...Often times people in first world countries take advantage or take for granted in what they have, and they sometimes don't realize what it's like to live in other countries. A third world country is a place will extreme poverty, there is a lack of resources, and often there is much violence. Places like Afghanistan, Sudan, Cuba, and Africa are all examples of third world countries. In most parts in Sudan there is no running water and very little food. Children as young as six have to walk miles to find a resource of water. When they find the water they have to carry buckets to the water source and carry it back to where they are living. This water they have often carry bacteria that can get them sick and could potentially...
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...FEASIBILITY OF TWO FRESH WATER SUPPLY TECHNIQUES IN SUDAN 1.0 INTRODUCTION Access to clean water is considered a basic human right and in many countries when sustainable development is considered, water is at the top of the list of priorities (Omer, 2008). The value of water is increasingly felt in areas such as Sudan, where precipitation is inadequate while temperatures are high resulting in dry or arid conditions (Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), cited in USAID, 2010). Two-thirds of the country is arid and rainfall is less than 400mm annually. Regardless of the fact that about 60% of Sudan lies within the Nile basin, it only draws 18.5x109 m3 from the Nile’s annual flow of 84x109m3 and added to its internal supply of 12x109m3, the water availability falls considerably below the water stress limit of 1000m3 per head (ibid). According to FAO, (cited in USAID, 2010), in Sudan the renewable water resource per capita at 2008 stood at 726m3/person/year and is projected to be 617m3/person/year in 2015. It is low and rapidly dropping every year (ibid) and unless measures are taken, many citizens will be living without a basic human right. Since Sudan cannot rely on rainfall which is sporadic and concentrated in 4 months for most areas (Omer, 2008), water management techniques need to be implemented to ensure availability of potable water. Sudan is bordered by the Red Sea to the east which makes desalination a viable option but the cost implications and negative...
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...American Refugee Committee International 2009 Student Name Technical Writing 2311 11/18/2009 Table of Contents Problems ARC Confront 3 Healthcare and HIV/AIDS Gender Based Violence Continued 4 Warfare Economy Water Solutions ARC Offer 4 Countries Principles Benefits ARC Give 6 Success Stories 6 Maybe Brown Alice Kollie Murekezi Simeon Works Cited 8 “The American Refugee Committee International (ARC) is a major international non-profit, non-sectarian organization focused on helping refugees and displaced people regain control of their lives.” Problems ARC Confronts The American Refugee Committee currently serves seven countries and focus on several main concerns: warfare, civil violence, economic crisis, unsanitary water and shortage, and lack of healthcare, concerning AIDS/HIV outbreaks and other infectious diseases. Unfortunately, “today, there are roughly sixty-seven million people in need of international protection and assistance. Approximately, sixteen million are refugees and fifty-one million are internally displaced people” (American Refugee Committee np). Healthcare and HIV/AIDS: The numbers in these statistics outlines a significant problem the ARC is taking on in some areas. Uganda is one of the countries ARC provides help in and the considerable amount of people that are being affected by HIV/AIDS is...
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...Mainly as a result of climatic changes, changes in farming and population growth, desertification has had huge impacts on land, ecosystems and people. Maps of NE of Africa to compare its dry, vegetated and saturated area between May 2007 and May 2011. It shows a significant decrease in area covered by vegetation and expansion in arid area in Sudan and Ethiopia. Climatic change (decrease in rainfall and increase in evapotranspiration rate) has led to the death of vegetation; change in farming and overgrazing has made it very difficult for vegetation to re-establish itself while other human activities e.g. overcultivation and deforestation has removed vegetation cover in the area. As a result, here is a reduction in the amount of vegetation in deserted area. Because of population growth (as a result of high birth rate and/or immigration – refugee), there is a higher demand for woods for cooking, which leads to deforestation and an increase in the area of treeless zones. The decrease in forest cover in Haiti from 1990 through 2005 was about 10% and it is now estimated that the radius of the treeless zone around Khartorm, Sudan is 90km. The reduction in vegetated and forest area leads to the reduction in biodiversity since it contributes to the destruction of the habitats of animal and vegetable species and micro-organism. Although it is extremely difficult to put an indicator on this loss, reducing the biodiversity, primarily, it affects the food and health of the local...
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...headwaters in eastern Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile and its tributaries flow through Eleven countries and the river basin drains over three million square kilometers (one tenth of Africa’s total land mass) and is home to more than 300 million people (many of them are among the world’s poorest). Because of its size and variety of climates and topographies, the Nile is one of the most complex river basins in the world. The Nile originates from its major source, Lake Victoria forming the White Nile that flows generally North through Uganda and into Sudan where it meets the Blue Nile at Khartoum, from the confluence of the White and Blue Nile, the Main Nile River flows northwards into Egypt and to the Mediterranean Sea. The Eastern Nile includes the countries of Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt, and encompasses the sub-basins of the Baro-Akobo-Sobat, the Blue Nile, the Tekezze-Settit-Atbara, portions of the White Nile in Sudan, and the Main Nile. All flows in the Nile are the result of rainfall upon the Ethiopian highlands and the Equatorial lakes region. While this rainfall is usually plentiful, it is not always consistent from year to year. The annual average rainfall over the entire Nile basin is approximately 600 mm, ranging from 1200-1600 mm at the headwater regions to near zero at the most northern part of the basin. The seasonal fluctuations of rainfall in the Ethiopian highlands are much greater than those at the source of the White Nile. However, depending on the strength...
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...Water Issues in Egypt 1. Introduction Arid and semi-arid are characterized by low erratic rainfall of up to 700mm per annum, periodic droughts and different associations of vegetative cover and soils(IISD,2010). The world’s semi-arid and arid regions are located mainly in North Africa and the Middle East, as well as south Asia. This feasibility report are going to compare two provisions for water supply in Egypt and also recommend the best method of water provision. Egypt has been suffering from severe water scarcity in recent years like Uneven water distribution, misuse of water resources and inefficient irrigation techniques(Amir,2014). The government of Egypt must look to alternative and sustainable methods to secure their water supplies. There are two options- a: find a new water resource - groundwater extraction. b.develop water-saving supply programme - Aswan Dam. 2. Background Generally, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Egypt was worth 271.97 billion US dollars in 2014. The GDP value of Egypt represents 0.44 percent of the world economy(Trading, 2015). Move onto the geographical and natural environment, Egypt is one of top ten countries at risk of water shortages due to these following reasons: Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west, the Sudan to the south, nevertheless, part from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is desert. In addition, Egypt has...
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...perspective that encompasses the factors underlying world poverty and international equality” ( United Nations 2009) But, just what exactly is poverty and what is the impact it has on business. For most, the definition of poverty centres on the economic notion of income poverty which is defined by, where there is the non- existence of food, money, housing and clothing. Simplified, poverty is often understood as having insufficient money to provide the basics of everyday life. However poverty is much broader than that and is a concept with “many faces that mirror dimensions of human welfare” (Sudan Institutional Capacity program Food Security Information for Action 2011) At the UN’s World Summit on Social Development, the ‘Copenhagen Declaration’ described poverty as “…a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but on access to social services. When people are unable to eat, go to school, or have any access to health care, then they can be considered to be in poverty, regardless of their income..” (United Nations 2009) Oxfam state that “poverty is not just an economic issue. It is about powerlessness, discrimination, lack of representation and lack of freedom” (Oxfam 2009) Whilst there are varying degrees to the definition of poverty most accept that it is generally divided...
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...Describe and explain the global distribution of water scarcity Fresh water is a finite resource. 80% of global fresh water is trapped in ice, snow or permafrost. The remaining 20% is mainly groundwater, only 1% of this is easily accessible. Around 1.4 billion people lack clean drinking water, 2.4 million people have inadequate sanitation and 0.5 billion face water shortages every day. The distribution of fresh water is uneven, leading to a ‘water gap’. Water stress is when demand for water exceeds supply, and is quickly becoming a global issue. Water scarcity is a more extreme version of water stress. Physical water scarcity is when a country is utilising more than 75% of the water available to them. Some countries suffer from economic water scarcity. This is when a country is using less than 25% of the water available to them. Greater demand for water than supply of water can cause physical water scarcity because there simply isn’t enough water in specific locations such as North Africa, middle east, California and south east Australia. Places which don’t suffer from physical water scarcity are places such as western Europe, Scandinavia and Canada. Physical water scarcity is caused by a variety of factors. Demand is outstripping supply because there is a higher population now than 100 years ago. In the last 100 years population has almost quadrupled in size. Increased population growth also means a larger supply for food and agriculture. Californias population is at 37...
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...worst drought in 60 years, the UN says. Large areas of Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Kenya are in a crisis or an emergency. The Sahel region of Africa has been suffering from drought since the early 1980s. The land is marginal in Sahel regions over cultivation, overgrazing are human activities can lead to desertification especially when it is combined with drought. Drought is a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall for a specific area, which leads to a shortage of water. A drought occurs when there in to enough rainfall to support people or crops. Sahel is in the Eco-climatic and bio-geographic zone stretch/transition between the Sahara desert (north) and the Sudanian Savannas (south). It is also located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red sea. Covers parts of Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, southern Algeria, northern Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, northern Ethiopia and Eritrea Annual rainfall is 200 mm in the north and 600 mm in the south on average. There are not enough wells to access water in the ground to provide irrigation when the rains fail. Since 1985, 77% of tree cover has been cut down, this reduces transpiration from plants and so means rain is less likely. Ethiopia is a very poor country, the 5th poorest in the world. The result of drought is soil erosion, famine, starvation. 60% export food .80% of the population rely on agriculture mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Despite this, more than 31 million Ethiopians...
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...but it also details the global effects that will take place if carbon dioxide levels begin to rise. Throughout the movie, Al Gore uses strong visuals to help emphasize his point. I believe one of the most effective visuals that he uses is the projected carbon dioxide level. Using the cherry picker lift to literally point out where the levels will be compared to the past levels was very eye-opening. Also, the facts he brought to light about the secondary effects of global warming were astonishing. Not only does it have the primary effects you would expect from any type of climate change, but he also links the effects on the hydrological cycle to the escalating violence and genocide Darfur. Water riots from shortages have been documented in that part of the Sudan and other places around the world, resulting in death from thirst, bribery, and tribal conflicts. Overall, I think the movie was very effective in portraying the threat global warming is posing to society. Al Gore has shown that you can use your good name and political prestige for the good of society. I hope he continues his work internationally raising awareness of global climate change,...
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... Ethiopia is one of the East African countries that is now facing with various national problems, which can be clearly explained by all of Jared Diamond’s frameworks. Ethiopia has a significantly high risk of collapsing in the very near future. One of the most critical factors that Ethiopia faces is the various environmental catastrophes, which deals with the first framework that Jared Diamond has pointed out. According to the Embassy of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2012), most of the land in Ethiopia is highlands, grasslands, deserts with only a few rivers, and Ethiopia is a landlocked country. Therefore, Ethiopia has lacked adequate of water resources. Moreover, Ethiopia is faced with human impacts on the environment such as deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, and water shortages in some areas (“CIA The World Factbook,” 2012). Another major crisis is the economy, which can be explained by Diamond’s fourth framework. “Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world and approximately 29.2% of citizens are below the poverty line” (“CIA The World Factbook,” 2012). Ethiopia also has an average GDP per capita of US$ 1,100 (2011 est.) of GDP per capita with extremely low profits. Most...
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...Special Political and Decolonization Berkeley Model United Nations S I X T Y - T H I R D III S E S S I O N Gabby Armato Gloria Cheung Adam Yankelevits Robert Purviance ! ! ! ! ! Table of Contents South Sudan Topic Background Past International Involvement and Attempted Solutions Case Studies 1 | Sudan 2 | China Questions to Consider Works Cited Palestinian Refugees Topic Background Past International Involvement and Attempted Solutions Case Studies 1 | United States 2 | Jordan Questions to Consider Works Cited ! ! 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! South Sudan Topic Background It has been slightly over three years since this fledgling nation seceded from Sudan in July 2011. Now the country is fraught with a major political upheaval, a debilitating famine, a declining economy, and an impending civil war ripe with ethnic tension. The South Sudanese political and social schism erupted after President Salva Kiir began to crackdown on the supporters of his rival, former Vice President Riek Machard. Mr. Machard attempted a coup to overthrow the President shortly after Mr. Kiir dismissed the entirety of his government due to suspicion that they were plotting to overthrow his regime. The conflict boiled over and turned violent between the feuding army factions on December 15th 2013. The political struggle between these two factions quickly escalated into a full-scale ethnic conflict and has created a violent schism within...
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...Desertification in the Sahel case study Location etc: • The Sahel is a zone between the Sahara Desert and the more fertile lands of the further South. • The area runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the Horn of Africa and includes parts of Sudan, Chad and many others. • It has a population of over 50 million. Causes of Desertification: • Low rainfall. • Civil wars in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia. • Population growth. • Settling of the nomadic population, leading to over cultivation. • The use of wood for fuel. Problems: • Two periods of drought followed by famine in 1968-1974 and 1979-1984 brought the attention of the world to this region. • These periods of poor rainfall struck particularly hard for many Sahelian farmers and pastoralists, resulting in an estimated • 100,000 drought related deaths. • The annual average rainfall of the Sahel is low (100-200mm), with most of the rain falling in the period between June and • September. • The natural vegetation is a mixture of xerophytic (drought resistant) shrubs and grasses. Attempted Solutions: • Early warning systems have been put in place to prevent the onset of drought-induced food shortages. These provide the data necessary to predict or assess potential crop loss and animal shortfalls. Based on remotely sensed data of vegetation cover and rainfall patterns and on food market surveys. • Locally based efforts to nurture and protect the resource base. This involves encouraging farmer cooperatives, small...
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...GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY International Relations Water Conflicts in the Middle East Submitted to: Dr. Aruna Kumar Malik Faculty (International Relations) Submitted by: Himanshu Sharma 10A048 (Sem – V) 1|Page GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY Acknowledgement I express my gratitude and sincere thanks to Mr. Aruna Kumar Malik, for his support throughout the making of this project. He has provided valuable guidance as and when required without which this project would not have been in this shape. I would like to thank Gujarat National Law University for giving us this opportunity to work on this project, especially the staff at the library for providing excellent research facilities. Lastly, I thank my friends for their support, for their help in the research and for critically going through the project and correcting the mistakes. 2|Page GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction…….………………………………………………………..4 Chapter 2: Causes of water Conflicts…………..………………………………….5 Chapter 3: Some Major Conflicts in the Middle East……………………………..6 Chapter 4: Remedial Measures…………..……………………………………….11 Chapter 5: Conclusion………………………………………………………..….....13 References..……………………………………………………………14 3|Page GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY I. Introduction The Middle-east is a region encompassing Western Asia and all or parts of North Africa, depending on the context in which the term is used. The history of the Middle-east dates far back...
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...Internally displaced people returning to their homes following the end of fighting in Sudan’s Blue Nile state between the Sudanese army and fighters allied to Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), the dominant force in newly independent South Sudan. (Photo: REUTERS/Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah, September 2011) Internal displacement in Africa Burundi p. 41; Central African Republic p. 42; Chad p. 43; Côte d’Ivoire p. 44; Democratic Republic of the Congo p. 45; Ethiopia p. 46; Kenya p. 47; Liberia p. 48; Niger p. 48; Nigeria p. 49; Senegal p. 50; Somalia p. 50; South Sudan p. 51; Sudan p. 52; Uganda p. 53; Zimbabwe p. 54 In 2011, IDMC monitored internal displacement in 21 subSaharan African countries. There were an estimated 9.7 million IDPs in these countries, representing over a third of the world’s total internally displaced population. Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Somalia continued to be the countries with the largest internally displaced populations in Africa. The number of IDPs in Africa in 2011 was down from 11.1 million a year earlier, continuing a sustained downward trend since 2004 when there were over 13 million. Violent struggles between groups vying for access to natural resources, land and political representation and power were among the root causes of most of these displacements. These struggles were manifested either by armed conflicts pitting governments and their armed forces against armed opposition groups, or by inter-communal...
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