...to which apartheid was economically unsustainable. The research will be based on sources with reference to the effect international divestments and economic sanctions placed on South Africa, as well as the internal structure of the apartheid system and it’s impact on the South African economy. Apartheid was set up in a way where black labour was used to exploit the resources of the country, which included mineral resources such as diamonds, gold, coal and iron ore; as well as agricultural resources such as fruits, grains and maize. To give legal effect to this exploitation of labour, the apartheid system created a job reservation system to favour the white minority and to subject...
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...Once Upon a Time by Nadine Gordimer A short summary: Once Upon a Time is written by Nadine Gordimer, the story opens with involving the author herself. Nadine been asked to compose a short story for a children’s book as a part of her duty as a writer. But she thinks that a artist never should be compelled to create a work on demand. Nadine Gordimer lies asleep in her bed, when she hears a strange sound awakens her. She thinks that an intruder had entered her home she is scared. Contemplating all the possible options and outcomes. Nadine Gordimer eventually realizes that the naturally creaky condition of her floorboard they’re made the noise and that there was no imminent threat to her safety except for the one she imagined. Because she can’t fall back du sleep, she begins to tell herself a bedtime story. The story concerns a husband, a wife and their little boy. She describes how the family love one for another – with is natural for them, but it reflected in their financial security suburban home. As they live out their dream of happiness. The husbands mother described as a “wise old witch” she told that the family should take all necessary measures to protect themselves. The family joins a neighbordhood watch organization that gives them plague for the gates of their home: with says “you have been warned” The family begins to fear for their safety, because in another part of the city, the part where “people of another color” lived. They are not allower entrance into...
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........................... 2 TABLE OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................. 4 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 6 NELSON MANDELLA’S BRIEF BIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 7 NELSON MANDELLA’S LEADERSHIP ....................................................................................................... 8 SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................................................12 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................13 REFLECTION .........................................................................................................................................14 ATTACHMENT N1...
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...The Solution to Ethnic and Racial Civil Conflict Jacqueline Zhang GOVT 150W Introduction to International Politics Introduction Within a period of three months in 1994, an estimated five to eight hundred thousand people were killed as a result of civil war and genocide in Rwanda. Large numbers were physically and psychologically afflicted for life through maiming, rape and other trauma; over two million fled to neighboring countries and maybe half as many became internally displaced within Rwanda. This human suffering was and is incomprehensible. Similar ethnic and racial civil conflicts have deeply scarred countries and are threatening to break out in many places around the globe. Too much blood has been shed for ethnic and racial causes and too many have died in ethnic and racial wars. In accordance to the constructivist model of nationalism, identity (re)construction solves ethnic and racial civil conflict. Definition For the purpose of demonstrating how identity (re)construction solves ethnic and racial civil conflicts, “solve” can be defined as 1) to explain and 2) to put an end to, settle. In addition, “explain” means to make clear the cause, origin or reason of. Furthermore, an ethnicity is a population of human beings whose members identify with each other, on the basis of a real or a presumed common genealogy or ancestry. The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics...
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...compete. These countries have included Japan, Germany, and even South Africa. Recent events of the past four decades have caused a loud uproar among countries and even organizations to exclude the country of Iran from the 2012 Olympic Games in London. It is found to be an evident case that Iran is an example of a country that completely contradicts the Olympics’ purpose in a variety of ways and therefore should not be allowed to contend. In the past century, three countries have been denied the right to compete in the Olympics for different reasons that the IOC believed as unforgiveable. According to Larry Zuckerman (2004), in 1920 and 1924 Germany was banned from the Olympics after WWI due to inhumane acts during the war such as the mass killings, lootings, and burnings of towns known as the Rape of Belgium. They were also ostracized due to their direct influence of bringing Europe into the war. In 1948, both Germany and Japan were not invited to the London games. According to George Duncan (n.d.), the two countries attributed to the massacre of civilians such as the genocide of the Jews by the Nazi’s, and the mass killings, and slave labor of civilians by both countries. Lastly, in an article by Brian Mackenzie (2004), it is found that South Africa was excluded from participation at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo. South Africa was governed by an oppressive apartheid regime, which is a system of racial segregation, and therefore was banned until 1992. It is seen as an honor and...
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...with high levels of negative health outcomes, how well they are being addressed, and what social, political, and economic factors contribute to such health disparities. South Africa is a nation that has complex health care needs and shortcomings even though it is the second wealthiest nation in Africa. Similar to the United States, with a health care system favoring those of certain ethnicities and social status, many others are left with healthcare that is inaccessible and unaffordable. However, the divide in South America is unlike any other nation. 2011 census data shows the majority of South African’s are African, at 79.2% of the population, colored and white, which make up 8.9%, and Indian and Asian races make up the remaining population at 2.5%. ("South Africa's population," 2014) South Africa is a nation that is infamous for the Apartheid movement that is one of the greatest examples of racial segregation in history. Poverty and inequality created by racial and gender segregation were meant to dismantle the divided social structures with the election of Nelson Mandela’s in 1994. Though the movement made progression relative the state of the affairs prior to his election, enormous gaps in wealth have remained among the black and rural communities relative to the white, urban population. South Africa is considered a middle-income nation, but health outcomes are worse than those of low-income nations in the region. The...
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...Theories, which was Mandela’s Leadership style during his governance. This will cover aspects of Idealised Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Simulation and Individualised Consideration. Ultimately, this review will show that Mandela’s chosen leadership style reveals both his successes and failures as a leader. 2. Nelson Mandela and his Social Context When the National Party achieved power in South Africa in 1948, the government usually composed by “white people” created a policy of racial segregation under a legislated system denominated by apartheid. According to this regime the black South Africans were forced to live in separate areas from whites and to use separate public facilities. Despite consistent struggles to defeat the apartheid regime, its laws persisted in effect for the most part of 50 years. It is within this environment that Nelson Mandela was born and raised. Mandela is a South African lawyer, prominent activist. He was also the leader of African National Congress (ANC) party and the first black President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. 1 EUSEBIO AFRICANO DOS REIS VARELA Leadership Concepts,...
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...Martin Luther King, Jesse Jackson and the Civil Rights Movement. I chose to write about Andrew Young because of his strong feelings about the rights of black Americans. He felt that everyone, black or white, should have equal rights. Andrew fought along the side of Martin Luther King, Jr. and continued the work after King's death. The Civil Rights Movement required many dedicated and determined souls. Andrew Young, like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a man of peace who believed in using love vice hate to settle disagreements. He accomplished many wonderful things to help Martin Luther King's Dream live on. Andrew Jackson Young Jr. was born March 12, 1932, in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the depths of the Great Depression and Jim Crow segregation. His grandfather had been a successful businessman who had operated a drugstore, a pool hall, and a saloon. His father, Andrew Young Sr. was a dentist and his mother Daisy Fuller Young was a school teacher. The Young’s were among the elite of the city’s black population, which was largely poor and uneducated. Dr. Young Sr. could have afforded to live in a well-to-do white neighborhood, but no one would sell to him.(African American pg 104) .His parents were always very supportive of Andrew and his brother Walter. His parents always taught them the importance of religion and education and to treat others with respect. When Andrew was very young, he began to realize that whites and blacks were treated differently. Andrew was brought up...
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...Within culture lies language and within language is that sense of diversity. South Africa is known to be one of the countries in the continent of Africa to greatly promote diversity. Educating people of the country’s past and celebrating different cultures and ethnicities. In the new thriving and transforming South African democracy, language pluralism in the countries media is questioned. This essay will compare and contrast the language pluralism and diversity in the newspaper and radio industry in South Africa. It will also discuss the extent funding is a problem for the growth and expansion of indigenous languages in the newspaper industry. The essay will be precisely formed in this following arrangement, beginning with a brief introduction then discussion on the Critical Political and Economy theory, the concept of funding and the effect it has on language diversity in newspapers. A comparison and contrast of newspapers and radio availability will be mentioned in relation to the growth of indigenous languages in the media. Critical Political Economy is concerned with the examination of the structure within the production of media and the outcomes acquired from the availability of funding and the influence of authority (Hesmondhalgh, 2002: 31). It is characterised by being historical, holistic, and moralistic in its critique of ownership and funding concept. CPE takes what is understood as economics and centers it with an intention to understand the relation between the...
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...CRITICAL SURVEY OF CONTEMPORARY SOUTH AFRICAN POETRY A CRITICAL SURVEY OF CONTEMPORARY SOUTH AFRICAN POETRY: THE LANGUAGE OF CONFLICT AND COMMITMENT By Laura Holland, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University September 1987 MASTER OF Arts (1987) (English) McMASTER UNIVERSITY Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: A Critical Survey of Contemporary South African Poetry: The Language of Conflict and Commitment AUTHOR: Laura Linda Holland, B.A. (University of Alberta) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Alan Bishop NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 134 ii ABSTRACT The thes is concentrates on South African poetry from 1960 to the present. It closely examines a selection of poems by Breyten Breytenbach, Dennis Brutus, Pascal Gwala, Wopko Jensma, Oswald Mtshali, Arthur Nortje, Cosmo Pieterse, Sipho Sepamla, and Wally Serote, among others. The body of the thesis discusses these poets' contributions to poetry about prison, exile, and township life. The thesis focuses on the struggle between various polical, racial, and cultural groups for hegemony over South Africa's poetic development. Such issues as language, ideology, and censorship are explored insofar as they in! .luence t:ne content and structure of the poetry. This body of poems, sadly, is little studied in North America. The thesis presents an introduction to and a survey of the major tendencies in South African poetry and, in part, ...
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...INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ………………………………………….…………… 1 Course Aims ……………………………………………………… 1 Course Objectives ………………………………………………... 1 Working through Course……………………………………. This 2 Course Materials………………………………………………….. 2 Study Units………………………………………………………. . 2 Text books and References……………………………………….. 3 Assessment File…………………………………………………… 3 Tutor-Marked Assignment ……………………….. ……………… 4 iv POL 122 INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN POLITICS Final Examination Grading…………………………………... and 4 Course Marking Scheme………………………………………….. 4 Presentation Schedule…………………………………………….. 4 Course Overview ……………………………….………..…….….. 5 How to Get the Most from This Course………………………….. 6 Facilitators/Tutors and Tutorials………….……………………….7 Summary…………………………………………………………. . 8 Introduction Welcome to POS 102: Introduction to African Politics This course is a three-credit unit course for...
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...The White Paper on Local Government 9 March 1998 The White Paper is dedicated to the memory of Tshepiso Mashinini (1966-1998), chairperson of the White Paper Working Committee, and all the other women and men who contributed to the building of a democratic system of local government in South Africa CONTENTS Foreword by Minister Mohammed Valli Moosa Foreword by Mr Pravin Gordhan Introduction SECTION A: CURRENT REALITY 1. A history of local government 2. The current state of local government 2.1. The different forms of municipality 2.2. Local government finance 2.3. Administration 2.4. Legislative complexity 2.5. Powers and functions 2.6. Global and national trends 2.7. The transition process 3. Settlement patterns and trends 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Settlement types 3.3. The implications of current settlement patterns 4. Defining the challenge for local government 4.1. Challenges facing South African municipalities 5. Concluding comment SECTION B: DEVELOPMENTAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1. Characteristics of developmental local government 1.1. Maximising social development and economic growth 1.2. Integrating and coordinating 1.3. Democratising development, empowering and redistributing 1.4. Leading and learning 2. Developmental outcomes of local government 2.1. Provision of household infrastructure and services 2.2. Creation of liveable, integrated cities, towns and rural areas 2.3. Local economic development ...
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...Peace Without Justice Via di Torre Argentina 76, I-00186, Roma, Italy www.npwj.org Permission to reproduce and distribute this document is hereby granted provided that this notice is retained on all copies, that copies are not altered and that No Peace Without Justice is credited. This publication is also available at www.npwj.org. No Peace Without Justice is an international non-profit organisation founded by Emma Bonino and born of a 1993 campaign of the Transnational Radical Party that works for the protection and promotion of human rights, democracy, the rule of law and international justice. NPWJ undertakes its work within three main thematic programs: International Criminal Justice; Female Genital Mutilation; and Middle East and North Africa Democracy, including specific work on Iraq. NPWJ is a Member of the TRP Senate, a Member of the Steering Committee of the NGO Coalition for the International Criminal Court and the Italian civil society partner in the Democracy Assistance Dialogue. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of No Peace Without Justice and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Overall editing of this report was done by Alison Smith. The draft report was prepared by Sylvia de Bertodano, Joanna Evans, Nicole Fritz and Michael Gibb. Design and production by Rebus, Paris Alison Smith is the Legal Counsel and Coordinator of the International...
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...The Edexcel International GCSE in History Schemes of work We are happy to provide these new enhanced schemes of work for you to amend and adapt to suit your teaching purposes. We hope you find them useful. Practical support to help you deliver this specification Schemes of work These schemes of work have been produced to help you implement this Edexcel specification. They are offered as examples of possible models that you should feel free to adapt to meet your needs and are not intended to be in any way prescriptive. It is in editable word format to make adaptation as easy as possible. These schemes of work give guidance for: * Content to be covered * Approximate time to spend on different key themes * Ideas for incorporating and developing the assessment skills related to each unit. Suggested teaching time This is based on a two year teaching course of five and a half terms with one and a half hours of history teaching each week. This would be a seventy week course with total teaching time of approximately 100 hours. The schemes suggest the following timescale for the different sections: * Paper 1: 20 hours for each of the two topics: Total 40 hours. * Paper 2 Section A: 20 hours for the topic: Total 20 hours. * Paper 2 Section B: 25 hours for the topic since it covers a longer period in time. Total 25 hours. * Revision: 15 hours. Possible options for those with less teaching time * 20 hours for Section Paper 2 Section B ...
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...1 CHAPTER OUTLINE Ranking Groups Types of Groups Listen to Our Voices Problem of the Color Line Does Race Matter? Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I? Research Focus Multiracial Identity Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status The Consequences of Subordinate-Group Status Resistance and Change WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? How Does Society Rank Different Groups? What Are the Four Types of Groups? Does Race Still Matter? How is Biracial and Multiracial Identity Defined? How Is Sociology Applied to the Study of Race and Ethnicity? What Leads to the Creation of Subordinate-Group Status? What Are the Consequences of Subordinate-Group Status? How Does Change Occur in Race Relations? ISBN 1-256-48952-2 2 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Exploring Race and Ethnicity Minority groups are subordinated in terms of power and privilege to the majority, or dominant group. A minority is defined not by being outnumbered but by five characteristics: unequal treatment, distinguishing physical or cultural traits, involuntary membership, awareness of subordination, and ingroup marriage. Subordinate groups are classified in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, and gender. The social importance of race is derived from a process of racial formation; any biological significance is relatively unimportant to society...
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