...of human life. FS differ not only by the possibility or impossibility of using some elements but also due to the frequency of their usage. For example, some terms can appear in the colloquial style but the possibility of its appearance is quite different form the possibility to meet it in an example of scientific style. The classification of FS is a very complicated problem, that is why we will consider ideas of I.V.Arnold and I.R. Galperin, bearing in mind that Galperin treats functional styles as patterns of the written variety of language thus excluding colloquial FS. Both scholars agree that each FS can be recognized by one or more leading features. But Galperin pays more attention to the coordination of language means and stylistic devices whereas Arnold connects the specific features of each FS with its peculiarities in the sphere of communication. According to I.R. Galperin, a functional style of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. A functional style should be regarded as the product of a certain concrete task set by the sender of the message. Functional styles appear mainly in the literary standard of the language. These represent varieties of the abstract invariant and can deviate from the invariant, even breaking away with it. Each FS is a relatively stable system at the given stage in the development of the literary language, but it changes, and sometimes considerably, from one...
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...Lecture Plan # 1 Stylistics as a Branch of General Linguistics Литература 1. Гальперин И.Р. Стилистика английского языка. Учебник. - 3-е изд. М: Высшая школа, 1981. - 334 стр. 2. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного английского языка (стилистика декодирования). Л., "Просвещение", 1981. 295 стр. 3. Кухаренко В.А. Seminars in Style. M., 1971. 4. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языка. М. «Высшая школа», 1994. Stylistics can be defined as a branch of modern linguistics devoted to the detailed analysis of literary style, or of the linguistic choices made by speakers and writers in non-literary contexts. (Chris Baldick Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms, 1996) According to I.R. Galperin, stylistics is a branch of general linguistics, which deals with the investigation of two independent tasks: 1. Stylistics studies the special media of language which are called stylistic devices and expressive means. Expressive means and stylistic devices form three large groups of phonetic, lexical, syntactical means and devices. Each group is further subdivided according to the principle, purpose and function of a mean or a device in an utterance. 2. Stylistics studies the types of texts which are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication and are called functional styles of language. Expressive means of a language are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological...
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...ONE STAIR UP The text under analysis is an extract from the novel “One stair up” by the Scottish novelist С. Nairne. Campbell Nairne who was born in Edinburg and became popular due to her two books “One stair up” and “Stony Ground”. The given extract is a description of the attendance of the cinema by two youngsters Rosa and Andrew. They are representatives of the working class? And they have different aims of visiting cinema that was the reason of developing of the conflict between them. The theme of this extract is the problem of misunderstanding between Rosa and Andrew. The main idea is a different attitude to things, different word vision and different motivation. The book belongs to the belles-letters style, the story is told by the 3rd person narration, but also we can find the 1st person narration (the text is partially narrative). The language of the extract is rather simple, the author used a lot of compound sentences and a lot of colloquial words that help the reader to feel the atmosphere in the cinema and the thoughts and inner condition of the main heroes. The whole story can be divided into 4 logical parts: 1st coming to the cinema, 2nd Rosa and Andrew begin to watch the comedy, 3rd the comedy itself, 4th Rosa’s and Andrew’s dialog. The plot structure of the extract is closed, because there are all elements. The exposition when the heroes come to the cinema, and their first impression from the atmosphere of the luxury. The story itself...
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...Stylistics Task 2: Adoption (written language): There is some fairly long clauses and sentence, there is a lot more facts and things that is important to know. There are few repetitions, a varied vocabulary and a bigger and more nuanced vocabulary. Correct grammar and hole words instead of abbreviation. There are also many subordinate clauses and it is complete sentences. Basketball (spoken language): In this text they use short sentences, it is like they are talking to a friend - Daily life vocabulary, "incorrect" grammar. Few subordinate clauses and unfinished sentences with a lot of repetitions. The word "and" -> listings, is one of the most used words in spoken language. There are also many contractions (e.g. it´s). Task 14: In your essay you need to use written language. You use to many contractions e.g. It´s, try to use it is instead. “ But Jesus in heaven there sure are issues”, try not to write like you are talking to a friend. But I think that it is good that you use some fairly long clauses and sentence, and you are not using the word ”and” to often. Task 18: There is one passive sentence in the first letter, and there is zero in the last. I think that it is a harsh tone, he use in both letters. I just think that this should be a conversation, instead of written a letter. A letter is un personal, no matter how bad he´s teaching was, he deserves a conversation and not a letter, So I don’t think he should send any of these two letters. Task...
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...Арнольд И.В. Стилистика соврменного английского языка. М.: Просвещение, 2002 ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ § 1. Предмет и задачи стилистики Стилистикой называется отрасль лингвистики, исследующая принципы и эффект выбора и использования лексических, грамматических, фонетических и вообще языковых средств для передачи мысли и эмоции в разных условиях общения. В этой главе будут рассмотрены различные принципы подразделения этой обширной и разветвленной науки: стилистика языка и стилистика речи, лингвостилистика и литературоведческая стилистика, стилистика от автора и стилистика восприятия, стилистика декодирования и др. Стилистика языка исследует, с одной стороны, специфику языковых подсистем, называемых функциональными стилями и подъязыками и характеризующихся своеобразием словаря, фразеологии и синтаксиса, и, с другой стороны, — экспрессивные, эмоциональные и оценочные свойства различных языковых средств. Стилистика речи изучает отдельные реальные тексты, рассматривая, каким образом они передают содержание, не только следуя нормам, известным грамматике и стилистике языка, но и на основе значащих отклонений от этих норм. Для того чтобы яснее представить себе предмет стилистики, заметим, что в разных ситуациях язык как средство общения используется по-разному. Сообщение об одном и том же факте действительности может принимать разные формы в зависимости от того, например, происходит ли общение в официальной, деловой или бытовой обстановке, от того, каковы...
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...H. Res. 106: Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution 110th CONGRESS 1st Session Calling upon the President to ensure that the foreign policy of the United States reflects appropriate understanding and sensitivity concerning issues related to human rights, ethnic cleansing, and genocide documented in the United States record relating to the Armenian Genocide, and for other purposes. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES January 30, 2007 Mr. SCHIFF (for himself, Mr. RADANOVICH, Mr. PALLONE, Mr. KNOLLENBERG, Mr. SHERMAN, and Mr. MCCOTTER) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs RESOLUTION Calling upon the President to ensure that the foreign policy of the United States reflects appropriate understanding and sensitivity concerning issues related to human rights, ethnic cleansing, and genocide documented in the United States record relating to the Armenian Genocide, and for other purposes. Resolved, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This resolution may be cited as the `Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution'. SEC. 2. FINDINGS. The House of Representatives finds the following: (1) The Armenian Genocide was conceived and carried out by the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923, resulting in the deportation of nearly 2,000,000 Armenians, of whom 1,500,000 men, women, and children were killed, 500,000 survivors were expelled from their homes,...
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...of Danang NGUY N UY DŨNG Supervisor: Ngũ Thi n Hùng, Ph.D AN INVESTIGATION INTO STYLISTIC DEVICES IN POLITICAL SPEECHES BY US PRESIDENTS Examiner 1: ……………………………………………………… Examiner 2: ……………………………………………………… Field Study Code : THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE : 60.22.15 This thesis will be presented to the Examining Committee at the University of Danang on October 30th 2010 M.A. THESIS (SUMMARY) This thesis is available found at the library of DANANG - 2010 - College of Foreign Languages, University of Danang. - Information Resources Center, University of Danang. 3 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. RATIONALE The effectiveness of a speech depends on many factors, including the mood of the crowd, the ability of the orator, the situation the crowd confronts, the topic of the speech and the using of words- the using of stylistic devices. The goal of any political speech is persuasion - you want to bring the crowd around to your point of view, whether that means convincing them to vote for you. So the frequent and wide use of stylistic devices is an important characteristic of political speeches which is an effective way to make these speeches more attractive, lively and more persuasive. A stylistic device is an example of the figurative use of words, which produces a particularly rhetorical effect when people use the language creatively in a specified context so all politicians use stylistic devices in political speeches. In the realm of discourse analysis, the typical linguistic...
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...Hallie Thompson Professor Birt English 200 2 May 2012 Stylistic Approach Among Readers and Writers. Authors use a certain stylistic approach when writing their piece of work. The use of style in literature helps readers understand how language can suggest moods, images, and meanings throughout the story. Without a stylistic approach readers would have to dig deeper and create their own thoughts and feelings throughout a story, without having any sense of significance. When authors create their specific approach they then must decide if it is appropriate for the audience. Does it deliver the theme and purpose behind writing this piece to the reader? Is the piece appropriate? The writer must answer all these questions before finishing his or her work. After reading many different types of work by various authors there has been two authors that have stuck out, William Blake and William Shakespeare. Each author is able to connect with his readers by creating a mood, theme, and allowing the reader to connect with some type of meaning. In spite of this, the way each particular author uses his certain stylistic approach is completely different and unique than the other one’s. Blake connects with his readers through personal experience and the supernatural. Shakespeare on the other hand, likes for his readers to change their viewpoint throughout his works. They may start out feeling, or imagining, on thing, and then completely change their thought process towards the end. Even...
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...Stylistic devices Repetition and Variation |stylistic device |definition |translation |example |effect | |alliteration |recurrence of initial sound |Alliteration |“The fair breeze blew, |to convey auditory images | | | | |the white foam flew.” | | |accumulation |series of expressions (adjectives, cliches, |Anhäufung |“He came, saw, fought and won” |to make the language livelier | | |examples, images) that contribute increasingly to | | | | | |meaning | | | | |anaphora |repetition of first word(s) of line/clause |Anapher |In every town, in every house...
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...NAME: DIRIR, IBRAHIM MAHAD STUDENT ID:644970 ASSIGNMENT6 INSTRUCTOR: DR RACHEL ODOUL (PHD) Paragraphs Some world problems have a way of lingering and festering-is the thesis statement of the essay as well as the topic sentence of the paragraph. This is the first paragraph’s topic sentence, and the other sentences in the paragraph are expounding on this matter. The first paragraph also introduces the topic of the essay, in other words the first paragraph is an introduction, to the rest of the paragraphs and controls what to be discussed in the upcoming paragraphs. There are 4 paragraphs in total including the introduction and the concluding statement which is a paragraph on its own. Cohesion-the paragraphs are easily understood and the sentences are logically connected to each other. For instance, the second paragraph starts as: “In the past”. This is taking us back to the history without unnecessary details. In the third paragraph we find the words, “for one thing”, “the other thing” and “naturally”. Lastly the author writes in the last paragraph the word “of course” to conclude his statements and to connect sentences logically. Repetition- in the first paragraph the word soviet which is mentioned was repeated. “Which really meant if the soviets were on one side……” Sentence length- the sentences are medium (approximately 8 to 10 words). Words Main verbs Nouns Adjectives ADVERBS FESTER,LINGER, U.S PRETY GEOPOLITICALLY TAKE,JOIN,CONTROLS SOVIETS...
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...…………………………………………... 2 PRELIMINARY REMARKS.....................................................………………………………………….. 3 CHAPTER I. PHONO-GRAPHICAL LEVEL. MORPHOLOGICAL LEVEL…............................... 13 Sound Instrumenting. Graphon. Graphical Means…………………………………………………………...6 Morphemic Repetition. Extension of Morphemic Valency………………………………………………….11 CHAPTER II. LEXICAL LEVEL..............................................……………………………………….…14 Word and its Semantic Structure…………………………………………………………………………….14 Connotational Meanings of a Word………………………………………………………………………….14 The Role of the Context in the Actualization of Meaning…………………………………………………….14 Stylistic Differentiation of the Vocabulary…………………………………………………………………..16 Literary Stratum of Words. Colloquial Words…..…………………………………………………………..16 Lexical Stylistic Devices…………………………………………………………………………………….23 Metaphor. Metonymy. Synecdoche. Play on Words. Irony. Epithet…………………………………………23 Hyperbole. Understatement. Oxymoron. ……………………………………………………………………23 CHAPTER III. SYNTACTICAL LEVEL..................................…………………………………………38 Main Characteristics of the Sentence. Syntactical SDs. Sentence Length…………………………………..38 One-Word Sentences. Sentence Structure. Punctuation. Arrangement of Sentence Members. Rhetorical Question. Types of Repetition. Parallel Constructions. Chiasmus. Inversion. Suspense, Detachment. Completeness of Sentence Structure. Ellipsis. One-Member Sentences. Apokoinu Constructions. Break...
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...Master Lb. Engleza, anul II, Student: THE STYLE OF NEWSPAPERS The newspapers’ style was the last that was recognized as a form of written literary English, dating from the 17th century (in the form of pamphlets) and until 19th century developed continuously into a distinct system of language with specific linguistic characteristics and functions. The materials that can be considered as belonging to newspapers’ style have to perform the following functions: to inform the reader, to persuade, to form people’s attitudes, etc. News style encompasses not only vocabulary and sentence structure, but also the way in which stories present the information in terms of relative importance, tone, and intended audience. Journalistic prose is explicit and precise, and tries not to rely on jargon. As a rule, journalists will not use a long word when a short one will do. They use subject-verb-object construction and vivid, active prose. They offer anecdotes, examples and metaphors, and they rarely depend on colorless generalizations or abstract ideas. News writers try to avoid using the same word more than once in a paragraph (sometimes called an "echo" or "word mirror"). They state only facts without giving comments. The vocabulary used is neutral and common literary. Specific features are: a) special political and economic terms, or terms specific to other fields of activity; b) non-term political vocabulary; c) newspaper clichés; d) abbreviations; e) neologisms. In the following lines...
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...strained and full of hidden and suppressed emotions. What strikes one’s eye at the first glance is that the tension of the atmosphere in this story is gradually increasing and gets its top at the end of it. The text can be logically divided into only one part: the story itself. The text actually is garish with stylistic devices. A frequient usage of metaphor (such as lingered in his mind; as a handshake; a faint stirring of curiosity; the words came haultingly; yielding to an irresistible compulsion etc) epithets (commercial, unself-conscious, unrecociled and opposing) show us that the main character is a writer and he knows the power of words and know how to use them. Metaphors and epithets are well thought-out and polished. The style of the post card is worth our notice. Chiasmus (YOU have always been so interested in scotland, and that is one reason why I am interested in YOU), pun (what do you think of Berwick-on-Tweed? Like you, it’s on the border; Have you ever been sent to Coventry; We shall come to grisp after all) colloqual expressions (you should plump for one world or the other) tell us very clearly about postcards’ author. All these stylistic devices are used to show the sarcasm and arrogance of a person. He has a burning desire to puzzle Walter and bring him on a...
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...In the book Life of Pi by Yann Martel, Pi uses various stylistic devices to narrate his story to create meaning and emotion to make the story more powerful to the reader. In the passage on page 49 from chapter 16, Pi uses reception, a third-person passive voice, imagery, sound devices such as onomatopoeia, and figurative language such as personification. Within the paragraph, Pi uses the repetition of the word "dance". He repeats the word five times just within the paragraph, at one point saying "the girls dance and dance and dance with their sweet lord" (pvage 49). The fact that he uses the present tense is also of importance. It gives the story he is telling a lively and energetic feel to the reader. Throughout the paragraph, Pi is also narrating with a third-person passive voice. This can be told by the reader because Pi is telling the story of the god Lord Krishma and he is not directly experiencing it and he is not living it first hand, so he couldn't be speaking in an active voice or a first-person voice. The passage uses a lot of imagery. The entire paragraph is a story and Pi is using imagery to best describe the scene and put a vivid picture of it in the reader's mind. Imagery is one of Pi's most powerful and most used stylistic device in this particular passage. He describes every detail of the scene, "The night is dark, the fire in their midst roars and crackles, the beat of the music gets faster" (page 49). He creates the mood of the story using imagery. But he doesn't...
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...Рассказ Врача Здесь начинается рассказ врача Тит Ливии повествует, что когда-то Жил в Риме рыцарь, знатный и богатый, По имени Виргинии, у друзей Любовь снискавший щедростью своей. Был дочерью единственною он С женой своей от неба награжден. Красою несравненной дева эта Превосходила все созданья света. Природа создала ее с таким Искусством бесподобным, неземным, Как будто чтоб сказать: «Глядите, люди! Какой творец мечтать о большем чуде Дерзнул бы? Может быть, Пигмалион? Как ни лепил бы, ни чеканил он, Со мной сравняться был бы тщетен труд. Зевксис и Апеллес не превзойдут Меня в искусстве украшать созданья. Меня творец великий мирозданья Поставил заместителем своим, Чтоб облик существам давать земным И всячески приукрашать их. Мною Содержится все то, чем под луною Ущерб и рост владеют вместе тут. Я мзды не жду за свой бессменный труд. С моим владыкою всегда согласна, Всё новым тварям жизнь даю всечасно, В различную их облекая плоть. Красой сей девушки почтен господь», - Так, думаю, могла б сказать природа. Уж на порог пятнадцатого года Вступила девушка, красой своей Пленившая природу с первых дней. Багрянцем роз и белизною лилий Украшены ее ланиты были; Как ива, гибок был прелестный стан, А лес кудрей златистых осиян Лучами полыхающего Феба, Глядящего с полуденного неба. Но внешности, отрады из отрад, Был нрав ее прекраснее стократ. Все качества соединились в ней, Которые мы ценим у людей. ...
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