...Does stress during pregnancy affect the fetus? These are questions that scientists researching fetal origins are trying to answer. In recent years, fetal origins has gained much research momentum. The nutrition of the mother, the amount of sleep the mother receives, and the amount of stress and anxiety the mother has during pregnancy are all actions that a mother takes during pregnancy that will affect her baby’s life in years after birth. Ultimately, these actions taken by a mother during pregnancy have always played a role in what a baby’s life becomes, yet, today, the science of fetal origins addresses and hopes to answer the many questions of why and how a baby becomes the adult they do. An expectant mother’s nutrition and the types of foods she eats during pregnancy has been shown to influence the development of conditions and diseases later on in her child’s adult life. There are several hypotheses that have addressed this idea. First, in order to study...
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...October is “Healthy Babies Month”; a time to bring awareness to birth defects and the efforts of the March of Dimes to prevent them. One of the best ways to prevent birth defects is to not drink any alcohol while pregnant. In fact, a new report from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) says alcohol exposure is the leading preventable cause of “birth defects and intellectual and neurodevelopmental disabilities in children.” The warnings about moms-to-be drinking alcohol have been out for years, but apparently not everyone is getting the message. A recent report from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) says one in ten pregnant women drink, with a third of them admitting to binge drinking. The CDC surveyed more than 200,000 women, including...
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...Part 7 of 8: Stress Management Managing stress during pregnancy Results / Exams Pregnancy can cause hormonal changes, as well as psychological and physical changes. This can cause stress in a pregnant woman. Stress may make the issue of high blood pressure more difficult to manage. However, when pregnant women to find ways to manage their stress levels, blood pressure is less of a problem. Prenatal yoga can be a great tool for managing stress during pregnancy. If yoga poses are too uncomfortable, simply listening to relaxing music while taking time to meditate is useful for the body and mind. High impact or extended aerobic exercise is generally not recommended during pregnancy, especially if your body is not used to this. However, taking walks is a great way to relieve stress and stay active. There are a variety of herbal remedies and supplements that promise to relieve stress. As with any supplement, be very careful and consult your doctor before consuming these products. If your doctor gives you the OK, decaffeinated tea may be an option to relieve stress. Oolong, ginger and blueberry can provide antioxidants to help you de-stress. Although it is difficult, getting enough sleep during pregnancy is essential, therefore aim for six to eight hours a...
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...pregnancies. Is it because they are not being educated properly? Or even being educated at all on sexual education? But not being educated properly is not the only reason as to why more and more teens are getting pregnant; it could also be the media that has an effect on them as well. There are countless affects that a teen pregnancy can have on both the teen and the child. Teen pregnancies have been a problem in the United States for numerous years. Although pregnancies rates have dropped since the 1990’s, our country still has a higher teen pregnancy rate than any other country. While there are negative consequences for the mother, the infant is also at risk by being born to a teenage mother. The most common risk is a low birth weight. With a low birth weight, the child can develop long-term effects such as developmental and cognitive delays when they grow older. The cause of a low birth weight in the child is due to the mother’s prenatal care, poor diet, and stress. Statistically, babies born to teen- agers are at greater risk of being too small and suffering lifelong health or development problems. Teen-age mothers deliver a disproportionate number of premature or low-birth-weight babies, which have a higher death rate in their first year. Before coming pregnant, the teen’s bodies have not been prepared for change yet. Which why they should be educated on how to get both themselves and their child...
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...PARENTING STYLES Developmental psychologists have long been interested in how parents impact child development. However, finding actual cause-and-effect links between specific actions of parents and later behavior of children is very difficult. Some children raised in dramatically different environments can later grow up to have remarkably similar personalities. Conversely, children who share a home and are raised in the same environment can grow up to have astonishingly different personalities than one another. Despite these challenges, researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrind, 1967). Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four important dimensions of parenting: * Disciplinary strategies * Warmth and nurturance * Communication styles * Expectations of maturity and control Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The Four Parenting Styles 1. Authoritarian Parenting In this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment...
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...http://hubpages.com/health/How-to-Get-Pregnant-Faster-and-Easier-the-Natural-Way How To Get Pregnant- Things You Should Know Starting a family will change the life of a couple. It means taking on new roles as parents and all the responsibilities and maturity that comes with it. Listed below are tips on how you can get pregnant faster and easier naturally. 1. Active Sex Life With Your Partner: It has been found by experts that even if you make love as regularly as possible, sperm cells will be produced in millions and the fact that one sperm cell can fertilize an egg, is an indicator that you can make love to your partner as often as you please. In fact, the more sex you have equals better chances of conception. Sperm cells do not get depleted...
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...Maddie Bowman Susan Zelms English 101 October 28, 2013 Informative essay rough draft Every four out of ten teens will get pregnant before they turn 20. Almost fifty percent of teens have never thought about how a pregnancy would affect their lives even though having a baby could be one of the most life-changing experiences a person can have. Choosing this topic interested me because I enjoy watching the show Teen Mom and it was always interesting to me what their lives are like with having a baby at age 18 or younger. What I really wanted to find through research were the statistics on pregnancy rates. Researching this topic will give me a further understanding of exactly how many mothers get pregnant and the outcomes of different decisions. The decisions in which a pregnant mother makes should benefit her son or daughter instead of herself. Teen pregnancy causes unwanted stress, financial problems, and most of all it interferes with completing school. Now that this topic has been introduced, now we can get a deeper look on what exactly a teen mom goes through and how it will affect her in the decisions she makes. Teen mothers should be making good decisions in what’s best for her child as far as completing high school and enrolling in college. Education is still an important responsibility of a teen mother. Finishing high school and pursuing a college education will allow her to be able to financially support her child and become more independent. Statistics show...
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...In order to obtain the greatest benefit from research, it is necessary to interpret results accurately. The development and application of critical thinking skills is paramount when reading and evaluating research articles, rather than to take the research as fact. The following paper is a critique of a qualitative research article published in 2007 by Journal of Critical Nursing, titled “The Effects of Different Maternal Positions on Non-Stress Test: An Experimental Study”. Title and Introduction The title “The Effects of Different Maternal Positions on Non-Stress Test: An Experimental Study” (Alus, Okumus, Mete, Guclu, 2007) accurately reflected the content of the article and research study. The abstract remained concise as well as provided more detail to the article. The objectives, background, study design, means of data collection and analysis, results; conclusion, and relevance to clinical practice were all mentioned in a brief paragraph. The importance of the study was clearly stated, obtaining erroneous results from non-stress tests, when, indeed, the fetus is healthy and well oxygenated. The authors further described the supine position showed the least fetal activity, increased maternal back pain as well as maternal shortness of breath. (Alus, Okumus, Mete, & Serkan, 2007). The introduction was informative and included additional information into the understanding of decreased fetal movement. Alcohol intake, smoking, certain medications as well as the fetus’...
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...Annotated Bibliography: Early Childhood 2 GLOVER, V., O'CONNOR, T. G., O'DONNELL, K., & CAPRON, L. (2014). How Prenatal Depression, Anxiety, and Stress May Affect Child Outcome. Zero To Three, 34(4), 22-28. There is good evidence that if a woman is depressed, anxious, or stressed while she is pregnant, then there is an increased risk that her child will have emotional, behavioral, or cognitive problems. Her own biology must cause these effects, but it is not known how. One important line of research suggests that the function of the placenta changes in response to maternal mood in ways that may allow more of the stress hormone cortisol and the neurotransmitter serotonin...
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...she can and then discuss her options with her doctor. Only she and the doctor can know how her body reacts to certain medications and to nicotine withdrawal. Discussed in this paper are some of the issues facing the mother and child. Effects of Smoking and Pregnancy Quitting Smoking First and foremost, a woman should quit smoking if she is thinking about becoming pregnant. Quitting will help produce a baby that will be of the same birth weight of a baby born of a woman who has never smoked. Doctors have different opinions to the correct way to quit. Some favor quitting cold turkey, stepping down gradually, taking prescription drugs such as Zyban and Chantix. Both of these need a prescription in most cases and both can have serious side effects as well. Wearing patches such as NicoDerm CQ and Habitrol release nicotine into the blood system. Some will suggest herbal supplements and even hypnosis to quit. Doctors will argue that the mother can possibly put so much stress on her body that she faces the possibility of miscarriage while others state the fetus doesn’t experience that trauma of the stress. Birth Defects Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk...
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...Understanding and Positively Managing Stress during Pregnancy Jonathan C. Rogers University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Maternal and Neonatal Nursing NURS 3612 Christi Emmerson RN, MSN September 12, 2014 Understanding and Positively Managing Stress During Pregnancy A woman that becomes pregnant must be cognizant of the physiological and stressful turbulence that her body will endure over the course of the fetal development within the uterus as well as paying attention to fostering an environment that is conducive to the overall health of both the mother and the baby. One aspect that plays a crucial indirect and direct role in the health of the two individuals is the woman’s resilient ability to adapt appropriately to stressors that will...
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...of Adoption A. Origination of Adoption B. Reasons For Adopting Early Pregnancy in the United States A. Teen Pregnancy B. Teen Moms Financial Struggles Emotional Struggles and Suicide Positives of Adoption A. Abortion Alternative B. Better the Quality of Life C. A Second Chance Arcieri 1 Recent studies in the United States have shown that thirty-four percent of teenage women will become pregnant at least once before the age of twenty. Of the 820,000 teen pregnancies each year seventy-nine percent occur out of wedlock, while one third never achieve a high school diploma or GED (Chappuis). It is estimated that about five percent of teen mothers end up putting their child up for adoption. As for the ninety-five percent of those teen moms that choose to raise their child on their own, many of them feel differently about their decisions once they attempt to balance the hardships of raising a child with living the life of a teenager ("Abortion.org"). This can easily lead to added stress levels, an unhealthy environment, and improper care for the child. One and a half percent of teen moms that decide to keep their child do not achieve a college degree before the age of thirty (Chappius) where as on average forty-three percent of adopted children end up in homes where at least one parent already has a college degree (Zill). Looking at these statistics it is easy to concur that a child whom is adopted from a teen mother is likely...
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...For instance, “Women aren't forced to bear children, they choose to bear children by the act of having sexual intercourse” (Why Abortion Should Be Illegal). Most women who get pregnant and choose to abort their child are young. No matter what anyone does, people are bound to have sex. In addition to that, protection during sex does not always work. There have been many instances where a woman still ends up pregnant even after protection. In the case of birth control, that is not something that every woman has access to. Those who are pro-life also believe that in the case that a woman is raped, there are other ways to go about aborting their child. For example, an article states, “In the instance of rape and incest, proper medical care can ensure that a woman will not get pregnant.” ( Lowen, Linda. 10 Common Arguments For and Against Abortion). While this is true, either way you put it, the baby is being terminated. There is no right way to terminate a baby that makes it completely okay. The fact of the matter will always be that the baby is being aborted. Some pro-life supporters often mention the fact that abortion may lead to other complications later on in life. An article showing the point of view of those for and against abortion clearly states...
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...Thinking about another pregnancy Miscarriage* can be a very unhappy and frightening experience. Even some time later you may still be coping with feelings of shock and great sadness. You may also be feeling anxious about the future – especially about trying again. This leaflet looks at feelings and some of the facts about pregnancy after miscarriage. It talks about deciding whether to try again, and about timing. It also gives some information that may help you and your partner before and during another pregnancy. Reasons for and against You may want to try again because: • You simply want a baby – or another baby if you already have one. Even if you didn’t plan the last pregnancy, the miscarriage may have made you realise that’s what you want • It seems the best way to get over the ‘empty’ feeling that is common after miscarriage • You feel confident that the next pregnancy will go well • It’s important to your partner • You feel it’s your last chance – if you are an older mother, for example. Should we try again? You may feel quite confident about trying for another baby. But you may be very anxious about having another miscarriage. Or you may be worried about whether you will manage to conceive. “ 2 You feel so desperately empty after the loss and want to fill that void… * We generally use the word ‘miscarriage’ to cover early and late miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and molar pregnancy. “ You may want to put off trying again because: • You fear...
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...When a woman first finds out that she is pregnant, it is typically one of the happiest moments of her life. She can only imagine all the crazy mood swings, physical, and psychological changes that are going to happen in the next 9 months. Pregnancy is characterized by an increase in the levels of circulating female sex steroids, in particular, estradiol and progesterone (Brunton, P., & Russell, J., 2010). The female sex steroids, estrogens and progesterone, are produced in large amounts in pregnancy, increasing as she comes closer to delivery. As estrogen and progesterone increase, many other hormonal changes occur as well that effect physiological structures within the brain. These hormones have important roles in the peripheral actions to...
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