...27. 173.193.0.0/16 subnetted to 93 subnets and provide information for subnets #1, #16, #34, and #93 First thing that have to be done is to get the IP address into binary. IP address is 32bits broken down to 8 bits per section. (128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1) use this in order to convert a number into binary or convert binary into a number. 173.193.0.0 converted to binary is 10101101.11000001.00000000.00000000 - Network in red/ Host in grey 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 = 173 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 193 The original subnet mask, which is 16 bits, is 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 – 16 bits in red. To see how many bits that need to be borrowed to get 72 subnets, the formula 2x will need to be used. (X will be the number of how many bits is borrowed from the host) 21 = 2 22 = 4 23 = 8 24 = 16 25 = 32 26 = 64 27 = 128 Since 6 bits is not enough to cover the 93 Subnets needed, 7 bits will have to be borrowed from the subnet mask. The new subnet mask is now 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 – green is the 7 bits that was borrowed. Converted in to decimal, the new subnet mask is 255.255.254.0 10101101.11000001.00000000.00000000- Network Address (red is network/green is bits borrowed from the host/ grey is the host) SUBNET #1 To find the information of this subnet, which is subnet one, the subnet bit that was borrowed needs to be replaced the subnet number. Since the subnet number is 1, Then...
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...02/8/2015 Pick a network address from the list below. Everybody must pick a unique network address and number of subnet. Please reply to the Subnetting Discussion Topic under Week 3 Discussions with your selection. Don’t select a network address that somebody else already selected. For each of them, I need the following information: * The new subnet mask after the subnetting (10%) * The following information for the four subnets identified: * Subnet’s network address (3%) * Subnet’s broadcast address (3%) * Subnet’s range of available IP addresses (4%) * The calculations on how you get to the answers (50%). This is very important. If you don't provide the calculations or the way you get the answer, you will lose 50%. Your goal is to subnet them with as little subnet as possible but still meeting the requirement. In other word, maximize the number of hosts that is available for each subnet. 26. 134.84.0.0/16 subnetted to 97 subnets and provide information for subnets #1, #8, #65, and #97 134.84.0.0/16 10000110 01010100 00000000 00000000 Network address 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 Subnet Mask The formula to find out how many bits to borrow 2 to the power off 7 = 128 need to borrow 7 bits. 7 bits = 0000001 New 10000110 01010100 00000000 00000000 Network Address 134.84.0.0/16 11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000 Subnet Mask 255.255.254.0 Subnet Mask #1 Network Address 10000110...
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...Subnetting Exercise Create 7 subnets from the following Class C IP address: 194.27.56.0 subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Answer the following questions and upload your answers to blackboard. See the next page for an example of how to perform the exercise. 1. How many subnets? 2. How many hosts per subnet? 3. What is the new subnet mask? 4. What is the block size? 5. Create the subnet table. 6. What are the useable subnet address ranges? Example Create 2 subnets from the following Class C IP address: IP Address: 192.168.1.0 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 How many subnets? Steal enough bits from the fourth octet to acquire the desired number of subnet. 2n where n equals 2 - 11000000 22 = 4 subnets (Note useable subnets are 22 - 2 = 2 usable subnets), so stealing 2 bits is enough. How many hosts per subnet? 2y – 2 = number of hosts per subnet. Where y is the number of unmasked bits, or the zeros bits in the fourth octet. - 11000000 26 -2 = 62 hosts per subnet What is the new subnet mask? 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 - 255.255.255.192 What is the block size? 256 – subnet mask = block size 256 - 192 = 64 What are the blocks? Start at zero and add the block size to the number to get the next number. Stop when you reach the block size. 0, 64, 128, 192 Create the subnet table. Subnet 0 64 128 192 First Host 1 65 129 193 Last Host 62 126 190 194 Broadcast 63 127 191 255 What are the useable subnet address...
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...Subnetting Made Simple IP Subnetting without Tables, Tools, or Tribulations Larry Newcomer The Pennsylvania State University York Campus Abstract Every networking professional should have a thorough understanding of TCP/IP subnetting. Subnetting can improve network performance by splitting up collision and broadcast domains. Subnets can reflect organizational structure and help support security policies. WAN links typically join different subnets. Subnets can define administrative units and hence support the structuring and delegation of administrative tasks. Unfortunately, mastering subnetting can pose difficulties for both professionals and students because of the binary mathematics that underlies the technology. While it is imperative to present subnetting concepts in terms of the underlying binary representation, most texts also present subnetting procedures in binary terms. Such an approach can make it difficult for students to learn how to actually carry out subnetting without tables or other reference materials, even when they understand the basic concepts. This paper presents a simple, alternative method for understanding and implementing subnetting without software, calculators, tables, or other aids. The only knowledge of binary arithmetic required is familiarity with the powers of 2 from 0 to 8 (2x for x = 0, 1, …, 8). With a little decimal arithmetic thrown in, the whole process is simple enough to be carried out mentally. This paper assumes the reader...
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...IP networking 12/17/2013 IP Addresses Classes and specific-Use IP Address Space An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.[1] An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."[2] The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number[1] and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995.[3] IPv6 was standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998,[4] and its deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. IP addresses are binary numbers, but they are usually stored in text files and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (for IPv6). The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages the IP address space allocations globally and delegates five regional Internet registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to local Internet registries (Internet service providers) and other entities. In IPv4 an address consists of...
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...8 equal subnets using the following IP range: 205.32.16.0/24. They have offices in 5 different locations: 1. New York with 17 workstations 2. Chicago with 15 workstations 3. Los Angeles with 20 workstations 4. Phoenix with 11 workstations 5. Boston with 22 6th site anticipated. NOTE: There are only 6 locations, requiring 6 subnets of EQUAL size. This does NOT mean you will use the entire /24 block of addresses. In other words, there WILL be enough space for 2 more subnets (8 equal subnets total) but we WILL NOT allocate the remaining space to sites. Simply document the beginning and ending address of the unused space for the final 10 points of the project. Here is what we know: 205.32.16.0 /24 belongs to ACME 205.32.16.x = the CURRENT Network Portion (unusable address as it defines the network beginning) /24 means we have 256 total available addresses (explained below) 205.32.16.255 is the Broadcast IP Resulting a USABLE IP RANGE OF 205.32.16.1 – 205.32.16.254 (254 usable hosts) /24 defines our subnet and the total addresses we CAN use. Let’s understand subnets… SUBNETS – Define the addresses we can USE /24 means we are using 24 of the 32 possible bits in the subnet mask. This can be determined by this: 255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 OR 8bits.8bits.8bits.0bits = 24 total bits out of 32 possible bits Each 1 in the subnet equals a bit and each octet is a field of potentially 8 bits Each placement of a bit indicates a numeric...
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...010101001011000 110101100011010 11010100001011 001010100110 1001010010 11010011 10011000 IP Addressing and Subnetting Workbook Version 2.0 Instructor’s Edition 11111110 10010101 00011011 10000110 IP Address Classes Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E 1 – 127 128 – 191 192 – 223 224 – 239 240 – 255 (Network 127 is reserved for loopback and internal testing) 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 Leading bit pattern 0 Network . Host . Host . Host Leading bit pattern Leading bit pattern 10 110 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 Network . Network . Host . Host 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 Network . Network . Network . Host (Reserved for multicast) (Reserved for experimental, used for research) Private Address Space Class A Class B Class C 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 Default Subnet Masks Class A Class B Class C 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 Produced by: Robb Jones jonesr@careertech.net and/or Robert.Jones@fcps.org Frederick County Career & Technology Center Cisco Networking Academy Frederick County Public Schools Frederick, Maryland, USA Special Thanks to Melvin Baker and Jim Dorsch for taking the time to check this workbook for errors, and to everyone who has sent in suggestions to improve the series. Workbooks included in the series: IP Addressing and Subnetting Workbooks ACLs - Access Lists Workbooks VLSM Variable-Length Subnet Mask Workbooks Instructors (and anyone...
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...SUBNETTING MADE EASY [pic] [pic] IP Classes The class system has become "old" in the ever demanding Internet paradigm, it has been (partially) replaced by CIDR system, which allows more efficient and practical allocation of IP addresses for the need of smaller networks. Nevertheless, it is important to know and understand what class system is and how it works, which has been the backbone of the IP. IP addresses have been classified into 5 classes and special purpose addresses, depending upon the value in the first octet. Viz- • Class A - This is a class for very large networks, such as IBM which holds IP addresses in the range - 9.0.0.0 - 9.255.255.255. (almost 16,777,216 IP addresses). First Octet - - The first octet is between 1 to 126. (Starts with binary bit - 0). Network Address - The n/w address is denoted by first 8 bits or first octet. Host/Node Address - Host address is denoted by last 24 bits or last 3 octets. This Network-Host IP configuration for class A can be shown as - network.host.host.host and each can have 1 to 3 decimals. Thus forming 126 network addresses (27 - 1) and each of them capable of having 16,777,214 (224 -2) host addresses. • Class B - This is a class for medium-sized networks. First Octet - - The first octet is between 128 to 191. (Starts with binary bits - 10). Network Address - The n/w address is denoted by first 16 bits or first 2 octets. Host/Node Address...
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...n IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier for a node or host connection on an IP network. An IP address is a 32 bit binary number usually represented as 4 decimal values, each representing 8 bits, in the range 0 to 255 (known as octets) separated by decimal points. This is known as "dotted decimal" notation. Example: 140.179.220.200 It is sometimes useful to view the values in their binary form. 140 .179 .220 .200 10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000 Every IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the node. The Class of the address and the subnet mask determine which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address. Address Classes There are 5 different address classes. You can determine which class any IP address is in by examining the first 4 bits of the IP address. Class A addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal. Class B addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal. Class C addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal. Class D addresses begin with 1110, or 224 to 239 decimal. Class E addresses begin with 1111, or 240 to 254 decimal. Addresses beginning with 01111111, or 127 decimal, are reserved for loopback and for internal testing on a local machine; [You can test this: you should always be able to ping 127.0.0.1, which points to yourself] Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting; Class E addresses are reserved for future use. They should...
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...Subnetting Practice Worksheet For each of the following IP addresses and subnet masks find; 1. The network Class. 2. The network, subnet, and host portions of the address. 3. Subnet number. 4. Number of hosts in the subnet. 5. Number of subnets in the network. 6. Valid IP address range for the subnet. 7. Broadcast address for the subnet. 10.200.10.18, mask 255.192.0.0 172.31.100.100 , mask 255.255.224.0 192.168.15.150, mask 255.255.255.192 10.100.18.18, mask 255.240.0.0 172.31.200.10, mask 255.255.240.0 192.168.100.100 , mask 255.255.255.248 172.31.50.50 , mask 255.255.252.0 10.150.200.200 , mask 255.254.0.0 26.137.205.172, mask 255.248.0.0 168.31.140.14 , mask 255.255.240.0 10.1.1.1 , mask 255.248.0.0 172.16.1.200 , mask 255.255.240.0 172.16.0.200 , mask 255.255.255.192 1. , mask 255.0.0.0 172.31.50.50 , mask 255.255.254.0 Given this Class B network number, 172.31.0.0 , find the best subnet mask and list the subnet numbers if the network requires at least 35 subnets each with a minimum of 400 hosts. Given this Class C network number, 192.168.8.0 , find the best subnet mask and list the subnet numbers if the network requires at least 12 subnets each with a minimum of 10 hosts. Given this Class A network number, 10.0.0.0 , find the best subnet mask and list the subnet number sequence if the network requires at least 70 subnets each with a minimum of 1400 hosts. Given this Class C network number...
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...This is newest updated file from today. See below. IP Subnetting Project XUMUC is has the WAN links in place to the new locations in the Houston Region. XUMUC currently has 2 other Regions San Francisco and Denver. Originally, XUMUC was only in one region (San Francisco). The previous consultant did a poor job with the integration resulting in a poor IP address scheme as a result routing tables at the summarization points and at the San Francisco Campus are very large. In addition, no VLAN structure was developed to isolate broadcast traffic. There are 4 main departments in XUMC: sales, finance, human resources, and research and development. Also, there has been some concern that the WAN transport was not able to accommodate the network traffic. The XUMC sales team has added a call center with hours of operation from 9AM-9PM EST. Access to the call center network should be restricted after hours. The research and development department has (3) unique special projects which will require over 1000 devices to be enabled to use IPV6. A new network should be created for this area. Finally, all addresses in the network are statically assigned resulting in high administration overhead when changes are needed XUMC would like this changed to lower administrative overhead. The Board of Director meet and decided to add a Security Analyst role to the team. The new Security Analyst has request the access restrictions be documented. The Finance Department should have restrictions...
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...Project Description Implement an appropriate addressing scheme, to subnet an IP address for different sized subnets. Introduction I have undertaken this project for the module network models and technologies. The project requires me to implement addressing schemes and to subnet an IP address for different sized subnets. The following topics will also be discussed: * Binary * HEX & decimal number systems * Octet, IP Address, IPv4/IPv6 * Subnet Mask * Network and Host IDs * Address Classes, classful and classless address schemes * Minimising wasteful use of IP addresses * CIDR * Subnetting * VLSM * Health and Safety * Evaluation * Bibliography Binary Computers see things in terms of binary. In binary everything is described as having two values or states: on or off, true or false, 1 or 0 and yes or no. A light switch could be regarded as a binary system, since it is always either on or off. As complex as they might seem computers can be regarded as a box full of light switches. Each switch is called a bit which is short for binary digit and a computer can turn each of these bits on or off. The computer describes 1 as being on and 0 as being off. By itself, a single bit is kind of useless, as it can only represent one of two things. Imagine if you could only count using either zero or one. Alone, you could never count past one. On the other hand, if you got a bunch of friends together who could also count using...
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...Subnetting 1 2 3 By Adam Chee W.S Ever get stressed out because you know that there would be subnetting question(s) in the next exam you are taking and that these questions easily take up 10 to 20 minutes of your precious exam time? What if there is more than one question? The process of converting the subnet to binary and decimal can drive the unfamiliar insane, not to mention the waste of precious time and brain power which can be utilized for other areas of exam preparation. Let's take a look at a shortcut method that will cut down the time needed to answer these questions without the need for a calculator. Subnet Basics: This article assumes that you know how to perform subnetting in the traditional method but it is important to stress that there are only 3 classes of usable IP addresses which are Class Range Subnet mask Host bit Subnet Class A (127 is reserved for loopback) 255.0.0.0 24 8 Class B 128 - 191 255.255.0.0 16 16 Class C 192 - 223 255.255.255.0 8 24 1 - 126 You must understand and remember this table well in order to master the shortcut. Note: You must borrow at least 2 bits and must leave at least 2 bits The 'Subnet Table' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bit Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 0 2 6 14 30 62 126 254 Bits Borrowed (N) Number of Subnets ((2^N)-2) ...
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...Unit 6 Subnetting Lab 6 Answer the following questions listed. Using the Class B Subnetting Guide, answer the following: Given an IP address of 172.16.8.1 use the guide to get 30 hosts on each of your 2000 networks: 1. What Class is this IP address? B 2. How many bits would you borrow or take? 11 3. What subnet mask would you generate? 255.255.255.224 4. What is the first subnetwork range created? 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.30 5. What is the last subnetwork range created? 172.16.255.225 to 172.16.255.254 Given an IP address of 172.16.4.1 use the guide to get 62 hosts on each of your 1000 networks: 6. What Class is this IP address? B 7. How many bits would you borrow or take? 10 8. What subnet mask would you generate? 255.255.255.192 9. What is the first subnetwork range created? 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62 10. What is the last subnetwork range created? 172.16.255.193 to 172.16.255.254 Given an IP address of 172.16.5.1 use the guide to get 100 hosts on each of your 500 networks: 11. What Class is this IP address? B 12. How many bits would you borrow or take? 9 13. What subnet mask would you generate? 255.255.255.128 14. What is the first subnetwork range created? 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.126 15. What is the last subnetwork range created? 172.16.255.129 to...
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...Subnetting | Default Subnet Mask | CIDR | Up to usable # Hosts | Default Network/Host | Typical Use | Class A: 1 - 126 | 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 | /8 | 16,777,214 224 -2 | N.H.H.H | Largest block allocation made by IANA | Class B: 128 - 191 | 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 | /16 | 65,524 216 -2 | N.N.H.H | ISP/Small ISP/large business | Class C: 192 - 223 | 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 | /24 | 254 28 -2 | N.N.N.H | Large LAN, Small LAN, Smallest multi-host network, "Glue network" (pt-to-pt) | Class D: 224 - 239 | not defined | not defined | not defined | not defined | A multicast network. | Class E: 240 - 255 | not defined | not defined | not defined | not defined | Address range is reserved for future or experimental purposes. | 127 is Loopback | 127.0.0.1 | | | | | 255 is Broadcast | Broadcast Address: All host bits = 1 | | | | | 0 is the Network | Network or subnet address: All host bits = 0 | | | | | Powers of 2 and CIDR Prefix 16,777,214 | 65,536 | 32,768 | 16,384 | 8,192 | 4,096 | 2,048 | 1,024 | 512 | 256 | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2(24) | 2(16) | 2(15) | 2(14) | 2(13) | 2(12) | 2(11) | 2(10) | 2(9) | 2(8) | 2(7) | 2(6) | 2(5) | 2(4) | 2(3) | 2(2) | 2(1) | 2(0) | | | | | | | | | | | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | Length of the CIDR Prefix, which is varied using VLSM (variable length subnet mask). | /15 | /16 |...
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