...Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Socrates: Man of Virtue (470-399 B.C.E.) Socrates proposed the theory of value in which there are two sorts of good: virtue and happiness. Both are unconditional goods. But happiness is a "self-generated" good in that it "derives its value strictly from its inherent properties;" whereas virtue is an "other-generated" good in that it derives its value from happiness, precisely from its conduciveness to happiness. Virtue is an instinct in all humanity which can be aroused through self-examination. This universal truth is accessible to everyone who thinks and question. Socrates assumes that any person with whom he talks has the resource to answer his question correctly, that is, that no specialist knowledge is required. Socrates thought that knowledge is virtue, and virtue leads to happiness. It makes sense to think that moral people know what morality is. If you know right from wrong, then you might be able to choose to do what you know to be right. It also makes some sense to suspect that our beliefs about right and wrong influence our decisions. If we believe its right to help a drowning child, then it would be fairly shocking to decide not to do so—and it would less surprising when we decide to help the child. It is quite a shocking statement to say that virtue always leads to happiness. Criminals commit crimes that hurt others to help themselves. To think that their crimes would...
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...clasista, materialismo, sueño americano. Resumen: “En busca de la felicidad” es una película que nos muestra un caso real de cómo un hombre (Chris Gardner) fue capaz de llegar a ser millonario desde la más absoluta pobreza. En este ensayo se hará un profundo análisis de la película y su principal personaje. Asimismo, nos servirá como referente para examinar e intentar sacar conclusiones de ciertos aspectos de la sociedad norteamericana: ¿cuántas y qué clases sociales podemos encontrar?; ¿en qué consiste el famoso concepto de “sueño americano”?, ¿existe realmente?; ¿hasta qué punto es importante el patrimonio de una persona para poder alcanzar sus metas en la vida? The pursuit of Happyness: a reflection of American society? Key words: status-based society, materialism, American Dream. Summary: The Pursuit of Happyness is a film which shows a real story about a man (Chris Gardner) who was able to become a millionaire from the abject poverty. This essay will analyze deeply the picture and its main character. It will also be useful as a reference to examine and try to draw conclusions of some aspects of the American society: How many and which social classes are there?; what is the famous “American Dream”?, does it really exist?; How important is a person’s wealth to reach his goals in life? * Introducción: En busca de la felicidad narra una historia real situada a principios de los años 80 y cuyo protagonista es Chris Gardner, un hombre de mediana edad que se dedica a vender...
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...Chapter 3 Summary + Reflection Cost is a major concern for any organisation they do this as efficiently as possible, for example support desks can be outsourced to other countries where they can pay a lower wage, the negatives of this is quality may never be the same as having it domestically. Language barriers are usually the major concern, though it has greatly improved since it first started occurring. Rational work design – cost effective workers who usually do more for their wages. They also achieve maximum efficiency. Capitalist wage labour relationship is when the person who and owns the company pays a wage to the worker and in return they supply labour. Capital want to get the most work done for the wages they pay, so employees work at maximum efficiency. Problems can arise such as industrial action where they can go on strikes this can be over wages or working conditions. Taylor came up with the term scientific management he saw organisations as machines, and problems were just mechanical/engineering problems. The phrase Taylorism means about efficiency minimizing waste while also increasing output, he suggested work should be broken down into small tasks. Rule of thumb – a rough estimate of the time it takes perform a task it was based on workers knowledge of that task. Taylor believed every job had ‘one best way’ to perform it. There were four principles to scientific management it increased efficiency and also put power into the hands of management. The four...
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...A STUDY: INCOME AND HAPPINESS ACROSS EUROPE: DO REFERENCE VALUES MATTER? Contents Summary 2 The Silver Lining of Materialism: The Impact of Luxury Consumption on Subjective Well-Being 3 Data used for analysis 5 Econometric Model 6 Critical Reflection 8 Reference List 11 A Study: Income and happiness across Europe: Do reference values matter? Summary The authors in this study - Guglielmo Maria Caporale, Yannis Georgellis, Nicholas Tsitsianis and Ya Ping Yin - assess the relationship between income and subjective well-being; by tracing back to works of Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Veblen and Duesenberry, the authors revive significant attention to the neoclassical economic theory that portrays well-being and absolute income to be highly correlated. The data was retrieved from the European Social Survey (ESS) to examine a potential relationship between income and happiness (self-reported satisfaction), the authors execute their study across 19 European Countries. With utilisation of Easterlin (1974) as their seminal paper, the research draws attention to the Easterlin Paradox (Easterlin, 1995) that suggests there is no relationship between economic expansion in industrialised countries and its average level of happiness. The authors look to assess topical contradictory findings that conclude absolute income is correlated with levels of happiness (e.g.: Frijters et al., 2004). The research purpose of this paper was to re-examine this controversial link for...
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...“ENDO” (Isa sa MGA SALITA NG TAON 2014 na pinili SA SAWIKAAN) nina John Kelvin R. Briones(Nagtapos ng Bachelor in Secondary Education, major in English sa Bulacan State University (BulSU); kasalukuyang nagtuturo at koordineytor ng Filipino sa Iluminada Roxas-Mendoza Memorial High School, sa Bocaue, Bulacan; part-time English instructor sa BulSU; kumukuha ng Master sa Sining ng Araling Filipino sa De La Salle University-Manila bilang isang iskolar; nagwagi ng Ikatlong Gantimpala sa Gawad KWF sa Sanaysay 2014.) at David Michael M. San Juan(Associate professor sa Departamento ng Filipino ng DLSU-Manila; nagtapos ng Bachelor in Secondary Education, major in Filipino sa BulSU (magna cum laude), Master of Arts in Teaching Filipino sa Philippine Normal University, at PhD in Southeast Asian Studies sa Centro Escolar University; may yunit din sa MA in International Studies, major in European Studies sa DLSU-Manila; board member ng Pambansang Samahan sa Linggwistika at Literaturang Filipino (PSLLF); convenor ng Alyansa ng Mga Tagapagtanggol ng Wikang Filipino (TANGGOL WIKA); at public information officer ng Alliance of Concerned Teachers-Private Schools (ACT-Private).) Post-Kumperensyang Introduksyon Tapos na ang Sawikaan 2014. “Selfie” ang itinanghal na pangunahing Salita ng Taon. Pangalawa naman ang “endo.” Pangatlo ang “Filipinas.” Kasama rin sa mga Salita ng Taon 2014 ang mga sumusunod: “PDAF, hashtag, riding in tandem, whistleblower, pagpag, CCTV, imba, bossing, peg, storm...
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...Pre-Socratic Period Thales of Miletus Background: Thales of Miletus (fl. c. 585 BC) is regarded as the father of philosophy. Thales of Miletus was considered one of the Seven Wise Men of ancient Greece. Thales was the first of the Greek natural philosophers and founder of the Ionian school of ancient Greek thinkers. Works/Writings/Philosophy: His is said to have measured the Egyptian pyramids and to have calculated the distance from shore of ships at sea using his knowledge of geometry. He also predicted an eclipse of the sun. In geometry Thales has been credited with the discovery of five theorems like the one that a triangle inscribed in a semicircle has a right angle. He tried to discover the substance from which everything in nature is made off and suggested water. Thales is important in bridging the worlds of myth and reason. He initiated the revolutionary notion that to understand the world one needed to know its nature and that there was an explanation for all phenomena in natural terms. That was a giant step from the assumptions of the old world that supernatural forces determined almost everything. While considering the effects of magnetism and static electricity, he concluded that the power to move other things without the mover itself changing was a characteristic of "life", so that a magnet and amber must therefore be alive in some way (in that they have animation or the power to act). If so, he argued, there is no difference between the living and the dead...
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...AMERICA IS IN THE HEART By Carlos Bulosan http://www.amazon.com/America-Is-Heart-Washington-Papers/dp/029595289X/ref=sr_1_cc_1?s=aps&ie=UTF8&qid=1395151691&sr=1-1-catcorr&keywords=america+is+in+the+heart+by+carlos+bulosanIntroduction America is in the Heart begins with Bulosan’s childhood and traces a difficult immigrant experience defined by poverty, rootlessness and illness and culminates in a remaking of his self through writing. Also its about of what it is like to be treated as a criminal in a strange and alien society one to which the immigrant has been drawn precisely because of the attraction of its ideals. Some says, America is in the heart is a social classic from which the life experience of thousands of Filipino immigrants who were attracted to this country by its legendary promises of a better life, people beliefs specially those people who are peasants or people who live at the average status of life that when they go in abroad, they will get what they need, they will also support their family when it comes in financially needs. That’s why people then and until now influences those beliefs. “ I know deep down in my heart,” he wrote , “ that I am an exile in America . . . I feel like a criminal running away from a crime I did not commit. And this crime is that I am a Filipino in America. “ Overview of the Novel America Is in the Heart the autobiography of the Filipino poet and sometimes subtitled A Personal History describes...
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...Metaphysics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:navigation, search This article is about the branch of philosophy. For the work of Aristotle, see Metaphysics (Aristotle). |Philosophy | |[pic] | |Branches[show] | |Aesthetics | |Epistemology | |Ethics | |Logic | |Metaphysics | |Social philosophy | |Political philosophy | |Eras[show] | |Ancient | |Medieval | |Modern | |Contemporary | |Traditions[show] | |Analytic | |Continental | |Eastern | |Islamic | |Marxist | |Platonic | |Scholastic | |Philosophers[show] | |Aestheticians | |Epistemologists...
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...CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE COURSE GUIDE CSS105 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Course Developer Dr. Derin K. Ologbenla University Of Lagos Akoka – Lagos. Dr. Derin K. Ologbenla Course Writer University Of Lagos Akoka – Lagos. Course Co-ordinator Dr. Godwin Ifidon Oyakhiromen National Open University of Nigeria Lagos. NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ii CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Annex 245 Samuel Adesujo Ademulegun Street Central Business District Opposite Arewa Suites Abuja e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: www.nou.edu.ng National Open University of Nigeria 2006 First Printed 2006 ISBN: 978-058-434-X All Rights Reserved Printed by Goshen Print Media Ltd For National Open University of Nigeria iii CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE Contents Introduction......................................................................... Aims................................................................................... Objectives........................................................................... Working through the Course.............................................. Course Materials................................................................ Study Units........................................................................ Textbooks and References.................................................. Assessment.......................................
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... Please note all rights held by the former Higher Still Development Unit continue to be held by Learning and Teaching Scotland. Contents Statement of Standards 3 Guide to Learning and Teaching Pack 7 Introduction to the Unit and Learning and Teaching Approaches 8 Class stratification 9 Recommended reading and recommended websites for class stratification 10 Introduction to social stratification 11 Class stratification 15 Functionalist theory of class stratification 24 Summary of functionalism 29 Marxist theory of class stratification 33 Summary of Marxism 39 Weberian theory of class stratification 42 Summary of Weberianism 47 Aspect: social mobility 50 Aspect: social closure 52 Practice exam essay question...
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...Social Change and Modernity Edited By Hans Haferkamp and Neil J. Smelser UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford © 1992 The Regents of the University of California INTRODUCTION Hans Haferkamp and Neil J. Smelser Haferkamp is grateful to Angelika Schade for her fruitful comments and her helpful assistance in editing this volume and to Geoff Hunter for translating the first German version of parts of the Introduction; Smelser has profited from the research assistance and critical analyses given by Joppke. 1. Social Change and Modernity Those who organized the conference on which this volume is based—including the editors— decided to use the terms "social change" and "modernity" as the organizing concepts for this project. Because these terms enjoy wide usage in contemporary sociology and are general and inclusive, they seem preferable to more specific terms such as "evolution" "progress," "differentiation," or even "development," many of which evoke more specific mechanisms, processes, and directions of change. Likewise, we have excluded historically specific terms such as "late capitalism" and "industrial society" even though these concepts figure prominently in many of the contributions to this volume. The conference strategy called for a general statement of a metaframework for the study of social change within which a variety of more specific theories could be identified. 2. Theories of Social Change Change is such an evident feature of...
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...Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Theories of International Relations This page intentionally left blank Theories of International Relations Third edition Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Matthew Paterson, Christian Reus-Smit and Jacqui True Material from 1st edition © Deakin University 1995, 1996 Chapter 1 © Scott Burchill 2001, Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater 2005 Chapter 2 © Jack Donnelly 2005 Chapter 3 © Scott Burchill, Chapters 4 and 5 © Andrew Linklater, Chapters 6 and 7 © Richard Devetak, Chapter 8 © Christian Reus-Smit, Chapter 9 © Jacqui True, Chapter 10 © Matthew Paterson 2001, 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright...
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...ESSAY: THOMAS MALTHUS Born: 13-Feb-1766 Birthplace: Rookery, near Dorking, Surrey, England Died: 29-Dec-1834 Location of death: St. Catherine, near Bath, England Cause of death: unspecified Remains: Buried, Bath Abbey, Bath, England Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: White Occupation: Economist Nationality: England What many know, at least those with an elementary knowledge of economics or politics, is that Malthus is the surname of a man, who, a couple of hundred years back, said that man, sooner or later, universally, will run up against himself; that the population of mankind will eventually outstrip man's ability to supply himself with the necessities of life. The Malthusian doctrine, as stated in "Essay on the Principle of Population," was expressed as follows: "population increases in a geometric ratio, while the means of subsistence increases in an arithmetic ratio." Well, that seems plain enough, and perfectly understandable, if there is too many people and not enough food, then, certainly, there is going to be problems. Malthus developed his theory, at least to this extent: that left alone, no matter all the problems short of worldwide catastrophe, humankind will survive, as, nature has a natural way to cut population levels: "crime, disease, war, and vice," being, the necessary checks on population." This proposition, as was made by Malthus in 1798, was to cause quite a public stir, then, and yet today. The English economist Thomas Robert Malthus, b....
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Introduction Purpose of the Study Sombart’s Hypothesis An Alternative Model; Entrepreneurial Decision-making Context: The Industrial Revolution and ‘Profit’ The Changing Nature of ‘Investment’ The Great Depression of 1873-96 Intellectual Introspection Irving Fisher and the Conception of Capital and Income 17 17 17 23 25 26 30 32 34 34 35 36 38 38 38 39 43 46 49 50 51 54 55 1.10 Research Issues Identified 1.11 Summary Derivation of Research Issues 2.1 2.2 Introduction Evidence from Extant Accounts 2.2.1 Fixed Assets in Mercantile Accounting 2.2.2 The East India Company 2.2.3 Fixed Assets and Early Industrial Accounting 2.2.4 Capital Asset Accounting After 1870 2.2.4.i Renewal Accounting 2.2.4.ii Double-Account System 2.2.4.iii A Rejected Hypothesis 2.3 Steam and Iron: the ‘Railway Age’ iv 2.3.1 ‘Loco motion’: An Evolving Technology 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Research Issues Methodological Approach Structure of the Thesis Summary 59 68 69 70 72 74 74 75 77 77 79 79 81 82 86 88 Evaluative Framework 3.1 3.2 3.3 Introduction Static Equilibrium Analysis...
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...CHAPTF1 37 Mapping the Work Ethic CHAPTER 2 79 Marxism, Productivism, and the Refusal of Work CHAPTER 3 113 Working Demands: From Wages for Housework to Basic Income CHAPTER 4 151 "Hours for What We Will": Work, Family, and the Demand for Shorter Hours 5 CHAPTER 175 The Future Is Now: Utopian Demands and the Temporalities of Hope EPILOGUE 227 A Life beyond Work 235 255 Notes References 275 Index Acknowledgments thank the following friends and colleagues for their helpful feedback on versions of these arguments and portions of the manuscript: Anne Allison, Courtney Berger, Tina Campt, ChristineDiStefano, Greg Grandin, Judith Grant, Michael Hardt, Stefano Harney, Rebecca I would like to Karl, Ranji Khanna, Corey Robin, Rudy, Karen Kathy Stuhldreher, and Robyn Wiegman. Thanks also go to Robert Adelman, Brittany Faullmer, Dennis Keenan, Marcie Patton, the Seattle FOJ, Julie Walwick, Cat Warren and David Auerbach, Diana Weeks, Lee Weeks, and Regan Weeks. An earlier version of a portion ofchapter 2 was published as "The Refusal of Work as Demand and Perspective' in Resistance in Practice: The Philosophy of...
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