...Bottling Company Case Study Introduction to Statistics: MAT 300 6/7/2014 Recently customers have begun to complain that the bottles of the brand of soda produced in this company contains less than the advertised 16 ounces of product. I have pulled 30 bottles of soda and am calculating the mean, median, standard deviation, constructing a 95% confidence interval and conducting a hypothesis test to verify the claim that a bottle contains less than 16 ounces is supported. The first set of tests will consist of calculating the mean, median and standard deviation for ounces in the bottles. Below is the data set from the 30 bottles collected: Bottle Number | Ounces | Bottle Number | Ounces | Bottle Number | Ounces | 1 | 14.5 | 11 | 15 | 21 | 14.1 | 2 | 14.6 | 12 | 15.1 | 22 | 14.2 | 3 | 14.7 | 13 | 15 | 23 | 14 | 4 | 14.8 | 14 | 14.4 | 24 | 14.9 | 5 | 14.9 | 15 | 15.8 | 25 | 14.7 | 6 | 15.3 | 16 | 14 | 26 | 14.5 | 7 | 14.9 | 17 | 16 | 27 | 14.6 | 8 | 15.5 | 18 | 16.1 | 28 | 14.8 | 9 | 14.8 | 19 | 15.8 | 29 | 14.8 | 10 | 15.2 | 20 | 14.5 | 30 | 14.6 | The mean for the samples above is 14.87 ounces. The median for the samples above is 14.8 ounces. The standard deviation for the above sample is 0.550 ounces. The second test is constructing a 95% confidence interval. The values needed to construct the 95% confidence interval include; samples size of 30, confidence coefficient of 1.96...
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...Introduction In this paper the authors will analyze the Whitner AutoPlex data using descriptive statistics. Team D will use these statistics to calculate the measures of central tendency, dispersion, and skew the data. Team D will also display the descriptive data using graphic and tabular techniques. A frequency distribution tablet and a histogram style graph will illustrate the Whitner AutoPlex data set in measuring terms. Based on skew value and histogram, a discussion of the best measures between central tendency, and dispersion will be included. Central Tendency, Dispersion and Skew The best measures of the central tendency and dispersion data are that by seeing how the order of our information tends to be that the older the consumer the cheaper are the vehicles purchased by them. With this data we can market our sales to the younger consumer because he or she tends to spend more. The tendency in this could be because older people value their money a bit more and are less willing to spend it as much as younger individuals. As a result we can look to market our advertising to a younger audience and design items that a younger audience would be willing to buy and spend money on. By using this data we should be able to maximize profits while attracting a more diverse spectrum of customers at the same time. We can continue to produce items for the population interested in purchasing currently. Information gathered from a whisker box graph shows the same age grouping...
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...Case of Salary discrimination based on Gender In this case the assertion has been made that the males of the population receive a higher salary than do females as a direct result of their gender. In order to test this assertion, we must first set up a hypothesis, and then test that hypothesis by analyzing the data provided. The first step in hypothesis testing is formalizing the hypothesis into a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is a restatement of the assertion being made, while the alternative hypothesis is the negation of the null hypothesis. The null and alternative hypotheses can be stated respectively as follows: H0 : The mean salary of females < the mean salary of males H1 : The mean salary of females > or = the mean salary of males Before proceeding with determining a difference, and cause and effect linear relationship between these two variables, it is important to note that any individual outliers must be eliminated from the data set before a multiple linear regression is performed. The existence of such outliers in a model could skew the resulting linear relationship. The performance of successive stem and leaf box plots revealed the existence of 6 outliers. These outliers were then removed from the sample Splitting the data set according to gender and comparing the means of the two groupings reveals a difference in the average salary of the sampled males and sampled females. This does not, however, tell...
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...Research, Statistics, & Psychology Psy/315 January 9, 2012 Research, Statistics & Psychology The scientific, objective, and the methodic gathering of information for a theory is research. Statistics is collection of data, interpretation, the analysis, and presentation of the data. Statistical data is the important part to any good research. Psychology, statistics is the method of pursuing the truth (Aron, Aron, & Coup, 2009). The statistics methods is to make sense out of the large amount of data collected during research by psychologists. This paper will explore the role of research and statistics in psychology field. The paper will give the definition of the research and the scientific method, and the characteristics of the primary and secondary data that researcher use to help form an hypothesis. The paper will also explore the role of statistics in research. Research and Scientific Method Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines research has the, “studious inquiry or examination, especially: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical...
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...Descriptive and Inferential Statistics Paper Terrance Douglas, Katie Faiman, Marika Schlindwein, Christyl Schoultz, & Samantha Sisk PSY/315 February 3, 2013 Dr. Deborah Suzzane Descriptive and Inferential Statistics Paper Have you ever noticed that we just keep moving forward? There are countless, unseen individuals who make this happen each day, but how do they operate? How do they accomplish all of this? We live in a complex world. Behind the scenes, researchers are steadily developing new theories and testing their outcome. For them, statistics serves a very different purpose. In the next few paragraphs, the role of statistics is explained as their role in the psychological community. Statistics itself is then further subdivided into two different methodologies; descriptive and the inferential (Aaron & Aaron & Coups, 2009). Each method utilizes data for a different purpose, and in each method, data may be gathered differently. Lastly, an example of each of the two types of statistics which helps the reader to distinguish clearly between the descriptive and inferential types of statistics which researchers use to conduct their work. It will further be shown how the two methods of statistics relate to each other in research. It is by understanding the two different roles of each of these types of statistics that researchers are able to gather meaningful data, which is testable and provable and keeps us on a forward moving trajectory...
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...Inferential Statistics Paper Casie Thibeault PSY/315 July 27, 2013 Michelle A. Williams, PhD Descriptive and Inferential Statistics Paper The very word “statistics” seems to produce anxiety in most students - anxiety produced from its connection to mathematics. The first step in controlling anxiety is to understand the connection and just how useful statistics can be for comprehending information that has been gathered. A statistic is a representation of information, and its function is to help researchers either to organize, summarize, or understand data. The ability to describe data is essential when gathering statistics. Statistics can be broken down into two basic types: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are a summary of information that makes the data presented more easily understood. The descriptive method is limited to only the population in which the researcher is dealing with, and only describes that particular group (Purdue OWL, 1995-2013). Inferential statistics offers a more detailed conclusion regarding the hypothesis. A benefit of the inferential method is that it can be used to take a broader view of populations, making it possible to draw conclusions about sizeable groups of people (Purdue OWL, 1995-2013). In a nutshell, the simple way to distinguish between the two would be that descriptive statistics summarize and inferential statistics draw conclusions. Both descriptive and inferential statistics not only...
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...The Project is due by the end of Week 8. The Project The infamous company, Jordan & Associates, is in trouble again. The Deputy Director has just resigned in the midst of rumors going around the departments about discrimination, lawsuits, and even the company picnic has been canceled. I would like to seek your help in putting together an Ad hoc Statistics Report to be submitted to the CEO so that he can make the appropriate corrective, proactive, and retroactive decisions for the troubled company. The Report Format As you might have known already, my brother, the Jordan & Associates CEO is a very difficult person: his way or the highway. He is also insistence on proper report format. Nonetheless, we have to address quite a few issues, which are listed in the later section. Meanwhile, please follow the standard Jordan & Associates report format as follow: Make a cover page entitled: Ad-hoc Statistics Report submitted to the CEO. Then skip a few lines By (your name) Skip one or two more line and put the date. This should be the first page, the cover. Then after the cover page, make a table of contents. Write Table of Contents at the top center. The table of contents should be listed as such: Title Page ...............................................................................................................................................i Table of Contents .....................
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...Steps to writing a proper white paper… Use a Linear, Logical Approach: a white paper must be educational, not promotional in tone. And should posses the following objectives: It must attract the right audience. White papers are highly audience specific, it is better to write white papers tailored toward different groups of stakeholders. Must engage the reader; engage by showing them that you understand their problem and that you can “relate”. Or by quickly showing mastery of the subject, through good clear writing. It must inform your reader. Written more like an objective magazine article than a sales brochure. they should objectively present a problem, the business case for solving the problem, and alternative ways of solving the problem. Therefore, the reader gains knowledge from having invested the time to read the paper. Ultimately the reader feels informed, not sold. It must convince your reader; to convince reader to give your organisation consideration based information that you have presented. Example, if your product has a high up-front cost but lower maintenance costs, your paper might include an analysis of ongoing “hidden” costs and a ROI model that shows how a high initial investment might actually be more cost-effective over the life of the purchase. Your Title Is Key to Success of Paper: A creative, meaningful title drives readership, whether you promote your paper online, distribute it at a conference, or pitch it to trade magazine editors. The content...
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...Perfectly Imperfect Decision,” an argumentative essay, became the bases for learning to support my opinion with aspects from a novel. This became especially challenging in terms of trying to analytically defend and justify the decision of one of the main characters, despite the surface level analyses that the character was “wrong” for her decision. Developing a personal position that was rooted and supported by evidence from the text also helped to strengthen my ability to discern the appropriate voice needed in an argumentative essay. Argumentative essays should not only include a position on the topic, but it should also use emotional and logical appeals directed toward countering the opposing argument. Since originally submitting the paper I’ve made stylistic revisions including, not posing rhetorical questions that I leave unanswered which suggest a different style of writing such as a magazine or something less formal than an academic...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY During the 1980s there was rash of property crimes in the United States. Business executives and community leaders was taken at back. They chose to look for and find these determinants of property crimes and figure out how to remedy those issues. The task at hand was to provide evidence for or against common perceptions about property crime. Prove if crime rates are higher in urban areas or rural areas. Whether unemployment or education levels contributed to property crime rates, as well as public assistance? Lastly establish what other possible factors relate to property crimes? PCRIMES data was used to prepare a report on the characteristics of and determinants of property crimes in the United States. PCRIMES Property crime rate per hundred thousand inhabitants (property crimes include burglary, larceny, theft and motor vehicle theft); calculated as number of property crimes committed divided by total population/100,000 PINCOME Per capita income for each state DROPOUT High School Dropout rate (%, 1987) PRECIP Average precipitation in inches in the major city in each state over 1951- 1980 PUBAID Percentage of public aid recipients (1987) DENSITY Population/total square miles KIDS Public aid or families with children, dollars per family UNEMPLOY Percentage of unemployed workers URBAN Percentage of the residents living in urban areas STATE 50 States of America The task required that it show the association between crime and the different...
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...Housing Rates in the city of Jacksonville, Florida tend to vary a great deal between areas of the city; therefore, purchasing a house in this city can prove to be quite a challenge, particularly when the housing market is not booming as it has in the past. To decide in which area to buy a house, one should first consider the different variables affecting the prices of these houses. The Express Estate Agency has recently identified five factors that generally affect housing prices: location, age, size and type, condition, and accessibility (Express Estate Agency). Though it is difficult to assess the quantitative impact on the value of a house caused by qualitative factors such as type, condition, and accessibility, these are important to keep in mind as well as the factors presented in this study. Generally, when one thinks of houses, the more square feet of area the house covers, the more expensive it becomes; this is also true for many other purchasable objects in America. When looking for both large and small houses, the number of bedrooms and bathrooms is an additional characteristic of each house to be considered, as the more bedrooms and bathrooms a house has, the more expensive the house is perceived to be, according to the United Kingdom branch of Nationwide (Nationwide). Another characteristic commonly linked to a house's perceived value is the age of the house; houses that are very new are often perceived as being more expensive than those that are both slightly older...
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...Although having one source to write a paper can be good in some cases, being able to rely on multiple sources to back up the given information, creates a sense of credibility as it is clear a person has done proper research. While writing my APA paper, my annotated bib became a primary source, as I relied on it for most of the information I included. While integrating the facts and statistics from my annotated bib, I used my profile as a secondary source to fill in any gaps and provide personal anecdotes to make the paper more interesting. For example, when writing about the benefits of adoption through the statistics I found in my annotated bib, I was able to incorporate my cousin’s adoption story from my profile to add a real life connection. This course taught me how to increase credibility in any paper, as I had never used more than one source in my writing before. Clear credibility is shown especially when providing a fact that can be proven by multiple sources, then being able to cite both to show how much research took place. By including multiple different citations, the audience is more likely to believe the information, therefore making any form of writing more...
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...[pic][pic]2012 Embassy of Brazil- Islamabad SECOM PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN General information on the Pulp and Paper Industry in Pakistan. Research and Compilation by the Commercial Section of the Embassy of Brazil in Pakistan. [pic]Pulp and Paper Industry in Pakistan Table of Contents 1. Pakistan’s Economy 2 2. Industry overview 2 2.1 Current Status of Pulp and Paper Industry in Pakistan 3 2.2 Types of papers produced 4 2.3 Method of Producing Paper 4 2.4 Raw Material Availability 5 3. Current status of Trade and Potential of Pak- Brazil Trade Cooperation in this sector 7 3.1 Potential of Export to Pakistan 8 4. Future Outlook 10 5. Companies and Useful Links 11 1[pic] SECOM-Islamabad, Pakistan [pic]Pulp and Paper Industry in Pakistan 1. Pakistan’s Economy Pakistan economy is positioned at 27th largest economy with 488 (1) billion USD in term of Purchasing Power Parity. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. Growth poles of Pakistan's economy are situated along the Indus River, diversified economies of Karachi and...
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...Summary of documentations on paper recycling In Japan, the US, Europe and China Recycling benefits the environment much more than other waste management methods (Technical University of Denmark and the Danish Topic Centre on Waste and Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP), 2006). With the environmental, economic and societal benefits, we can conclude that building an effective paper recycling system in China would be a good idea. This paper is a basic summary of paper recycling practices in Japan, the US and Europe. It is intended to be a reference for drawing up an appropriate and practical plan for school and office paper recycling projects in China. Paper Recycling Statistics Japan has an extraordinary reputation in paper recycling because of its refined and effective paper recycling system. While the volume of recovered paper grew in the 1980s, the paper recycling rate went through a stagnant period before the rate started to rise rapidly in 1997. Japan’s paper recycling rate reached 77.9% in 2011, but the volume was 21.5 million tons, which is less than the 22.7 million tons recycled in 2008, due to less consumption of paper(Paper recycling in Japan, 2012). According to the 2012 sustainability report of American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA), the U.S. achieved a paper recycling rate of 66.8% (about 46 million tons of paper) in 2011, which was nearly twice the 1990 rate. In addition, the goal of the AF&PA’s “sustainability initiative - Better...
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...Graduate-Level Writing Paper University of Phoenix Professor Erin Cobb COM/600 So you have reached that time in your educational pursuit that marks the beginning of the next chapter. No more days of last minute, crunch-time paper writing with minimal proofreading. There is no room for error at this next stage in the game. You are now a graduate student and it is time to behave like one. Graduate level writing is what one should be practicing and striving to perfect. It may not seem like a big difference for those that already practice to write at a graduate level, however, for some this can be a difficult task. Hopefully by the end of this paper one can have a better understanding of what is expected at the graduate level, and what to avoid to make sure that as few mistakes as possible are made. Let us dive in to see exactly what some of the characteristics of graduate level writing are and how they can differ from other forms of writing. The big thing about writing on the graduate level is that one’s paper is constructed so that the reader can take something away from the paper. Graduate level writing should be informative to the reader and should be written without bias. Being a graduate is one step closer to being a professional in one’s chosen career. When one is training to be a professional, one should conduct their work as a professional whether in the workplace or in the classroom. The other obvious difference is how your papers will be graded at the graduate...
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