...identities. By stereotyping people we somewhat categorize the group as a whole which can end bias views. But if we know that ignoring individualism in a group of people is ignorant, then why do we still do it? I will answer this question by analyzing Kory Floyd and Susan Fiske’s concepts of stereotypes while applying them to the growing co-culture of cannabis users using a High Times magazine article as my...
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...constantly posed with challenges of making the rational decisions so as to reach an optimal outcome for the business. However, research has repeatedly demonstrated that in the real world, most decision making in organizations are not completely rational. Person perception is the main issue in organizational behavior and decision making for the fact that based on M.J. Martinko et al.’s (2007) assertion the limited information or immediate impressions of employee performance could result in an inaccurate perceptual judgment made by the employers. In an attempt to explain the ways in which people form perceptions about each other, this essay will examine the influence of the attribution theory towards decision-making and illustrate three common biases and errors that distort the attribution formation through the application of three mini-case. This essay will also discuss the importance of attribution theory in relation to organizational behavior as well as decision-makers in organizations. Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals perceive and infer causality (Robert E. Ployhart and Crystal M. Harold, 2004). Johns et al. (2007) also state that the attribution theory is an attempt when individuals observe behavior to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internally caused behaviors refer to the behaviors which are under individual control while externally caused behaviors are the result of outside causes (Johns et al. 2007). To distinguish whether...
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...First I wanted have a clear idea of why people use stereotypes to label others and how it leads to the prejudgement. According to the article “Stereotypes and Prejudice,” by President and Fellows of Harvard College gave me a brief summary of how stereotypes and prejudice relate. Another part of the site gave facts as to what factors have led to stereotypes in America. It creates a timeline that starts with the 1700s when religions appeared to be stereotypical to other faiths. It ends with the 20th century, coincidentally having Muslims and Jews as their primary subject. The article goes into more details on how others portray Middle Eastern immigrants as dangerous and uncivilized. Although the main focus was on religion and how it connects to stereotypes it furthered my knowledge on how they started. By giving some gruesome examples of how many Muslims got treated in recent year, it leads me to believe that Americans pose a threat to...
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...Theory of stereotyping Stereotyping is a form of pre judgment that is as prevalent in today's society as it was 2000 years ago. It is a social attitude that has stood the test of time and received much attention by social psychologists and philosophers alike. Many approaches to, or theories of stereotyping have thus been raised. This essay evaluates the cognitive approach that categorization is an essential cognitive process that inevitably leads to stereotyping. Hamilton (1979) calls this a 'depressing dilemma'. Brown's (1995) definition of stereotyping through prejudice is the 'holding of derogatory social attitudes or cognitive beliefs, the expression of negative affect, or the display of hostile or discriminatory behavior towards members of a group on account of their membership to that group'. This definition implies that stereotyping is primarily a group process, through the individuals psyche's within that group. A further idea of stereotyping, defined by Allport (1954) as 'thinking ill of others without warrant', is that people 'make their mind up' without any personal experience. This pre judgment about a whole group is then transferred to the stigmatization of any individuals in that group. It is these ideas that the essay aims to evaluate, through the cognitive process of categorization and the above definitions that bring about three distinct features of stereotyping, that our cognition can be demonstrated through. The first characteristic of stereotyping is over-generalization...
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...violence.” Ultimately, the reader empathizes with Brent Staples and others in his position. The reader comes to consider a city sidewalk or a deserted street from a different perspective. In his essay, “Black Men and Public Space,” Brent Staples expresses his shock and dismay upon discovering that, as a black man of large stature, his mere physical presence inspires fear in strangers. Obviously a gentle, harmless person, Staples’ view of himself is inconsistent with stereotypes, and he convinces the reader that he is anything but stereotypical. Brent Staples acknowledges that stereotypes are often deserved, but he relates personal stories and shares his emotions, allowing readers to put themselves in his place. Additionally, Staples points out the fact that being feared by others is often dangerous. Staples’s purpose is to reduce the stereotype for the group of blacks which is that not all the black men are dangerous. Staples is conveying a message to the public to not to jump to conclusions about people’s skin colors, appearance, and by their behavior. I think the authors purpose of the story is to inform his readers about how he never felt that feeling of not being satisfactory in the eyes of the public. Even thou the author does not blame people for having this prejudice against him, because he understands that the actions of many black men have created this image, he feels hurt by peoples reaction. It's a behavior we should try to change in our society to evolve...
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...P1: Explain concepts of equality, diversity and rights in relation to health and social care Equality, diversity and rights are the core elements in health and social care. It affects every single person using the health and social care sector as well as those working within them. It is important for health and social care workers to understand the importance of treating all individuals equally no matter their ethnicity, gender, race, beliefs, sexuality, education, language, background or skin colour. Individuals must all be treated equally; Equality in terms of rights, status or opportunities. This has become an important focus as there are laws and policies in all organisations regarding it to ensure that everyone in the organisation has same opportunities and choices, and no one is discriminated. The new equality act came into force in 2010; it consists of over 116 separate pieces of legislation into one act to protect the rights of individuals and to advance a fair and more equal opportunity for all. In health and social care sector this means everyone using or working within it should have equal opportunities, this can range from job opportunities to getting medical treatment options and that all individuals must receive same high-quality service. Diversity is the term used to describe the differences between individuals. It is important that individual and group diversities are recognised to ensure that everybody’s needs and requirements are understood and responded...
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...Origins of Racism When the word racism comes about, many people don’t really stop and think where or even when racism began. They just think that since our history books tell us about the segregation that had occurred that it’s just a natural thing that happened in the past and still goes on today. The invention of racism was socially constructed and as a society, we developed the concept of racial segregation, racial discrimination, racial stereotyping and negative prejudice. Some believe that there is no real original concepts of how racism began, but how would we wrap ourselves around the concept of racism being uniquely developed so that one race was meant to be inferior to all the rest? There are many ideas about how racism came about. Some say that it’s because that’s how nature took its course. It was just made to have one race has to be above all the others, a superior race, and the inferior races, which are looked at as being intolerable. Seeing one race less important than another is dehumanizing but it is within the definition of racism, inferiority and superiority are stated. According to the Oxford dictionary, racism is defined as the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, esp. so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. This mentality of having superior and inferior races began in the 1600s where slave trade was considered to be normal. Slavery was not based on racial discrimination...
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...Ethnic stereotypes and multiculturalism. Summary of course "Ethnic psychology" Contents: 1. The concept and properties of ethnic stereotypes ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 4 2. National prejudices. Types etnostereotipov ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .7 3. 4. Variants of the reactions to cultural diversity ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12 5. Advantages and disadvantages of multiculturalism ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16 Bibliographic list ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 20 Introduction. Considering the cultural differences in thinking, beliefs, attitudes and behavior, it is easy to succumb to cognitive and emotional reactions to the material to begin to make generalizations, to form negative stereotypes about other people and even pre-make judgments about these differences, and people who are inherent in this behavior before you really understand what lies at its core. These processes and reactions are common in today's world, and to describe them often use the terms ethnic stereotypes, prejudice, multiculturalism, discrimination. Unfortunately, these terms are often used without a clear idea about them, which only exacerbates the problems that they need to clarify. Some of today's most pressing social issues associated with these processes, as boundaries between countries and cultures are becoming more permeable as...
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...being a part of the herd makes you not alone in your life and in your dreams. Brent Staples, the author of the essay "Black Men in Public Spaces", suggests that being in your own skin is not so conformable because of unconscious prejudice and stereotyping that still exist. Additionally, an episode from Black-ish, "The Name Game", portrays that society still beholds bias and...
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...Leadership Skills Assignment - 4 Due date: 20/1/2013 Instructions for Submitting your Assignments 1. Type your name and your ID number 2. Read the textbook for the course before answering any question. 3. Multiple choices; Choose the most accurate choice. 4. Essay questions: hand writing only. Don’t type the answers. 5. Submit your assignments before the due date, no exceptions. Name…Hamad Aldarei…….ID#............................................... Chapters covered; 13, 14, 15 Measurement | | | | CLO 1 | CLO 2 | CLO 3 | CLO 4 | Knowledge | Analysis | Application | Synthesis & Evaluation | Comprehension | | | | | | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | MCQs | | | | Essay Qs | Essay Qs | Essay Qs | Essay Qs | | | | | Chapter 13 1. Female and male leaders evaluated favorably when they used a. a democratic leadership style b. a directive or autocratic style c. a goal-oriented style d. a situational style 2. Females evaluated unfavorably when they used e. a democratic leadership style f. a directive or autocratic style g. a goal-oriented style h. a situational style 3. Women were devalued when they worked in i. Female- dominated environments and when the evaluators were female j. Male-dominated environments and when the evaluators were men k. Male-dominated environments and when the evaluators were female l. Female- dominated environments and when the...
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...used to overcome prejudice. According to the oxford shorter dictionary prejudice is; a previous judgement especially a premature or hasty judgement, preconceived opinion; bias, favourable or unfavourable prepossession, usually with unfavourable condition, an unreasoning prediction or objection. Therefore prejudice is usually theorized as an attitude that has a cognitive element e.g. how people hold a certain belief about another group. It has an emotional element e.g. either they dislike or like the other group or it has an impulse element e.g. they might have a natural predisposition to have negative thoughts towards the other group. However most researchers define prejudice as a negative attitude. Alport (1954) in his seminal volume the nature of prejudice defined prejudice as “an antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalization i.e. it’s an outgrowth of normal human function. He believed that “the human mind must think with the aid of categories…. Once formed categories are the basis for normal prejudgment. Humans cannot possibly avoid this process. Orderly living depends upon it (p.20). This explanation tells us that prejudice is not something logical or based in fact, but rather, on a series of assumptions, half-truths and guesses. Based on recent evaluations of what prejudice is, I have come to understand prejudice is based on an individual’s attitude whether positive or negative toward groups which creates a standard between groups, prejudice needs to be viewed...
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...Sexism in Politics As far as the politics goes, there has been, without fail, discrimination, sexism and stereotyping. Many of those that do not fit into the desires of the mainstream, for example, women who have endeavoured to break that handicap in society as well as the political sphere. Modern times have shown greater acceptance and tolerance towards groups that do not meet requirements of circumscribed circles. In this essay, the issue addressed is the lack of equality in this particular circumscribed circle called politics on an international level. There is still the need to define discrimination, stereotyping and prejudice among groups and race. In modern times, psychologists and scholars have focused their attention to human behaviour, the human mind as well as gender based issues within the political sphere and even within that area, issues of discrimination, stereotyping, prejudice especially gender do not cease to exist. Sexism has, in the modern era, gained much academic and social legitimacy. Scholars and feminists have thoroughly examined the politics of identification as follows: (a) Gender shapes not only who we are but the world(s) we live in (b) Resistance to changing our personal (gender) identities obstructs feminist movement (c) The identity of the modern subject is not gender neutral but masculine (and typically European) (d) Feminist identity is itself problematic given the diversity (non-identity) among women. (e) Identity...
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...generalization that people make and stereotypes that people have. Stereotyping is the way to use the fixed images of people belonging to a group, which have a tendency to categorize people based on a group they belong to rather than processing the information individually. Generalization usually comes before stereotyping, in order to generalize certain group of people. For example, all Italian loves spaghetti, and Maria is Italian, hence in conclusion Maria loves spaghetti. In that case, people are stereotyping Maria, which in fact Maria might or might not love spaghetti as she comes from North Eastern part of Italy whose has Germanic Austrian background. In fact, stereotyping leads to arrange some conception map in a way of thinking in which aimed to facilitate the progress of information. Stereotyping can be considered normal when faced with a new situation. Stereotyping triggers the mindset that has been collectively programming to set up that each group has the same pattern, which in fact it may be different with the perception to certain things. In the worst case, stereotyping may lead to possibility of racism, exclusion and personal discrimination towards ethnic identity, culture, occupation, age, sex, education grounds and some more. However, this essay later will just discuss four types of stereotype such as age, gender, racial and religion since they are perceived as the most common types appeared in the idea of stereotyping. The rest of the research report proceeds as follows...
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...students. Today I present with this text three key themes – social class, prejudice and ignorance vs. cowardice – of Harper Lee´s novel “To kill a Mockingbird” (TKAMB). Social class is one of the key themes, which Harper Lee used in her novel and illustrates this with quotes like “You ain´t got no business bringin` white chillun here – they got their church, we got our´n.” This is said by a coloured women to Calpurnia, because she is bringing Scout and Jem, two white children, to the church for coloured people. This shows the reader the big differences between the social classes, because different coloured people have even separated services. Also a highlighted quote in the novel is “I don´t know, but they did it. They´ve done it before and they did it tonight and they´ll do it again and when they do it – seems that only children weep.” The court condemned the coloured man Tom Robinson for raping a white women, although they could not really condemn him, because of missing evidence. Nevertheless, he was condemned, because he is coloured and back then the words of white people were more credible than the words of coloured people. However, there are still people like Scout, who have other opinions. She sees the world through her innocent eyes of a child - “ I think there´s just one kind of folks. Folks.” Unfortunately, not everyone shares Scout´s opinion and this forwards to the next key theme - prejudice. “ Your father´s no better than the niggers and trash he works for!” This...
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...Project Due: ________________________________________ (EDMODO) You will see a lot of psychological phenomena exhibited in the movie 12 Angry Men. Many of these phenomena are listed in the boxes on the next page. Your task for this assignment is to watch the movie, take note of these various psychological phenomena, and then write a cohesive 2-3 page paper discussing these themes. In writing your paper you must pick at least 5 separate incidences from the movie. For each incidence, describe how it relates to psychological phenomenon. Be sure to use concepts from across all of psychology. Do NOT, for example, just pick examples from social psychology (such as conformity and stereotyping); use examples from cognition, memory, sensation, and perception, etc. as well. In order to construct a cohesive essay, you should structure your discussion of the 4 incidences around a central area. That is, your paper needs to be more than just a loose collection of summary points. Consider how you can tie all the incidences together around a central psychological idea. * Behavior is determined by multiple causes: For any complex human behavior, multiple reasons exist as to why that behavior was done. For example, consider your study behavior. It is determined by intelligence, memory and attentional constraints, and social factors. * Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage: At several points in the semester we discussed how the people we grow up with, our culture, shape our thoughts...
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