...Methadone and Suboxone in Opioid Treatment Program Julien Nougarou Upper Iowa University Abstract Addiction to opioids is a common problem throughout the world. Maintenance treatments such as Methadone and Suboxone are effective in lessening the desire to consume illicit drugs, but they are not perfect options for drug treatment as each has negative effects, too. In this paper, both the positive and negative effects of the drugs Methadone and Suboxone will be determined and evaluated in order to better ascertain the better treatment. It was concluded that the effectiveness of each treatment can only be determined on a case-by-case basis, as the factors of success are often dependent on the patient receiving the treatment. There are various criticisms for both modes of treatment, but no other means of treating opioid addiction have yet to be found. There are improvements that could be made for both treatments, but regardless of improvements each mode of treatment is risky as there is no miracle cure for opioid addiction. Introduction In 1864, The New York State Inebriate Asylum, the first in the country, opened in Binghamton, NY. It was the first of a growing network of inebriate asylums that treated alcoholism and addiction to drugs such as opium, morphine, cocaine, chloral, ether, and chloroform. Today, when talking about opioid addiction and dependency treatments, two controversial but efficient treatments stand out from the lot: Methadone and Suboxone. Methadone ...
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...| | |Substance Abuse | |Final Research Paper Substance abuse is characterized as a social problem in numerous parts of America. Substance abuse is defined as a pattern of harmful use of substances for mood-altering purposes (“Drug Abuse”). Drug abuse is the use of illicit drugs or abuse of prescription or over the counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are indicated or in a manner or in qualities other than directed (“Drug Abuse”). Many people believe that substance abusers, drugs abusers, and addicts should be able to stop taking these substances and drugs if they are willing to change their behavior. What many people do not understand is that substance and drug abuse is a problem that needs to be addressed. It is not as easy as some people think to stop using these substances and drugs. There are several causes for substance abuse. Substance abuse ranges in many different ages from teenagers to elderly. This social problem can affect families and many different...
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...push of the 90s, doctors were writing opioid prescriptions at the drop of a hat. OxyContin was supposed to be a wonder drug, able to manage pain to the point of increased movement and productivity in those who took it as prescribed. The problem, as we all know, is that the level of misuse was off the charts. The time released version of OxyContin was designed to deliver a slow, consistent dose of pain medication to the user over a 12 hour period. However, for those misusing the drug for a high, this just presented an opportunity to crush up the pills and ‘snort’ them, thereby delivering a super dose of the opioid. What once was a problem predominantly in the southern counties of Maine started to climb farther and farther north as the paper mills and the towns they supported rolled up the sidewalks and shut their doors for good. Suddenly, the mill workers, lobstermen, and construction workers were out of a job. The loss of employment led to the loss of affordable insurance. The lack of insurance made previously affordable medications more expensive, sometimes by quite a margin. The loss of programs and activities for youth due to hard economic times contributed to the rise of drug abuse among the younger, school-aged generation. Additionally, easier access to diverted prescription opioids was at an all time high. The presence of these factors in tandem produced a generation with an unprecedented addiction rate. Traffic: The Danger Comes North After the better part of two...
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...Baltimore: A Community in Crisis Since the 19th century, the illicit drug, heroin, has been a part of American society. When heroin was first discovered it was thought to be a wonder drug because of the euphoric feeling a person is said to feel after using it. However, once the debilitating effects of this highly addictive drug was realized the anti-drug law, the Harrison Narcotics Act, was enacted that restricted its use to medicinal purposes only. In 1920, heroin was banned altogether through the Dangerous Drug Act (Habal, 2011). Heroin for the most part was thought to have gone underground until the Vietnam War. In 1971, two congressmen returned from visiting U. S. servicemen serving in Vietnam with an alarming revelation that “15 percent of U.S. servicemen in Vietnam… were actively addicted to heroin” (Spiegel, 2012, para. 3). The idea that American servicemen were addicted to such a horrible drug disgusted much of the American public. “It was thought to be the most addictive substance ever produced, a narcotic so powerful that once addiction claimed you, it was nearly impossible to escape” (Spiegel, 2012, para. 4). President Richard Nixon took swift action by creating, The Special Action Office of Drug Abuse Prevention which concentrated primarily on prevention and rehabilitation. In the late 70s and early 80s the use of heroin reached its peak when it seemed to take a backseat to the reappearance of cocaine and the subsequent crack epidemic that overwhelmed much...
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...alcohol withdrawals start with violent physical reactions if he or she tries to go without the alcohol for even as little as thirty minutes. The addict needs alcohol to keep from shaking and aching all over unbearably, being racked by fevers and chills and hideous nausea, feeling a nameless, enormous dread and even experiencing horrifying hallucinations. Withdrawal reactions can be so intense that they can kill an alcoholic. Perhaps the most frequent way in which alcohol withdrawal causes death from convulsions or nausea. With these the alcoholics suffocate after partially swallowing their own tongue or choke to death on their vomit. Some people are at risk for developing an additional addiction to treatment drugs such as methadone and suboxone if not closely monitored. Withdrawal can also place people in dangerous scenario if they are forced to cope with psychiatric symptoms alone, potentially putting them at risk for self-harm. A team of professionals with varying expertise may be required to accurately monitor people with alcoholism. Patients with mental disorders must also receive additional care during the detox process. If patients don’t receive treatment for conditions like depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder, they are at risk of relapse if they fail to get proper counseling. The side effects of detoxing are what make the process so dangerous. Symptoms depend on which substance was used, but detoxing can cause a person to suffer from seizures, heart attacks, and strokes...
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...Understanding Early Drug Use and Its Benefits on Future Drug Treatments Laura-Ryan Brooks Argosy University Abstract Drug abuse is a growing problem in the world today. Past studies have been conducted in efforts to recognize similar patterns in addicts’ lives that may have contributed to their behavior. The emerging results from this research suggested that it was due to several maltreatments occurring during the addicted individual’s adolescent years that were behind their early drug use. It is during the critical years of adolescence, when the brains of young adults are still developing, that the youth of today are most susceptible to a number of issues that can lead towards drug addiction, such as problems at home, abuse, and peer-pressure. Exploring these adversities will help shed some light on why adolescents make the decision to use drugs. This paper will address what influences drug use and how this knowledge can help treat addiction. Issues surrounding why addicts began drug use and how this information could be beneficial in treating substance abuse in the future will be explored. . Understanding Early Drug Use and Its Implications on Future Drug Abuse Treatment Addiction has been defined as a “misguided attempt at self-repair” (du Plessis, 2012 para. 53). But who is in danger of becoming addicted or may be feeling the need of some “self-repairing? During a 2013 testing of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS), a tool to assess certain...
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...Annual Report and Financial Statements 2011 Innovating for a healthier future Contents 1 Chairman’s Statement 2 Chief Executive’s Statement 10 Business Review 2011 18 Board of Directors and Executive Committee 19 Report of the Directors 22 Chairman’s Statement on Corporate Governance 23 Corporate Governance Report 28 Statement of Directors’ Responsibilities 29 Directors’ Remuneration Report 36 Independent Auditors’ Report to the members of Reckitt Benckiser Group plc 37 Group income statement 37 Group statement of comprehensive income 38 Group balance sheet 39 Group statement of changes in equity 40 Group cash flow statement 41 Notes to the financial statements 75 Five-year summary 76 Parent company – Independent Auditors’ Report to the members of Reckitt Benckiser Group plc 77 Parent company balance sheet 78 Notes to the parent company financial statements 84 Shareholder information b 2011 Chairman’s Statement The Board was unanimous in its choice of Rakesh as he has the necessary drive, strategic thinking and operational experience, coupled with an intimate understanding of and capability to continue to grow Shareholder value. His close involvement in the drivers of success at RB and significant achievements to date were reassurance that the excellent performance for which the Company has become renowned was set to continue. That has been demonstrated with the 2011 results. The Board would like to sincerely thank Bart for his outstanding leadership over all...
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...ttIT WO RK S! Annual Report and Financial Statements 2008 If it ain’t broke, make it better. The mark of an effective strategy and the test of the talent of your people is whether they carry on delivering the results when conditions worsen. So while 2008 was a challenging year, the results for our shareholders show that continuing with our core strategy, while flexing our execution in the changing circumstances, was the right thing to do. Bart Becht Chief Executive Contents 1 Chief Executive’s Statement 4 Portfolio strategy 6 Finish: innovation drives the Powerbrands 7 Vanish: when less is more 8 Mucinex: it’s our latest Powerbrand 9 French’s: no mess, no waste 10 Our people 11 Sustainability 12 Board of Directors and Executive Committee 14 Chairman’s Statement 15 Business Review 2008 24 Report of the Directors 30 Directors’ Remuneration Report 36 Independent auditors’ report to the members of Reckitt Benckiser Group plc 37 Group income statement 37 Group statement of recognised income and expense 38 Group balance sheet 39 Group cash flow statement 40 Notes to the accounts 71 Five year summary 72 Parent company – independent auditors’ report to the members of Reckitt Benckiser Group plc 73 Parent company accounting policies 74 Parent company balance sheet 75 Notes to the parent company accounts 80 Shareholder information 2 Reckitt Benckiser 2008 CHIEF EXECUTIVE’S STATEMENT £6,563m +25% our net revenue in 2008 growth...
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...and drug use in Europe: a short review 1 THEMATIC PAPERS Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review emcdda.europa.eu Contents 1. Introduction 2. Travelling and using drugs Young people Problem drug users 3. Examples of drug-related destinations 4. Prevalence of drug use among young travellers Young holidaymakers in Europe Young backpackers Young clubbers and partygoers 5. Risks associated with drug use while travelling Health risks Risk related to personal safety Legal risks Risks related to injecting drug use Risks to local communities 6. Potential for prevention interventions 7 Conclusions . Acknowledgements References 3 4 4 4 6 9 9 10 11 13 13 14 14 14 15 17 19 21 22 Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review emcdda.europa.eu 3 1. Introduction Recent decades have seen a growth in travel and tourism abroad because of cheap air fares and holiday packages. This has been accompanied by a relaxation of border controls, especially within parts of Europe participating in the Schengen Agreement. As some people may be more inclined to use illicit substances during holiday periods and some may even choose to travel to destinations that are associated with drug use — a phenomenon sometimes referred to as ‘drug tourism’ — this means that from a European drug policy perspective the issue of drug use and travel has become more important. This Thematic paper examines travellers and drug use, with a focus on Europeans...
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...| New York City | Effective | 8 August 1975 [1] | Condition | 40 ratifications | Parties | 185[1] | Depositary | Secretary-General of the United Nations | Languages | Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish | Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs at Wikisource | The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs and of drugs with similar effects except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and research. As noted below, its major effects included updating the Paris Convention of 13 July 1931 to include the vast number of synthetic opioids invented in the intervening thirty years and a mechanism for more easily including new ones. From 1931 to 1961, most of the families of synthetic opioids had been developed, including drugs in whatever way related to methadone, pethidine, morphinans and dextromoramide and related drugs; research on fentanyls and piritramide was also nearing fruition at that point. Earlier treaties had only controlled opium, coca, and derivatives such as morphine, heroin and cocaine. The Single Convention, adopted in 1961, consolidated those treaties and...
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