...Abstract: The stroop effect can be reduced through stroop dilution and this is achieved through the use of neutral words. This paper focuses on a study undertaken on a sample where n = 30 and the participants were exposed to three tests, one test included testing time taken to read colour words which had the same colour as the word stated, the second test was to record the time taken to read words colour words that had different colours as the colour word stated and the third and final test was to test the time taken for the individual to read neutral words containing different colours. The study was undertaken to determine whether there was a reduction in the stroop effect which was to be based on the time taken to accomplish the three tasks, it was found out that indeed the stroop effect reduced ands this was noted due to the reduction in the time taken in reading the third task. Introduction: The stroop effect is viewed as the interference when undertaking a task; this effect was first coined by Ridley Stroop in 1935. his findings were that there was usually a delay when naming a colour name which is written in a different colour, example writing the word RED in colour red would result into much easier to read than if RED is written in blue, this is due to the stroop effect. Some theorists have come up with explanation of this effect and this includes the speed to process theory and the selective attention theory. According to the speed of process theory the stroop effect is...
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...with relevance of Stroop Effect, which allowed scientist to examine differences in gender, age, as well as education on the intervention effect. The METACARD software was used to explore the effect of congruent and incongruent stimuli on the reaction time of participant’s performance. The data is from 46 participants are presented here. Results revealed that when word and color match, participants have faster responses and less errors. When word and color do not match, participants have slower responses and make more errors. The Stroop effect demonstrates the dynamic of selective attention, illustrates the nature of automatic processing, and shows that people can improve their selective attention. Keywords: selective attention, interaction, stroop effect, automatic processing. Introduction The phenomenon of interference takes a large place in experimental psychology and demands our attention. Many psychologist investigate inhibiting effects nowadays. However, the psychologists began to study interference prior to 1890. Many experiments were conducted to investigate color naming and word reading. The Stroop Effect was discovered by John Ridley Stroop. The Stroop task experiment was done and first reported in scientist’s Ph.D. dissertation that was published in 1925. In the colorword, Stroop presented (Stroop, 1935) the participants with words printed in color and were asked to identify the color of the ink while ignoring the meaning of the word. Stroop...
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...New York, New York through social media and billboard advertisement and got a compensation of $10 per task each and a total of $20 of completion of both task. This study took place on Stony Brook University campus in one of the psychology research labs. Measures Demographic data were derived from the participants through individual face-to-face interviews. Age at onset was not determined as the age at which retrospect DSM-V criteria for the disorder were fulfilled (schizophrenia patients), or the age at that the first mood episodes...
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...relates to morality. In addition to this they added in 2 conditions which took place before naming the colours. They used a series of metaphors in order to explain many of their concepts. Their first study was based on an experiment done by Meier et al (2004) using the Stroop colour- word task (1935). They used the same words and found that immorality-blackness associations operate quickly and automatically. These associations influenced performance on the Stroop task, so a task that requires identifying colours does not require any moral evaluation and can be performed quickly. The second study was the same as the first but used a new set of words, in order to test whether the moral Stroop effect is susceptible to conditions that make immorality more prominent, this was similar to a study by Zhong and Liljenquist (2006). Alongside this task another small task was introduced where they had to read a story which either had a morally wrong or right answer. After analysis of the results they found that people, who showed no Stroop effect initially, were affected by simply being exposed to unethical behaviour, so they started to associate colour with the morally relevant words. However participants who had shown the Stroop effect at first, decreased this time round, which suggests that over exposure to immoral activities may stop the activation of ideas related to cleanliness. Their final study looked at the general idea of people associating sin with blackness reflects in their...
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...Article: Embodied Cognition: Davioli, C. C., Du, F., Montana, J., Garverick, S., & Abrams, R. A. (2010). When meaning matters, look but don’t touch: The effects of posture on reading. Memory & Cognition, 38(5), 555-562. 1. Research Question(s) Reading is an essential part of life and the with internet, humans have access to unlimited quantities of reading material. Much of the reading that we do occurs near the hands whether we read documents electronically or whether read via hard copies. There are individual functional preferences in consuming reading material, and there may also be advantages and disadvantages associated with these preferences, which may or may not in turn correlate to the perceived affect how much material is actually absorbed. Previous research has revealed that spatial processing is essential for successful reading, and is enhanced near the hands. Another critical aspect pertaining to reading involves semantic processing, which is related with vocabulary, knowledge, understanding of what a word means, and how to use words and meaning in context. Several studies have posed that hand actions affect what we see which may also contribute to language acquisition, comprehension, and communication. Research also reveals a direct manner in which visual processing is affected in relation to the spacing around the hands. The effect that hands have on our locus of visual attention have also shown that visual stimuli near the hands may be processed...
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...Research Development The video portion about brain researcher Amere Ras and his work in hypnotic suggestion brings up many questions in regards to treating mental health or addiction. In this he sheds some light on the power of suggestion and how if you are susceptible to hypnosis it can have a huge impact on your learning abilities and if you could possibly be treated with hypnosis. In this paper I will explain what Ras was trying to accomplish and will also tell you about how I would conduct this study if I were to do it. What was the purpose of this study? When Ras first conducted this study his intentions were to show us how he could undo automatic behaviors such as reading and being able to understand your native language. He used a test called the Stroop Color-Word Test that consists of colors that are written in words but in the wrong color ink. The test-taker has to be able to state the color that the word is written in and be able to ignore whatever the actual word is. For example, if you see the word “red” but it’s written in blue ink, the correct answer would be “blue”(Heerema, 2014). When he conducted this test he had two groups, one that was highly susceptible to hypnosis and the other who was not. Those who were susceptible saw the words as foreign and only saw the colors, which made them do much better on the test. (Psychology media suite 2008) Ras scanned the brain while completing this experiment and noticed that the anterior cingulated cortex, the area...
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...Research Development Paper Tanya Mitchell November 23rd 2015 PSY/335 Nancy Lee Research Development Paper Introduction In this paper, it will discuss research development through a video in this week electronic reserve. The video is around the Purpose of Attention and Conscious-Unlearning through Hypnosis and how it apply to the real world. Hypnosis was developed by an Austrian physician Franz Anton Mesmer. During the 18th century, Amir Raz used hypnoses in his research that was presented in the “Attention and Consciousness-Unlearning through Hypnosis”. Also, we will look at the how Raz us his research to by using the scientific methods in smoking. These result will show that hypnosis can be use in the real world. The purpose of unlearning through hypnosis is to make people undo automatic behavior like smoking, cursing, etc. This is to automatic decrease the likelihood of wanting to do any unhealthy habits. Reading is used as an example, which helps in understanding the method of experimenting. Once you have learned to read then, it is easy just to read something automatically. Raz suggestion is that through hypnosis skill that have been learned can be unlearned. The experiment that was done was the Stroop Color-Word Test, this video showed different colors for the words such as red was yellow, black was orange, and blue was green, etc. The patient was to say the color of the text but not to read the word. In the video, it stated that “In the research he...
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...Research Development Paper Robert Trostel PSY/335 February 2, 2015 Tiffany Cron Research Development Paper Amir Raz a brain researcher from the New York State Psychiatric Institute has shown through his finding that through hypnotic suggestion he is able to make some people undo automatic behaviors, such as understanding their native language. The method that he uses is the Stroop Color-Word Test. In this Test he shows each of the people taking this test a word with a different color font. The object of the test is for the person to read the color not the actual word. In this test he shows that people have a reflex to read the word rather than the different color font. The video attention and consciousness-unlearning through hypnosis talks about using hypnosis in order to affect the anterior cingulated cortex of the brain. The brain was monitored while people were taking these tests the anterior cingulated cortex was lit up during this test. Some of the participants in the test under hypnosis performed better on the test when they were had gone through hypnosis. These patients viewed the words as foreign, and screened only for color and therefore did much better on the given task since their view of the word did not interact with the color. Raz was trying to suggest that the part of the brain that he was testing was involved with conflict and resolving conflict which would lesson activity. People who did well on this test viewed the world much differently. Practical...
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...PSYCHOLOGY 110– LAB EXPERIENCE PAPER MEMORY in HUMAN BEINGS SECTION I: OVERVIEW Memory, is an abstract term with no real concrete definition or absolute understanding thus making the word intriguing enough to draw attention to the greater subject of what it is, how it works and why it goes wrong. It is an essential concept in our daily life yet is the most elusive and misunderstood human attribute. Its constant presence in our everyday and its intricately complex mysteries is what ignites my interest in the research conducted in this field of Psychology. As a college student memory plays a great role in our academic performance, from weather we can recall mathematical formulas to recalling something a professor said in class to remembering certain solutions, key words and definitions we read in course material. Therefore from a personal standpoint the topic of memory interests me, as by understanding this complex concept and going into the depths of it’s functioning, I might be able to improve my own. Memory is formed from childhood and I am interested to see if memory is an natural capacity, and if so what factors lead to a better memory and if not can memory be affected by daily everyday factors. From a Psychological perspective memory excites me because the way we remember things and how can help us understand behavior and reactions to various situations. Memory hence affects decision-making and all other spheres of human life. The recollection of memory,...
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...Research and Development John Segura University of Phoenix PSY/335 Research Method Prof. Tiffany D. Cron Abstract The class was to watch the "Attention and Consciousness-Unlearning through Hypnosis" video that was located in this week's Electronic Reserve Readings. We are to use this paper to answer several questions on what was presented in the video. I will delve into what the purpose of the study was, how the study applies to the real world, if there were other studies or steps to contribute to the study what would it be and how would I conduct it, and how would I apply the steps of the scientific method and ho would I test my hypothesis. This paper will be interesting because I feel that hypnosis can be used to cure many ailments and even help people from continuing bad habits. Research Development In the video we met a brain researcher by the name of Amir Raz, from New York State Psychiatric Institute. Dr. Raz with his work has shown that through his work that there is a form of hypnotic suggestion that can make some people undo automatic behaviors, such as being able to understand their native language. The purpose of the study was to show that by using the Stroop Color-Word Test, he found that the brains of highly suggestible people under hypnosis processed the words as foreign, and screened only for color and therefore did much better on the task since the words did not interact with the color. In the study Dr. Raz was focusing on suggesting that the brain...
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...Tiesha Cooper Trinity Christian College Basic Research Skills Dr. King Lucid Dreaming Holzinger (2009), suggests that dreams have been a major importance to cultures throughout the ages. Native Americans viewed dreams as portals to the spirit world, paths to prophecy and quests. A common phenomenon states, there is an experience in which one is aware that one is dreaming and is able to control what happens in the dream. This experience is known as lucid dreaming. Aristotle may have been the first to write about lucid dreaming, although he did not have a term for it (Holzinger B. , 2009). And some Tibetan Buddhists have been practicing something like lucid dreaming for a long time. In Tibetan Buddhism, it was practiced as a form of yoga, called dream yoga, from the eighth century. The goal of dream yoga is to examine your consciousness and bring you to a constant state of awareness. A big part of the belief system of Buddhism is recognizing the world for what it is, free from deception. A lucid dreamer recognizes the dream world for what it is, a dream (Holzinger B. , 2009). A Dutch psychiatrist named Frederik van Eeden came up with the term for lucid dreams in 1913. He claimed that there are nine well-defined types of dreams in all, including ordinary, symbolic and vivid dreams. He recorded several of his own lucid dreams, and his thoughts during them and upon awakening. He remarked that they often involved...
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...Does Bilingualism improve brain functioning? Although it is believed by many that it is impossible for children to master two different languages simultaneously, children who are bilingual are more effective learners because the children can benefit from bilingualism in their cognitive development and help to progress their mental health. This paper will examine Jean Paget’s and Lev Vygotsky’s Theories of Cognitive Development, and B.F. Skinner’s and Noam Chomsky’s Language Development Theories, describing relevant terminology, and addressing how the theory assists in the understanding of issues involved in the selected topic. Identify and describe at least two domains of human development (physical, biological emotional, cognitive, and/or social) and how they are impacted by the topic does bilingualism improve brain functioning. Identify and describe the stages of development that are affected by the topic does bilingualism improve brain functioning. Describe the cultural and historical perspectives of the chosen topic, demonstrating an understanding of how the topic has been perceived over time and by other cultures. Cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence (wikipedia.com, 2014). When bilingualism is defined in the first way, as the characteristic of an individual who possesses two linguistic systems - we call it cognitive bilingualism (Hukuta and others, 1978). Bilingualism defined in the second...
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...Examining the Effects of Music on Memory <Name Removed> University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Abstract This experiment was designed to test the effects that classical music has on memory. Previous experiments have shown that the effects of music can be beneficial in work and school environments. Our hypothesis was that a group that is required to listen to classical music during a study would outperform a group who studied in silence. The participants were college students and were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group performed the experiment in complete silence, while the experimental group listened to classical music the entire time. Both groups were asked to examine a picture and memorize as much as they could for two minutes. Immediately after two minutes a short distraction film was played and a multiple choice test was given. The results were not statistically significant and our hypothesis was rejected. Methodological limitations and ideas for follow-up research are discussed. Keywords: music, memory, memorize, distraction, test Examining the Effects of Music on Memory Memory is an area that sparks the interest of many scientists. Memory can be affected by multiple genetic and environmental factors having positive and negative influences on working memory function (Alley & Greene, 2008). Research has shown that if music is played to babies while in the womb, they possess recognition and memory recall of the music a year after being born...
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...Research Development Paper PSY/335 September 21, 2015 Tiffany D. Cron The purpose of this study was to understand human nature and potentially explain why people act the way they do. In the video Attention and Consciousness - Unlearning through Hypnosis, they discuss the research conducted by Amir Raz. He completed a study using hypnotic suggestion, which found the brown can override responses that experts have long assumed to be ingrained and automatic. He believed that there are ways to make some people undo automatic behaviors such as be able understand a person’s native language and also it points to hypnotic suggestion as a powerful new tool for brain research. The study focuses on the Stroop Test, which is a hallmark of attentional research that asks people to simply name the ink color a word is printed in. For example, the word RED may be printed in a green font. This can automatically set up a cognitive conflict with our brain, which is likely to answer what it reads, even though the correct answer is green. This study applies to the real world because of how we treat our patients today and how we can find different way to enhance their treatment options. There are various ways of helping people deal with their problems, whether it’s a family issue such as marriage problems, or an actual mental disorder such as depression or paranoia. Unfortunately, some people do not like the idea of sitting down and telling a complete stranger their deepest, darkest...
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...Cognitive Processes Paper Cristala Walker August 8, 2012 INTRODUCTION This paper will examine the cognitive processes of attention, language, and problem solving. This paper will explain the purpose of each cognitive processes. This paper will also summarize and evaluate the studies of these cognitive processes and also the research methodology that they focus on. Cognitive processes are very important for human behavior. It is about the knowledge and the way people use his or her knowledge. Cognitive processes affect individuals in everyday life, often occurring within fractions of a second. EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF EACH COGNITIVE PROCESS Language is used to communicate feelings, thoughts, and ideas effectively. The use of language begins at a very young age, some would agree before birth. Language is spoken in a mixture of techniques from oral, to sign language to body language. In language there is a collection of terms, which is related to a particular topic, and the collection of terms is identified as a lexicon. Language and lexicon mutually combined because of the recollection of vocabulary or verbal communication, which transmits to cognitive psychology because the occurrence of lexical judgments in processing vocabulary in the cognitive mind. The main aspects of verbal communication are communicative, uninformed, controlled, generative, and self-motivated. The communicative part of language is the speech between two individuals. The uniformed part is the...
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