...[pic] HIV/AIDS INFECTION: A THREATHENING VIRAL DISEASE By Raymond G. Cervantes John Rey Hesita March, 2010 Mr. Armando Torrente Professor OUTLINE I. Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 A. Background of the Research-------------------------------------------------------------------------1 B. Statement of the Problem------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------3 C. Importance of the Paper------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 D. Definition of Terms ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 II. Body----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 A.Modes of Transmission of HIV/Aids (Direct Factors) ----------------------------------------5 1.Sexual Transmission-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 2,Mother to Child Transmission------------------------------------------------------------------------5 3.Transmission via Fomites-----------------------------------------------------------------------------5 4. Needles--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 5. Blood Traces--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 6. Routine Medical...
Words: 3827 - Pages: 16
...Research Proposal on HIV Posted at: February 9, 2010 under: Sample Research Proposals by admin @ 7:04 am Problem Twenty years ago, the subject of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which has been found to be the cause of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), would not have been the topic of a major and serious worldwide catastrophe. Twenty years ago, people were not phased by the effects that would be caused by this ever so populating disease, and no one would have ever realized that this disease would not be curable or helped without expensive medicine. Like a simple exponential growth equation, the AIDS virus has increased victim numbers by about forty million all over the world. AIDS has also shown that it is not discriminating; it has infected all races and all heritages. The AIDS crisis extends far beyond its death toll, because more than seventy percent of the thirty-six million people with HIV/AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa. Last year alone, the disease killed 1.5 million people in Africa. One third of these victims are between the ages of ten and twenty-four. The disease has been described as a development crisis; it is profoundly disrupting the economic and social bases of families and entire nations at a rate of infection at 16,000 per day. Without immediate action, AIDS will surpass the effect of the Black Plague that killed forty million people in the late fourteenth century. It is estimated that only ten percent of the death that this disease...
Words: 3218 - Pages: 13
...Final Research Paper Tanya ANT 101: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Final Research Paper Different societies exist throughout the world and within these societies each society develops culture that works best for them. Within these cultures they pass all their acquired knowledge and traditions down from generation to generation. Nevertheless, each culture has their own way of life, own marriage beliefs, their own values and feelings on life and religious beliefs. Cultures tend to have their own way to run their government, and ways to keep their economy up to their standards. Most importantly in cultural anthropology it is imperative to value culture relativism. This is the view in which no culture is superior to other culture when comparing systems such as morality, law, and politics (Crapo, 2013). Each culture beliefs are equally valid depending on the environment. In this paper, I will delve into a piece of my culture from an outsider’s standpoint, an etic perspective, and furthermore, I will examine another culture from an emic perspective on their traditional practices. Not only will I examine gender roles and equality in the United States workforce from an etic perspective, but also polygyny in Sub-Saharan Africa from an emic perspective. Throughout American history the number of women in the United States workforce has been increasing even though American society has always claimed men to be the breadwinners and heads of the house. According to...
Words: 1307 - Pages: 6
...Difference between China and Sub-Saharan in economic growth and development This essay will try to analyse the difference between China and Sub- Saharan region countries on the economic growth and development issue from an overall view. In order to contrast the different development and growth methods between china and a whole Sub-Saharan region of countries, the essay will introduce the solow model in order to simplify the analysis, because in order to conduct a precise research, too many factors need to be controlled, so introducing a model which can simplify but not change the fact is appropriate. The basic assumptions of the solow model remain unchanged in this essay because the first assumption of constant returns will stand as both China and Sub- Saharan countries are economy which are large enough “that the gains from the specialization have been exhausted” (D. Romer (2011), "Advanced Macroeconomics", McGraw–Hill, New York, 1996.). The second assumption which neglects other impacts on the economy development will be discussed in the later paragraphs like policy, population, human capital and so on. Figure 1. China and Nigeria’s annual growth rate of GDP per capita (%). Data source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Figure 2. China and Nigeria’s broad money of GDP per capita (%). Data source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Figure 3. China and Nigeria’s labor force of total population (%). Data source: World Bank, World Development Indicators ...
Words: 1568 - Pages: 7
...RETHINKING THE (EUROPEAN) FOUNDATIONS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: A POLITICAL ECONOMY ESSAY by Peter Draper Research area: African Economic Outlook September 2010 Working Paper No. 293 Rethinking the (European) Foundations of Sub-Saharan African Regional Economic Integration: A Political Economy Essay DEV/DOC(2010)10 2 © OECD 2010 DEVELOPMENT CENTRE WORKING PAPERS This series of working papers is intended to disseminate the Development Centre’s research findings rapidly among specialists in the field concerned. These papers are generally available in the original English or French, with a summary in the other language. Comments on this paper would be welcome and should be sent to the OECD Development Centre, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France; or to dev.contact@oecd.org. Documents may be downloaded from: http://www.oecd.org/dev/wp or obtained via e-mail (dev.contact@oecd.org). THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED AND ARGUMENTS EMPLOYED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHOR AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THOSE OF THE OECD OR OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES ©OECD (2010) Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this document should be sent to rights@oecd.org CENTRE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DOCUMENTS DE TRAVAIL Cette série de documents de travail a pour but de diffuser rapidement auprès des spécialistes dans les domaines concernés les résultats des travaux de recherche du Centre...
Words: 16032 - Pages: 65
...Malaria is the leading death, illness, and poor growth in developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is a parasitic disease spreading through mosquito bites that involve high fevers, flu-like symptoms, and death. The World Health Organization (2012) reported over a million deaths are attributable to Malaria and 90% of all deaths caused by the disease occur in sub-Sahara Africa. According to the 2012 report from the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimation of 600,000 deaths occurs every year in Sub Sahara Africa, in which a child dies each minute. These young victims are mostly children under five years of age. Many techniques have been put into place to help eradicate the disease, but a lack of well-targeted education systems, which is one of the most effective tools, remains a serious challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa Despite the availability of such many strategies, there is a need to propose a new study that will outline how we can make significant difference in the education systems by the way we use Mobile Technology. Summary To ensure the management, and control of the disease, the data collection will help determine if the disease has a direct correlation to the level of social education, to the lack of adequate resources, good governance in the political arena, lack of Health care services or the financial burden from the affected families? In combination with other research, the recommendation provided by this study will help sustain economic and social...
Words: 1020 - Pages: 5
...HIV/AIDS treatments: Sub-Saharan African nations still have a long way to go HIV-AIDS has infected over thirty million people in the world. Over 95% of all AIDS cases in the world are in Africa and in some of those countries over 40% of the people are infected (Frederickson and Kanabus HIV and AIDS in Africa 1). AIDS does not solely affect homosexuals, or any certain ethnicity of people, either; HIV-AIDS can affect any type of ethnicity including African Americans, Caucasians, Asians, Indians, and Hispanic people. AIDS cannot be reversed or cured, but with proper treatment this deadly virus can be controlled and people can live a nearly normal life. In Africa, though, proper treatment is not nearly as available as it is in some other countries. Approximately 2.3 million people died in 2003 in Sub-Saharan Africa alone and that is only the beginning (Frederickson and Kanabus HIV 1). Particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where hospital provide inferior treatment to infected patients because of their socioeconomic status, lack of training of their health providers, shortage of medical staffs, lack of appropriate equipment, insufficient funds allocated for medicine and doctors salary and the absence of counselor or prevention unit in these facilities. HIV/Aids has been named a global epidemic with its toll felt significantly especially in Africa. It has been a major cause of death in the world; it also continued to be a public health concern. It poses huge threat of wiping out...
Words: 3311 - Pages: 14
...------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT: ------------------------------------------------- This paper explores the issue of early marriage in Africa. It sheds light ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- specifically on reason behind its perpetuation, its harmful consequences, shows how it ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- constitutes a barrier to education and enjoyment of girl’s human rights and how it ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- further threatens the development of countries. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- The findings from an extensive reading of materials related to early marriage ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- suggest that early marriage is due to various factors including among others, ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- the search for economic survival,protection of young girls, peer group and ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- family pressure, controlling female behavior and sexuality, wars and civil ------------------------------------------------- ...
Words: 1232 - Pages: 5
...1) With reference to theories of growth and development, explain the contrasting growth experience of China and Sub Saharan Africa post 1980. Economic growth, put simply, is “an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time”; development is inextricably linked with this economic growth. By utilising theories of economic growth and development we can see how the Chinese and Sub-Saharan African economies have emerged, but, more notably, we can use these to look at patterns from past and present to show their experience and the implications of this growth for the future. Development has become synonymous for industrialisation. Economic growth comes from increasing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), this is done by producing more through the addition of more capital and labour. As you begin to use up the factors of production the law of diminishing returns can hinder growth. Therefore, a vital factor for the development of emerging markets is technology, which should be harnessed to improve means of production and other such things to see a progressive economy. In this sense I will be looking at both China and Sub-Saharan Africa to see how technology or the lack thereof has been utilised and the implications this has had on their economies. There are a number of factors that have contributed to Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries generally not experiencing the rates of growth and development as other emerging market...
Words: 3166 - Pages: 13
...African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 2(7), pp. 287-295, July, 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR ISSN 1991- 637X © 2007 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Locally produced fish feed: potentials for aquaculture development in subsaharan Africa U.U. Gabriel1, O. A Akinrotimi2, D. O. Bekibele2, D. N Onunkwo2 and P. E. Anyanwu3 Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environment, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 2 African Regional Aquaculture Centre/Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, P.M.B 5122, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. 3 Aquaculture Division, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, P.M.B. 12729, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Accepted 30 May, 2007 1 Aquaculture development and growth in Africa have been on low ebb despite the vast aquatic resources that abounds on the continent. Since the introduction of aquaculture to Africa, some decades ago, there have been a lot of innovations, technological advancement and progress in the areas of genetics, seed propagation, pond construction and farm management in general. Despite breakthroughs recorded in these areas most farmers in Africa still rely heavily on imported feed ingredients and fish feeds from European countries, which makes fish farming expensive as fish feed account for at least 60% of the total cost of production. This has contributed in no small measure to the slow pace at which...
Words: 5338 - Pages: 22
...TRADE This project will attempt to research and gain an understating of whether there is linkage between trade liberalisation and poverty in (SSA) sub Saharan Africa. The project will contain a balance of key analytical approaches and empirical evidence on trade liberalisation and economic growth. In the world of economics and politics, trade and poverty is one of the major issues which has been debated over last decade. On the international stage, there is a growing concern among super powers, African leaders, and other observers that the independence and credibility of the state continues to be endangered due to the negative balance of trade, heavy dependence on international aid and the high levels of indebtedness in Sub Saharan Africa. The debt relief has come to be viewed not only as a basic condition for arresting Africa’s socio-economic decline but also for stimulating and sustaining development. Consequently, debt has had an adverse impact on the majority of the population, poverty, unemployment and socio-economic, inequalities has increased, physical infrastructures has deteriorated, political and civil conflicts have worsened and corruption has become more persistent. The concern with how to tackle the debt crisis has led to a number of developments, however the main one is for the G-8 countries to have adopted debt reduction policy measures in aiding Africa and especially sub Saharan Africa. There has been a colossal of social scientists, political...
Words: 3689 - Pages: 15
...parliaments and for the global differences in that representation. This field, however, has not fully analyzed women's social movements as factor increasing women's legislative presence. Likewise, social movement theory, although it has often grappled with operationalizing movement outcomes, has not fully addressed outcomes that are both politicaland cultural, as is women's political representation. Using data from women's organizations that are registered with the United Nations, this paper employs OLS multiple regression to analyze the effect of women's social movement organizing on the percentage of women in parliament, using a sample of countries from around the world. Location in Scandinavia and national quota threshold are consistently significant factors, which supports previous research. Although organizations are not initially a strong explanatory factor for the proportion of women in politics, interactions between organizations and civil liberties, GDP, and the regions of sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Europe are significant variables. This study finds that the presence of women's organizations lessens and can even reverse the negative relationship between civil liberties and percent female legislators. GDP and women's political representation are positively related, but the presence of women's organizations increases the strength of the...
Words: 346 - Pages: 2
...PRESENTATION INTELLIGENCE INSIGHT FACT INVESTIGATION DISCRETION AFRICA FOCUSED 2 LocalKnowledge www.oldstoneandgreen.com ABOUT US 3 Oldstone & Green Limited (“O & G”) is a Nigeria based independent Geopolitical Risk Consultancy, Research and Advisory firm, servicing an international client base and providing ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ Our Ethos ¨ Insight ¨ Fact ¨ Investigation ¨ Discretion ¨ Intelligence Why Us? Our strong industry expertise, research knowhow and keen local knowledge of business, politics and markets makes us the preferred firm for organisations seeking to understand, compete and grow in Sub-Saharan Africa, with particular focus on Nigeria. O & G maximizes its exclusive relationship with well-placed, high profile political, diplomatic, business and economic contacts to deliver intelligent, informed and reliable facts, faster and better using our robust sources in major corporate establishments and government ministries, agencies, commissions and parestatals in Nigeria. www.oldstoneandgreen.com Geopolitical Risk Analysis Due Diligence Influence and Relationship Mapping Market Entry and Intelligence We are subcontractors to major London and US based risk consultancies and our clients include, global financial institutions, law firms, oil, gas and extractive companies, manufacturers, power and energy providers, retail and professional service firms and high-net-worth individuals. AFRICA FOCUSED 4 LocalKnowledge www.oldstoneandgreen.com ...
Words: 2572 - Pages: 11
...INTRODUCTION The role of women in politics and public affairs is one of the current governance issues because of the perceived and acknowledged potential and contribution of women to governance processes. Participating effectively and meaningfully in order to have an impact is a process of empowerment that enhances self-worth of individuals and groups at the political level. There is no disputing the fact the number of women is seeing a steady growth from local government level in particular especially in the number of contestants and actual elected women. At the national level, particularly in the legislature, the picture has not seen much significant change since 1996. This reflects strongly in the composition of the membership of standing committees and selected committees of parliament where real debate on legislative issues takes place. Certainly, this affects the contribution of women to the policy making process. At the political party level , although all the parties selected for the study which are the National Democratic Congress (NDC), the New Patriotic Party (NPP), the People’s National Convention (PNC), the Convention People’s Party (CPP) except for the Great Consolidated People’s Party (GCPP), make claims in their manifestoes to their commitment to gender issues in general and women’s concerns in particular, it is not very evident even in their party leadership structure and in their own internal organization. Some party leaders corroborated this by stating...
Words: 9422 - Pages: 38
...UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Implications of Global International Monetary Policy Decision on Economic Systems in East Africa: A Case Study of Kenya NAME: LILLIAN WACHIRA REG NO: R50/63875/2010 Supervisor: Dr. Gerrishon Ikiara A Research Proposal submitted in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Masters of Arts in International Studies (MA IS) DECLARATION I declare that this research proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. NAME: LILLIAN WACHIRA REG. NO: R50/63875/2010 Sign: ………………………………… Date: ……………………… This research proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as university supervisor SUPERVISOR: Sign: ……………………………… Date: …………………………. DEDICATION I dedicate my project to my lovely mother Beatrice, my brothers Edwin and Eric whose prayers words of encouragement and push for tenacity ring in my ears. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Gerrsihon Ikiara for the continuous support and guidance while carrying out my project, for his patience, motivation and immense knowledge. I would also like to thank the participants in my survey, who have willingly shared their precious time during the process of interviewing. I...
Words: 24867 - Pages: 100
