...purpose of this handout is to describe how to obtain measures of association between two variables using the Microsoft Excel software. These measures include covariance and correlation. For the most part, each measure may be obtained in two ways: (1) “by hand”; and (2) by Excel’s fX function operator. “By hand” does not mean to actually do the computations by hand; rather, it means to use Excel for statistical computations as though the fX function operator did not exist. Example Problem An example problem is used to demonstrate all of the features described in this handout. The problem is extracted from Case Problem 2, “National Health Care Association,” Chapter 3 of the Anderson, Sweeney, and Williams textbook assigned for this course. In particular, the “University Hospitals” data is used in this handout. The data are scales indicating respondent’s “degree of satisfaction” in their work, their pay, and their opportunities for promotion. Scale values range from 0 to 100. The actual data values used are shown in Figure 1. The user may acquire these data, user-ready, in an Excel file by going to Dr. Stafford’s home page on the web {http://cas.uah.edu/stafford/}, then clicking on the following, in order: (1) MSC 287; (2) scroll down then Special Handouts; (3) Excel Materials including Instructions for Statistical Calculations {click on “GOTO Link”}; (4) And finally on Template from “Using Excel to Find Measures of Association.” Save the resultant Excel file to a floppy disk, then...
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...------------------------------------------------- Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance and Productivity Problem statement: The human resource department is the only one department wherein a good decision is being carried out from the start of hiring process up to the point of the promotion and retention. One purpose of HR is to produce a talent that would be fit in the needs of the organization and be suitable the human knowledge in their position. The idea of having a right people in the right position is not impossible through the integration of the training and development. But on How will the training can affect the productivity of the employees in service sector? Objectives of research: The main objective is to increase the understanding regarding employee’s training and development in relation to firm's performance. * Identify the major purposes of training and development, as well as the key internal and external influences on training. * Ascertain the training and development policy in operation at selected organizations (Bank of Punjab, National Bank of Pakistan, PTCL, and Ufone). * To explore the employee training contributes to their performance. To explore why Training is important for employees and firm performance. * To find out whether training and development programmers have positive effect on the performance of workers and productivity. * Outline and explain the training and development practices and...
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...its raw form and will generally not be suitable for presentation or interpretation The purpose of descriptive statistics, as the name suggests, is to describe a set of data. They are used to provide manageable summaries of data sets. They are the simplest and most widely used set of statistics and in many data analysis projects they will provide all the information required. There are many techniques available for describing a set of data. In this course we will look at three groups of univariate statistics, namely i) Frequency Distributions (ii) Measures of Central Tendency (iii) Measures of Dispersion We will also examine three bivariate techniques i) Crosstabs (ii) Tables of Means (iii) Correlation 2.1 Frequency Distributions - The frequency of a variable value is the number of times that value occurs in a set of data - A frequency distribution is simply a table of frequencies for all possible values of the variable. - They are relatively simple to construct and interpret; yet they still provide a very powerful tool for examining data. Example 2.1 2.1 Frequency Distribution of the number of cars owned by 500 households |Number of Cars |Frequency | |0 |70 | |1 |210 | |2 |120 | |3 |70...
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...Psychology is the study of brain and behavior. According to the PowerPoint, what is the 3 part definition of psychology? Answer: | 1) How the brain takes in Information 2) How the brain Processes that information 3) What Behavior results from this process | | The correct answer is not displayed for this Short Answer question. View Feedback | Question 2 | | 1 / 1 point | How do Academics and Clinicians differ in what they do? Answer: | Academics are those whose jobs focus on teaching or research and are typically found in the Universities or state Colleges or even Community and Junior colleges. Clinicians are those whose job consists of helping people deal with multitude of personal challenges. | | The correct answer is not displayed for this Short Answer question. View Feedback | Question 3 | | 1 / 1 point | If you are an academic and you want to focus solely on teaching, where should you pursue a job? | | A large university | | | A small liberal arts school | | | A community college | Question 4 | | 1 / 1 point | If you want to be a clinician and have both your own private practice and have the ability to prescribe drugs, what type of training should you pursue? | | Master of Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT) | | | Masters of Social Work (MSW) | | | Medical Degree (MD) | | | Academic Degree (Ph.D.) | What do we always have to conduct first? | | Basic Research | | | Applied Research | Question 2 | | 1 / 1 point...
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...Bootstrapping (statistics) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In statistics, bootstrapping is a method for assigning measures of accuracy (defined in terms of bias, variance, confidence intervals, prediction error or some other such measure) to sample estimates.[1][2] This technique allows estimation of the sampling distribution of almost any statistic using only very simple methods.[3][4] Generally, it falls in the broader class of resampling methods. Bootstrapping is the practice of estimating properties of an estimator (such as its variance) by measuring those properties when sampling from an approximating distribution. One standard choice for an approximating distribution is the empirical distribution of the observed data. In the case where a set of observations can be assumed to be from an independent and identically distributed population, this can be implemented by constructing a number of resamples of the observed dataset (and of equal size to the observed dataset), each of which is obtained by random sampling with replacement from the original dataset. It may also be used for constructing hypothesis tests. It is often used as an alternative to inference based on parametric assumptions when those assumptions are in doubt, or where parametric inference is impossible or requires very complicated formulas for the calculation of standard errors. Contents * 1 History * 2 Approach * 3 Situations where bootstrapping is useful * 4 Discussion * 4.1 Advantages...
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...Contract No.: ED-01-CO-0039 (0004) MPR Reference No.: 8936-600 The Effectiveness Of Educational Technology: Issues and Recommendations for the National Study Draft May 9, 2003 Roberto Agodini Mark Dynarski Margaret Honey, Education Development Center Douglas Levin, American Institutes for Research | | | |Submitted to: |Submitted by: | | | | |Institute of Education Sciences |Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. | |U.S. Department of Education |P.O. Box 2393 | |80 F Street NW |Princeton, NJ 08543-2393 | |Washington, DC 20208 ...
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...INTRODUCTION Welcome to Research Rundowns, a blog intended to simplify research methods in educational settings. I hope this site can serve as a quick, practical, and more importantly, relevant resource on how to read, conduct, and write research. The contents are an expansion and revision of my class materials, intended for use as a refresher or as a free introductory research methods course. Topics are organized into five main sections, with subsections (in parentheses): * Introduction (INTRO)–a brief overview of educational research methods (3) * Quantitative Methods (QUANT)–descriptive and inferential statistics (5) * Qualitative Methods (QUAL)–descriptive and thematic analysis (2) * Mixed Methods (MIXED)–integrated, synthesis, and multi-method approaches (1) * Research Writing (WRITING)–literature review and research report guides (5) Most subsection contains a non-technical description of the topic, a how-to interpret guide, a how-to set-up and analyze guide using free online calculators or Excel, and a wording results guide. All materials are available for general use, following the Creative Commons License. Introduction (INTRO)–a brief overview of educational research methods 1. What is Educational Research? (uploaded 7.17.09) 2. Writing Research Questions (uploaded 7.20.09) 3. Experimental Design (uploaded 7.20.09) ------------------------------------------------- Experimental Design The basic idea of experimental design involves...
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...Using Excel for Correlations First make sure you have the correct Statistics add-in. Go to File—Options: Here you can see that I have the Analysis ToolPak and Analysis ToolPak-VBA already installed: If your Analysis ToolPak is not already installed, follow these directions to add it: https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Load-the-Analysis-ToolPak-6a63e598-cd6d42e3-9317-6b40ba1a66b4 Copy the data from M5A1 into your Excel Spreadsheet: Navigate in Excel to the Formulas Tab. Select “More Functions,” then “Statistical,” then CORREL. Place your cursor in an empty cell and click on CORREL. You should see a menu box. Fill in your arrays for your data. For Student Anxiety Scores, our data are in A2:A11. For Study Hours, our data are in B2:Bll. Click OK to do your analysis: Our results show that the correlation between Student Anxiety Scores and Study Hours is r = .57. We still need to know if that is a significant correlation, which SPSS tells us automatically, but before we leave Excel, let’s have some fun and make a graph. Highlight your data array: Click on the “Insert” tab and select a Scatter plot: Click on the first Scatter Plot icon: Okay, we want to change this title. Click on Study Hours and change to “Correlation Between Student Anxiety Scores and Study Hours.” Delete the key for Study Hours. This is a correlation, so we’ll want to add a trendline. Select your data series: Now go to Chart Tools—Layout—Trendline. Click...
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...February 2010 focuses on data collections within developing countries such as Africa that is experiencing an high rate of necrotizing enter colitis. Through the uses of statistical data and analysis the article also provides information on the long-term prospect of the disease and whether or not it is lacking in developing countries. The article focuses on data which is collected by South Africa during the pre human immunodeficiency virus era. The focus of this paper is to provide information on the statistical procedure and the statistical significance of the study. Statistical Procedures The statistical procedures within this research article began with what is known as a cohort. A cohort is a group of subjects, which shares a particular experience during a specific time span. During this research article the focus is mainly within a specific cohort of premature infants born in South Africa between the years of 1992 and 1995. The study expresses the mean values and how the data ranges throughout the article. For example the mean within the article is known as the gestational age of the cohort, which is 32 weeks gestation. The range for gestational ages is from 22 weeks gestation to 40 weeks gestation. The t test is also a part of this research article, and it evaluates ongoing variables for statistical significance. The cohorts within this study consist of 128 subjects, which is not considered as small test group. The research article reveals that out of 128 premature...
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...Assignments number two, it was completed from the Framingham Heart Study, and this analysis will discuss the results from statistical procedures made in SAS. For this assignment we choose two variables in order to compare the differences in between possible correlation of heart disease among different sex. First, we started with cholesterol, in which we found the Mean (227), Standard Deviation (44.94) and Mode (200). Base on the results for this variable we can conclude that there is an above average cholesterol level. We found that more than fifty percent of the sample population was above the normal levels. However, the graph that represented the results demonstrated a symmetrical shape. The next variable choose to analyze data was systolic...
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...Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar Bachelors in Business Studies Course Plan Course Title: Statistics for Business Instructor: Shahid Ali Contact Email shahid.ali@imsciences.edu.pk Semester/Duration: 16 Weeks Course objectives : To introduce students to the concepts of statistics and to equip them with analytical tools to be used in business decision making. The course is intended to polish the numeric ability of the students to identify business problems, describe them numerically and to provide intelligible solutions by data collection and inferential principles. Course pre-requisites Intermediate statistics Attendance Policy: Late arrivals are highly discouraged. Any student coming late to a class late by 5 minutes after the scheduled start time will be marked as absent for the day. The teacher reserves discretion, however, to allow or disallow any student, to sit in the class in case of late arrivals. Attendance is not be entertained once the attendance register is closed. Class Project Students will be divided in groups for a class project. Each group will have to nominate a group leader. The details of the project will be made available to the group leader. Class Presentations Each student will have to make at least one individual presentation and one group presentation in the class. The group presentation will be on the project explained earlier. The individual presentations will...
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...d(x,2) d2x(t) = dx(t) – dx(t-1) = (1-B)^(2)x(t) taking first differences twice Generate / d12x = d(x,0,12) d12x(t) = x(t) - x(t-12) = [1-B^(12)]x(t) seasonal difference for monthly data Generate d12_1x = d(x,1,12) d12_1x(t) = (1-B)[1-B^(12)]x(t) Geneartion of dummy variables: seasonal dummies: s=1,2,3,... Generate / ds = @seas(s) as command: series ds = @seas(s) Generate / d1 = 0 and manually in View/Spreadsheet use Edit+/p-value for x of a test statistic as command: (N-, t-, scalar p scalar p scalar p scalar p scalar p Chi2-, F-distribution) = 1 - @cnorm(x) = 1 - @cnorm(abs(x))*2 = 1 - @ctdist(x,df) = 1 - @cchisq(x,df) = 1 - @cfdist(x,df1,df2) 1-sided, right 2-sided 1-sided, right df ... degrees of freedom Determinant of correlation matrix: (as command) group grpx x1 x2 x3 x4 matrix x = @convert(grpx) group...
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...A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT This empirical study assesses the organizational impact of using eCommerce technologies in supply chain management utilizing the following constructs: system quality, information quality, system usage, and user satisfaction. A sample data set was collected from maquiladoras in Juárez, Mexico to investigate relationships among these constructs. A SEM analysis was undertaken, using AMOS, on the dataset. The analysis provided statistically significant relationships among some constructs. Keywords: Supply Chain Management, eCommerce Technologies, e-Enabled Supply Chain Management INTRODUCTION The use of eCommerce technologies (the Internet/World Wide Web, intranets, and extranets) in supply chain management (SCM) is a relatively recent phenomenon. Accordingly, very few studies have been conducted to date on the extent to which eCommerce technologies have been utilized in SCM, and, more importantly, on whether or not e-enabled supply chain management (eSCM), with the use of such technologies, has brought about improvements in managing supply chains. DeLone and McLean [1] proposed interrelationships among six IS dimensions in what is referred to as the ‘DeLone and McLean (D&M) IS Success Model’. The six dimensions in the D&M model are (1) system quality, (2) information quality, (3) system usage, (4) user satisfaction, (5) individual impact, and (6) organizational impact. While DeLone and...
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...competence. Since , Nursing students have a low passing rate result in board exams, while radiology technology students have a high passing rate result in their board exams. Time restraint is one factor why students failed in their academic performances Hypotheses The hypotheses for this study were as follows: H 1: There is a correlation between scores of associate degree nursing students on a general test of critical thinking skills, the CCTST, and a discipline specific critical thinking test, the Arnett CTOE tool, in the following ways: a. There is a positive correlation between the total scores of associate degree nursing students on the CCTST and the total scores of the Arnett CTOE tool. b. There is a positive correlation between the analysis subscale scores of associate degree nursing students on the CCTST and the combined analysis and interpretation subscale scores of the Arnett CTOE tool.5 c. There is a positive correlation between the evaluation subscale scores of associate degree nursing students on the CCTST and the combined evaluation and explanation subscale scores on the Arnett CTOE tool. d. There is a positive correlation between scores of associate degree nursing students on the inference subscale scores on the CCTST and the inference subscale scores on the Arnett CTOE tool. H 2: Intervening variables are associated with critical thinking in associate degree nursing students in the following...
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...|-σ | |0.5 |0.5 | |+σ |-σ | Two projects Model: |0.25 |0.25 | |+σ ; +σ |-σ ; +σ | |+σ ; -σ |-σ ; -σ | They found that under intermediate level of profitability and slack potential, the aggregation contract is preferred and the advantage is maximized. They also found that it is better to bundle projects with negatively correlated profitability when principal choose the aggregation evaluation. If the projects are positively correlated, aggregation evaluation could still be beneficial as long as the correlation is small enough. What does it mean? One of the aggregation advantages is to reduce the managerial costs of the principal. As now you treated multiple projects as one, related costs and time will relatively less for a combined project compared to the sum of the individual cost. When the principal faces the greatest conflict between reducing organizational slack and maintaining profitable production, it is...
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