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Sublethal Effects

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Ecotoxicology Biology 5868

Sublethal Effects to Individuals
2009

Sublethal Effects
Sublethal effects: changes in physiological processes, growth, reproduction behavior, development, etc.
- common theme: adverse effect on individual’s fitness

Ecological context and concepts: - sublethal effects may have lethal consequences - individuals must compete for food, avoid predation, mate, etc. - ecological mortality v. somatic mortality - toxicant-related diminution of fitness may equal somatic mortality (effects expressed in the next generation)

General Adaptation Syndrome
Seylean stress - response- specific suite of responses to generalized stress General Adaptation Syndrome 1) Alarm reaction - short-term - catecholamine release; epinephrine, norepinephrine) - glucocorticosteroid release; e.g. cortisol, corticosterone - increased blood pressure - increased blood sugar high - immune suppression Alarm 2) Adaptation or resistance – mid/long term - tissue-level response - hypertrophy, atrophy 3) Exhaustion - long term - depletion of reserves - failure to compensate - eventually leads to death rapid heart rate

Adaptation Exhaustion adrenal hypertrophy death

“Cost” low Immediate Long-Term Exposure Duration

Sublethal Effects - Growth
Growth - common response variable for sublethal effects - easy to measure - integrates a suite of biochemical and physiological effects - often related to individual fitness

Toxicant-influenced growth – potential biomarker - often shows dose-response effect of toxicants - caution – be aware of threshold effects; i.e. no effect at low dose

Nomenclature: Lethal – L Sublethal Effect – E Dose – D Concentration – C Inhibitory - I

50% mortality – LD50, LC50 50% response – EC50, ED50 50% reduction in normal response – IC50, EC50 by definition, 50% mortality (response) = median dose test duration: e.g. 48, 96 h - 48 hour LC50, 96 h EC50

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