...Formations During the Epoch of Reionization Jennifer Marie Deger ABSTRACT In this paper, the reionization and structure formation of the cosmos is examined using state-of-the-art computation and visualization technology. The starting point for gathering particle data was the Cosmic Microwave Background, relic radiation left over from the Big Bang. The supercomputer Titan created the data and put it in a format that could be downloaded onto weaker machines, for our purposes. This data was then consolidated and manipulated so that the evolution of features of the cosmos could be seen on a small, detailed scale, which allows for close observations and analysis. The results yielded depict many examples of the innate relationship between ionization and energy density, as well as how these features are related to temperature and photon density. Using a stereoscopic display, dark matter collapse was simulated in 3D so that the details of the connection between gravity and energy, mainly how the gravity of dense regions affects structure formation by causing dark matter to collapse and form halos, could be seen from an advantageous perspective. Overall, these simulations allow us to better understand how the cosmos has evolved over billions of years in order to give rise to stars and planets capable of supporting life. 1. Introduction All of the energy that forms the universe was at one time concentrated at a single point. This extremely concentrated point of energy expanded in what...
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...explaining very complex scientific facts and theories on a layperson level. In demonstrating that it is possible and desirable to know the universe, Sagan fails to address what it means to really “know” the universe in his essay titled Can We Know the Universe? Reflections on a Grain of Salt. The word “know” is an action verb with both transitive and intransitive meanings. It is the intransitive form that lacks explanation. Science can explain the “how” and the “why,” but it cannot bring meaning to either. Science and faith are both required for a complete picture of the universe. To Know, or Not to Know: That is the Question I have been a student of Carl Sagan since my youth. His way of explaining very complex scientific facts and theories spoke at my level. I can still remember how he compared human civilization to the age of the universe: if the age of the universe were a 12-month calendar year, recorded human civilization would be represented as the last 10-seconds of that year. Wow! I could get my brain around that idea. This seemed to be the answer to all the science, mathematics, and English questions I had as a high school student trying to make sense of it all. Once again Carl Sagan applies his ability to bring the very complex to the level of the average junior scientist in his paper titled Can We Know The Universe? Reflections on a Grain of Salt. In his essay, he uses a single grain of salt to illustrate that there are more sodium and chlorine atoms...
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...he multiverse (or meta-universe, metaverse) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes (including the historical universe we consistently experience) that together comprise everything that exists and can exist: the entirety of space, time, matter, and energy as well as the physical laws and constants that describe them. The term was coined in 1895 by the American philosopher and psychologist William James.[1] The various universes within the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes. The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. Multiverses have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion, philosophy, transpersonal psychology and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternative universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel dimensions", "parallel worlds", "alternative realities", "alternative timelines", and "dimensional planes," among others. Tegmark's classification Cosmologist Max Tegmark has provided a taxonomy of universes beyond the familiar observable universe. The levels according to Tegmark's classification are arranged such that subsequent levels can be understood to encompass and expand upon previous levels, and they are briefly described below. Level I: Beyond our cosmological...
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...astrophysical term to describe a force which can not be explained by any of the known gravitational forces in the observable universe and is responsible for moving whole clusters of galaxies in convoy towards a single point in space between constellations Centaurus and Vela. In 2008 NASA scientists came across the dark flow while studying some of the largest structures in the cosmos. According to standard cosmological models the motion of galaxy clusters should be randomly distributed in all directions. When scientists analysed WMAP data they discovered that clusters were moving 3.2 km per hour towards a single region in space. This motion is separate from the expansion of the universe and does not change as distance increases. Scientists came to the conclusion that whatever is driving the movement of matter must lie beyond the observable universe....
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...This chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology, the prevailing scientific model of how the universe came into being and developed over time, using the cosmological time parameter of comoving coordinates. The instant in which the universe is thought to have begun rapidly expanding from a singularity is known as the Big Bang. As of 2013, this expansion is estimated to have begun 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago.[1] It is convenient to divide the evolution of the universe so far into three phases. The very earliest universe was so hot, or energetic, that initially no particles existed or could exist (except perhaps in the most fleeting sense), and the forces we see around us today were believed to be merged into one unified force. Space itself expanded during an inflationary epoch due to the immensity of the energies involved. Gradually the immense energies cooled - still to a temperature inconceivably hot compared to any we see around us now, but sufficiently to allow forces to gradually undergo symmetry breaking, a kind of repeated condensation from one status quo to another, leading finally to the separation of the strong force from the electroweak force and the first particles. In the second phase, this quark-gluon plasma universe then cooled further, the current fundamental forces we know take their present forms through further symmetry breaking - notably the breaking of electroweak symmetry - and the full...
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...1. We have structure pane and class n object pane in UDT, in IDT, they have Data foundation layer (in stead of structure pane) and Business Layer (instead of Class n object pane). First of all, a project is created, then a relational or OLAP connection, then data foundation and then business layer. Then the universe is published as .unx 2. In IDT, the biggest advantage is that you have create universe based on multiple data sources. It could be different relational data sources (must be 64-bit), or different SAP BW source or them combined. 3. You can create universe based of SAP BW. The tables underneath the cube would be extracted, and would be used like any relational database. 4. They have introduced the concept of 'views' in Data Foundation Layer. If you have many tables to be used in the universe, it would be difficult to manage joins and structure. So you can create multiple windows. For ex., one view or window would be related to client and all the related tables. another window could be related to product and related tables, and another could be related to FACT and the main dimension tables. The master view would be the union of all these views. 5. In UDT, you can add a table any time and then can drag it to object pane to create objects automatically. In IDT, automatic classes and objects are created only once when you create the Business Layer for the first time. After that, if you add any table, you have to create objects based on it manually. 6...
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...the universe evolved some will say that man created the universe. Next question, how can man create something in outerspace? Now the room is silent, why is that? How can you answer a question that cannot be answered. So why do you need proof that God exist, what will that prove, that people are actually worshipping God, instead of a what people say is an inanimate object. In the beginning God created the heaven and earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters (Genesis 1:1-2). There are many traditional proofs for the existence of God, and we will look at three, the argument from design, the ontological argument and the cosmological argument. There are many ways that the universe might have been, it might have had different arrangement of planets and stars; it might have begun with a bigger or smaller big bang; the vast majority of these universes would not have existence of life. We are fortunate indeed to have a universe that does. The argument of design, picture looking at a rectangular skyscraper and examined the structure within it, you might think that this intricate structure was not the outcome of mere chance, but had been designed. Now look at the universe, is it possible that such an intricate stricture, from the orbits off planets around the sun to the cells in your bloodstream could all have happened by chance? Surly, this enormously complex structure has...
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...I Have A Theory The study of the universe as a whole is Cosmology. Although easy to label, it is not easy to explain. The foundation of modern cosmology can be described as an arrangement of observations, hypotheses, theories using science, technology, mathematics, physics, and analytics (to name a few) to strive for answers about our beginning, present, and future. Through time, many types of people have created stories, myths, and ideas of how we came to be. Until the nineteenth and twentieth century, the evolution of theories was slow. According to Shipper, “New telescopic devices permitting people to see parts of the universe never before imagined, in new ways never before conceived, have advanced man's theoretical capabilities on explaining the origin of the universe, a task that has been a part of intelligent man's life for thousands of years” (para 1, n.d.). As our technology advances, we are able to answer questions. Going back a few centuries to a time of revelation to Nicholas Copernicus, he had a revolutionary idea that paved the way of thinking that the sun was the center of our universe. His proposal published in 1543, a book titled, “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres.” Johannes Kepler, the first astrophysicist, discovered that the planets revolve around the sun in ellipses. This gave birth to the laws of planetary motion. Isaac Newton supported Kepler’s suggestions that planets were kept in orbit by a force, by showing that the same force that keeps our...
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...appearance that the Milky Way is at the center of the universe, and all galaxies are moving away from us, possibly due to some large explosion, The Big Bang. The Hubble's Law can be applied to any observer in any galaxy. No matter where you are, an expanding universe will give the same appearance. The expansion of the universe is not like the explosion of a bomb sending fragments in all directions. Space itself is expanding. We can detect photons that appear to have moved at different speeds through space. However, as the speed of light is constant, it is space that is moving relative to the photon. The galaxies are fixed relative to space, but space itself is moving. We have seen no 'edge' to the universe and there are an equal number of galaxies in every direction. Also, galaxies can move relative to space, but at times gravity can accelerate one galaxy toward another faster than space expands. When light waves travel through space, they are stretched by expansion and this increases the wave's wavelength, making it appear redder. Using the Hubble Law, we can estimate the age of the universe. At some point in the distant past, matter in the universe must have been densely packed. From this point, the universe would have expanded at some high speed to become today's universe. Assuming a constant expansion over time, we find that the age of the universe is around 14 billion years. Over very large distances, galaxies in the universe are more or less uniformly distributed. If there...
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...Inflation is one of the leading theories explaining the structure of the cosmos, first proposed in 1979 by Alan Guth as a major refinement of the Big Bang theory. In this post, I will explore the basics of inflation as well as how it resolves some problems with the Big Bang theory. The basics Cosmological inflation proposes that between 10−36 and 10−33/32 seconds after the Big Bang singularity, there was an inflationary epoch wherein the universe underwent an immense, exponential expansion of gargantuan scale. In a trillionth of a trillionth of a second, the universe expanded more rapidly than the speed of light itself- this does not violate Einstein’s dictum that light-speed is the universal speed limit, however, because it is empty space...
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...Some may be more outgoing, or in some cases, introverted as others, but as a whole humanity has “the most complex social structure on the planet. We gather in families, tribes, clans, nations. We have an incredibly sophisticated method of interacting -- speech. We can communicate over time and distance through printing and broadcasting” (Taflinger 3). Humanity has used these incredible social skills to communicate and work for each other in an ever developing world. Newton’s discovery of gravity and his three laws of motion however, are some of the most important things that run the world. Engineers use the force of gravity to accurately determine the size of structures that need to be built such as bridges, skyscrapers, and roller coasters. The engineers may have to use a distance given to them and their knowledge on how gravity works to construct a bridge that will maintain stability. Engineers must also know that “Gravity loads constant magnitudes and fixed positions that act permanently on the structure” (Structural Loads). These facts were not thought up by Newton himself, as he was not an engineer nor were there metallic bridges during the 18th century, but they were brought upon the world because of what Newton had done. Without the discovery of gravity the world would not be able to use terms such...
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...Universe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). Part of a series on Physical cosmology • • • • Early universe[show] Expanding universe[show] Structure formation[show] Future of universe[show] Components[show] History[show] Experiments[show] Scientists[show] Social impact[show] Universe Big Bang Age of the universe Chronology of the universe • • Astronomy portal Category: Physical cosmology • • • V T E The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of existence,[1][2][3][4] including planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, the smallest subatomic particles, and all matter and energy.[5][6] Similar terms include the cosmos, the world, reality, and nature. The observable universe is about 46 billion light years in radius.[7] Scientific observation of the Universe has led to inferences of its earlier stages. These observations suggest that the Universe has been governed by the same physical laws and constants throughout most of its extent and history. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development of the Universe, which is calculated to have begun13.798 ± 0.037 billion years ago.[8][9] Observations of supernovae have shown that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate.[10] There are many competing theories about the ultimate fate of the universe. Physicists remain unsure about what, if anything, preceded the Big Bang. Many...
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...the world or universe to the existence of God. The existence of the universe, such arguments claim, stands in need of explanation. The only adequate explanation, the arguments suggest, is that it was created by God. What distinguishes the kalam cosmological argument from other forms of cosmological argument is that it rests on the idea that the universe has a beginning in time. Modal forms of the cosmological argument are consistent with the universe having an infinite past. According to the kalam cosmological argument, however, it is precisely because the universe is thought to have a beginning in time that its existence is thought to stand in need of explanation. This argument has the following logical structure: The Kalam Cosmological Argument (1) Everything that has a beginning of its existence has a cause of its existence. (2) The universe has a beginning of its existence. Therefore: (3) The universe has a cause of its existence. (4) If the universe has a cause of its existence then that cause is God. Therefore: (5) God exists. The first premise of the argument is the claim that everything that begins to exist has a cause of its existence. In order to infer from this that the universe has a cause of its existence the proponent of the kalam cosmological argument must prove that the past is finite, that the universe began to exist at a certain point in time. The crucial premise of the kalam cosmological argument, then, is the second: “The universe has a beginning...
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...and researchers with society. We can summarize three interrelated qualities: 1. The relationship between metaphysics and science. Early science was supernatural and bound up with religious convictions about nature and the universe. 2. The social position of science. This involves various attributes. The main is the division of investigative movement and regular action. The second is the relationship in the middle of science and society, in which the character or force of one has been a developmental impact upon the other. The third trademark is the force of science can be used or force: tested from society. 3. The cognitive development of human beings. The learning limit and thinking capacity of researchers has created and expanded incrementally through the historical backdrop of science. The subjective capacities of researchers at every phase of science have been an essential trademark and at times constraining element. Science in the twentieth century It is ordinary these days for researchers and science journalists to grumble about the absence of general society comprehension of science. In any case, maybe it has dependably been in this way the lower class of the Middle Ages was pretty much as unenlightened about the workings of the universe as center America is today.]It was gravitational was made out of planets circling stars, each had of a comparative properties which kept them in altered unva connection This was the widespread raying bema domain, at the domain...
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...In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ) is the value of the energy density of the vacuum of space. It was originally introduced by Albert Einstein in 1917 as an addition to his theory of general relativity to "hold back gravity" and achieve a static universe, which was the accepted view at the time. Einstein abandoned the concept after Hubble's 1929 discovery that all galaxies outside the Local Group (the group that contains the Milky Way Galaxy) are moving away from each other, implying an overall expanding universe. From 1929 until the early 1990s, most cosmology researchers assumed the cosmological constant to be zero. The cosmological constant appears in Einstein's field equationin the form of where R and g describe the structure of spacetime, T pertains to matter and energy affecting that structure, and G and c are conversion factors that arise from using traditional units of measurement. When Λ is zero, this reduces to the original field equation of general relativity. When T is zero, the field equation describes empty space (the vacuum). 2 VACUUM ENERGY PROBLEM The...
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