping show arp traceroute show ip route show interface show cdp neighbor detail 4. Refer to the exhibit. How will packets destined to the 172.16.0.0 network be forwarded? Router1 will perform recursive lookup and packet will exit S0/0. Router1 will perform recursive lookup and packet will exit S0/1. There is no matching interface associated with network 172.16.0.0 so packets will...
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...255.255 area 1 R6(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1 R2(config)#router ospf 110 R6(config-router)#network 8.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1 R6(config-router)#network 9.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1 R6(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 R2(config)#router ospf 110 R6(config-router)#network 8.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1 R6(config-router)#network 9.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1 R6(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 * On R1 use the following commands #show ip route R1#show ip route Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set O IA 8.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 30.0.0.2, 00:21:56,...
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...Yes and yes Step 12. Use the enable command to move from user mode to enable mode. Which of the two passwords (fred or barney) works? Which configuration command did you use to con- figure that password? Barney was the password that worked, and enable secret barney Lab 10: Configuring Router IP Settings Step 4. Use the show ip interface brief command to view all interfaces. Which interfaces have an IP address configured? What are the addresses and the corresponding masks? None of the interfaces have an IP address configured Step 10. Use the show ip interface brief command to view all interfaces. Is the router’s Fa0/0 IP address now listed? What is the IP address? Yes the IP address is now listed. The IP address is 10.1.1.4 Step 11. Confirm that R1’s Fa0/0 interface is working by pinging PC1 (10.1.1.1). Did the command output imply that R1 can send packets to and from PC1? Yes it implies that R1 can send packets Lab 22: Terminal History Step 5. Press Up Arrow again to bring up your show ip route connected command. Press Backspace to remove the connected keyword, and replace it with rip. What does this command show you? Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 -...
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...Midterm Exam: Review 1. What describes a collision domain? Devices connected to an Ethernet hub. 2. Given the following routing table on a router, which next hop will the router select given the IP packet with the destination address of : 202.8.40.254 202.8.0.0/16 interface 0 202.8.40.0/24 interface 1 202.8.40.128/25 Router 1 Default router 2 202.8.40.128/25 3. What protocols operate at the OSI Transport (4) layer? TCP and UDP 4. What operates at the OSI Physical (1) layer? Hub 5. The process of a DNS server adding a UDP header to the contents of a DNS query response, followed by adding an IP header, and then adding a data link header and trailer is an example of what? Data Encapsulation 6. Which OSI layer defines the function of the representation of data to upper layers, with an example being ASCII? Layer 6 Presentation Layer 7. A broadcast address is an address that only a single host listens to on the network. False 8. When a Telco provides a cable handoff for a TDM circuit such as a DS1/T1 at the demarc the interface type is a? RJ-48 9. What layer 2 protocols commonly used in WANs? PPP and HDLC 10. What is the term used to describe the connection of a Point-to-Point WAN provided by a Telco over a TDM circuit? Lease Line 11. What address belongs to the Class A network range? 126.254.1.45 12. How many bits comprise the network portion of a Class C address? (assume default class mask) 24 bits ...
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...Create the VRF To create the vrf, you need a name and an rd (route distinguisher). The rd is a number which helps to identify the vrf’s routes and allows for overlapping ip address space. It comprises of 2 fields generally represented by an AS number and another arbitrary number (ie 40:40). The vrf must be created on each layer3 hop as it is not propagated throughout the network (must be added on all 4900’s that participate in ospf) router(config)#ip vrf vpn1 router(config#)rd 50:50 Create VRF Interfaces You can add any layer3 interface to the vrf but it can only belong to a single interface. To have multiple vrf’s share the same physical interface, you can use a trunk port and assign the individual vlans(4000’s are used in your network for vrf routing between 4900’s) to specific vrfs. The interfaces must be added to the correct vrf on each 4900 for connectivity. Here is an example config for Hotel1A(this is only vrf configuration, ip address and glbp mu8st also be configured): router(config)#interface vlan 2150 router(config)#description lan vlan router(config)#ip vrf forwarding vpn1 router(config)#interface vlan 4051 router(config)#ip vrf forwarding vpn2 router(config)#description routing to hotel1B router(config)#interface vlan 4052 router(config)#ip vrf forwarding vpn1 router(config)#description routing to core1A router(config)#interface vlan 4053 router(config)#ip vrf forwarding vpn1 router(config)#description routing to core1B ...
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...168.1.14 ip address is correct Step 5- All interface were up Step 6- R2 could not ping PC 3 Step 7- 192.168.1.18 Step 8- R3 S0/0/0 ip address 192.168.1.98 Step 9- Yes Step 10- 192.168.1.0./28 on S0/0/1 Step 11- 192.168.1.97 Step 12- No Step 13- None Step 14- No it could not ping default gateway, 192.168.1.15 Step 15- No Step 18- R1, R2, and R3 are connected, because it use PPP Step 19- Fa0/0 192.168.1.65 255.255.255.224 Step 21- Yes Step 22- 192.168.1.49, 192.168.1.98, 192.168.1.33, 192.168.1.78; R1 forward the packet to R3 which send it to R2 which sends it to PC2 Step 24- 192.168.1.98 R3 S0/0/0 Step 26- 192.168.1.34 belongs to R3 S0/0/1; 192.168.1.17 belongs to R1 S0/0/0 Step 27- Yes, Serial interface S0/0/1 Step 28- Yes, passive interface S0/0/1 Lab 7 Step 2- R2 Fa0/0 192.168.2.254, PC2 192.168.2.2 Step 3- 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24, 192.168.3.0/24, 192.168.12.0/24, 192.168.13.0/24, and 192.168.23.0/24 Step 4- Yes, All route exist on table Step 5- R3 S0/0/0 192.168.13.3, R1 S0/0/1 192.168.13.1 Step 6- Goes to R3 then back to R1 Step 8- 192.168.2.0/24 via 192.168.13.3 Step 9- there is no route to 192.168.2.0/24 Step 10- use static default 0.0.0.0 S0/0/0 Step 11- R1 use a static route to 192.168.2.0 that send the packet to R3 and R3 use default to send it back to R1 Step 12- No Step 13- No, from R1 to R2 Step 14- ip route 192.168.2...
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...Deserae Caldwell Ip troubleshooting The Internet Protocol Suite and the OSI Reference Model Traceroute The traceroute utility sends out either ICMP echo request (Windows) or UDP (most implementations) messages with gradually increasing IP TTL values to probe the path by which a packet traverses the network. The first packet with the TTL set to 1 will be discarded by the first hop, and the first hop will send back an ICMP TTL When the machine running the traceroute receives the ICMP TTL exceeded message, it can determine the hop via the source IP address. This continues until the destination is reached. The destination will return either an ICMP echo reply (Windows) or a ICMP port unreachable, indicating that the destination had been reached. Traceroute can return useful information about TCP/IP connectivity across your network Example of traceroute Return Codes | Code | Meaning | Possible Cause(s) | nnmsec | This gives, for each node, the round-trip time (in milliseconds) for the specified number of probes. | This is normal. | * | The probe timed out. | A device along the path either did not receive the probe or did not reply with an ICMP "packet life exceeded" message. | A | Administratively prohibited. | A device along the path, such as a firewall or router, may be blocking the probe and possibly other or all traffic; check access lists. | Q | Source quench. | A device along the path may be receiving to much traffic; check input queues. | H | An ICMP unreachable...
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