...Why do we use sunscreen? Sun poses many dangers to our health, particularly on our skin. The sun releases harmful radiation which can permanently damage the skin and can cause skin cancer, precancerous changes in the skin, as well as premature wrinkling and signs of aging. Apart from these effects it causes the usual sunburn. A sunburn is basically a burn which is caused by too much exposure to the ultraviolet radiation of the sun. Like other burns, sunburns can cause first degree burns, which are the most common type. With a first degree burn, a child's skin will be red and painful, but there will be no blisters. More severe or deep sunburns can lead to second degree burns, with the formation of blisters on the skin, and more rarely, third degree burns. Excessive exposure to sun is bad because of ultraviolet radiation, 90 percent of which comes in the form of Ultraviolet A (UVA) rays that are not absorbed by the ozone layer and penetrate deep into our skin. Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays make up the rest. UVB rays are partially absorbed by the ozone layer, which makes preserving the ozone layer crucial for our health. And because UVB rays don’t penetrate our skin as deeply, they can cause those lobster-red sunburns. Both types of UV rays are thought to cause skin cancer. Some of the possible mechanisms for UV skin damage are collagen breakdown, the formation of free radicals, interfering with DNA repair, and inhibiting the immune system. To prevent this, the most...
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...History of Sunscreen: In ancient times the only way to protect yourself from the sun was to wear clothing that covered most of your body and large hats. Ancient people would use plant extracts and oils that they thought would help protect their skin from the sun. It was considered of high class to have pale skin and therefore people of high stature would use white powder (arsenic salts) to help produce a whiter looking appearance. The modern development of sunscreen was produced by Eugene Schueller in 1935. He produced a sunscreen using benzyl salicylate as a UVR absorber. Schueller was the founder of a company known today to be L’Oreal and was great at advertising. After WWII he marketed a “tanned body” as a healthy body and used tanned women in bikinis to promote his product. In 1962 there were two major advances in sunscreen materials and sunscreen testing. First benzophenone was introduced as a ingredient and its purpose was to absorb UVA rays. In the tests mouse skin was significantly protected from the UVA rays using this material. In the matter of testing the effectiveness of sunscreen Wiskemann and Heissen introduced the use of a water-cooled xenon high-pressure arc for the skin testing. There is increasing evidence the UVA radiation can cause chronic skin damage in healthy people who are exposed to the sun. Therefore the search for a UVA absorbing agent has been the research of that is of greatest concern. The need for protection against sun damage of skin and...
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...The Chemistry of Sunscreen My written study report is about sunscreen where we can usually find it in some beauty shops and drugstores. Sunscreens in different brands would have different properties and selling points. The main function of sunscreen is to protect our skin from the exposure of Ultra-violet (UVA and UVB) which can cause severe erythema (sunburn) and skin cancer. Some of them also claimed to moisturize and brighten up our skin. Normally, people who have a higher consciousness on their skin condition would apply sunscreen on their face and body frequently whenever they go outdoors. Athletes are also the main users of sunscreen as they often do exercises under sunlight over a long period of time; therefore they have to apply sunscreen to prevent long-term damage on their skin. It is stated that only a tiny amount of sunscreen is enough to reach the desire effect and protection. The prices of these kinds of lotion vary a lot as it depends on their SPF(Sun Protection Factor) rating as well as PA degree, ranging from $60 to $250+. This product is popular worldwide especially in United States as people nowadays often do outdoor activities while they are highly aware of their health. The main reason of choosing sunscreen as study Project topic is that I am curious about how do the chemicals inside sunscreen can protect us from sun burn and the potential risk of applying it. As far as I am concerned, some of the chemicals inside sunscreen are nanoparticles. Would...
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...ultraviolet rays are UVA and UVB. UVA are long wavelengths that go through the many layers of the skin, and may cause cancer. UVB are shorter wavelengths, and do not go through the multiple layers of the skin, but can also cause skin cancer. Sunscreen helps protect the skin from these harmful rays. The higher SPF (Sun Protection Factor) of the sunscreen, the better protected your skin will be. The prediction is one of the beads with the sunscreen will work better than the other because of the SPF number. The higher the SPF sunscreen, the better it will work. It will block the ultraviolet rays from the Sun from going through multiple layers of your skin. Sunscreen only protects us from UVB rays The independent variable is the Ultraviolet Light and the dependent variable is the different sunscreen. The control is the beads without sunscreen. The constants is the amount of sunscreen or sunlight. The materials that were used is the sunscreen, Ultraviolet beads, sunlight, and the Sun. Procedure: The experimenter got three UV beads, and put different sunscreens on each bead. Then, they put the beads outside for five minutes on a piece of paper, and labeled them. The experimenter used different SPFs on the beads from the sunscreen. She or...
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...to apply sun screen to their skin before a school field day because there was not doctors not present. The staff commented that the girls were getting burned but nothing could be done because of state and school policy. The district administrator stated “Some of the ingredients in sun screen can cause allergic reaction sin some children.” Not being able to apply sunscreen to the children, who both had very fair skin, led to the girls having to be taken to the emergency room in Tacoma, Washington. The girls both sustained second degree burns on their faces and body. The mother is outraged because the staff recognized the signs that the children were getting sunburned but because of the school policy there was nothing they could do for the children. (Fox news, 2012) This issue is one for every person with children in public schools with the exception for the state of California where it is ok for children to apply sunscreen to themselves. The nation is told hundreds of times a day about the risks of skin cancer and ageing caused by sun exposure and if children are going to be out in the sun they need to have sunscreen applied and applied often. For many allowing this to occur in our schools is a form of neglect. Most school districted policies do not allow children to bring any medication on the school grounds without a doctor’s note. However we encourage young children to bring a jar of hand sanitizer with them at the beginning of the school year to combat the spread of illnesses...
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...1.0SECTION A 1.1PRODUCT INFORMATION Original Brand Name of Product: Billabong International Product Class: Surf Brand Description: Created by two avid surfers, Billabong is a brand designed by surfers, for surfers. In 1973, Billabong offered little more than a small range of surf wear: mainly surfboards and board shorts. But today, Billabong is a brand that encompasses the Australian surf culture by offering products that cater not only for the surfer inside many of us, but for fashion and lifestyle needs. 1.2CURRENT TARGET MARKET Billabong is a brand that offers numerous products designed to accommodate numerous lifestyles. Included in their extensive range are products designed for surfers, general beach goers, skateboarders and the fashion conscious. Comprehensive characteristics of this market are difficult to pinpoint, however, it is the assumption that the majority of consumers are males and females aged between 12 and 35 years of age. Consumer Need: Social Image Need - the most important need satisfied by Billabong 1.3CURRENTLY SOLD In the mid 1980's, just over ten years since the birth of Billabong, the successes of the small Australian brand were being recognised world wide and Billabong products were in high demand. This led to the export of Billabong products to the global market with countries such as the USA, Japan, New Zealand and Europe first in line. Today, the product range available extends as far as 2200 lines in Australia, 1300...
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...The most important way to lower your risk is to protect yourself from exposure to UV rays by practicing sun safety and seeking shade. One simple way to remember this is by remembering Slip! Slop! Slap! And Wrap! Slip on a shirt, Slop on sunscreen, Slap on a hat, and Wrap on sunglasses. You must also make sure to avoid overusing tanning beds and sunlamps which have both been linked to an increased risk of melanoma. Unlike other cancers, melanoma can often be found early, when it is most likely to be cured. First and foremost, it is always important to check your own skin at least once a month. This makes it very important for you to know the pattern of moles, blemishes, freckles, and other marks on your skin so that you can easily notice any changes. It is important to perform the self-skin-exam in a well-lit room and to pay special attention to your palms, soles, scalp, ears, nails, and your back. On the other hand, you can always have your doctor perform the skin exam as part...
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...The implication that “Vitamin E is a proven antioxidant and may help in fighting cancer and heart disease” is another “claim attempting to imply connections between variables that may not actually exist (Bluman, 2005, P. 682). For example, Vitamin E is a proven antioxidant but, it is unclear or to what extent, how the vitamin will be helpful. In the claim it does not state that Vitamin E is directly affective in fighting cancer, and heart disease. Taking Vitamin E does not guarantee fighting cancer and heart disease because it is unclear how the Vitamin E will help when it is not clear how much Vitamin E the person should take, therefore, the claim remains ambiguous with no clarity. Who is claiming the Vitamin E for the cancer and heart disease, is it a doctor, pharmacist, scientist, or a parent. Also, we are unaware of the dosage of Vitamin E, and whether it should be taken daily or on alternating days. It does not claim who should take the Vitamin E, among adults, children, middle aged, active, non-active people, or is it for everyone. Taking too much Vitamin E may or may not be dangerous. This claim does not inform if there are unhealthy or ineffective doses. The usage of “may” can also be interpreted to “may not” making this claim unclear about the help in fighting cancer and heart disease. The reason I selected the “Vitamin E is a proven antioxidant and may help in fighting cancer and heart disease” is because implied connections are ambiguous and I have difficulty...
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...Most parents remembered hearing about the importance of protecting their children from the sun, yet children are still playing in the sun without sunscreen or protective clothing. Many people these days are not taking skin cancer seriously after knowing its significance. Skin cancer has been a growing problem in the United States and millions of people have suffered from it every year. The three most common skin cancers are Melanoma, Basal cell, and Squamous cell, which can cause bumps, sores, growths, etc. Skin cancer is a deadly disease with many causes, but the advantage is that it can be prevented. Problem/Definition Skin cancer is a disease where cancer (malignant) cells are found on the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). The three types of cells found in the epidermis are squamous cells, basal cells, and melanocytes. These cells in time grow to be cancerous. Thus, the three types of skin cancers are squamous cell, basal cell, and melanoma. Melanoma is the most deadliest and destructive type of cancer. (“Skin Cancer” infotrac.com) The number of people with melanoma has risen in Scotland from 3.5 in 1979 to 10.6 per 100,000 in 1998 for men and 7.0 to 13.1 for women. (Miller 945) Squamous cell and Basal cell skin cancer can kill up to 2,200 people a year in the United States. (Sommerfield SIRS.com) Basal cell, being the most common type of skin cancer, is the cancer that about 75 percent of the people have. (“Skin Cancer “ infotrac.com) Melanoma...
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...Treat Many people need to treat skin conditions such as acne, which occurs when pores on the surface of the skin become clogged. This happens when oil glands produce too much oil, and pores get blocked with dirt, bacteria, and debris. 4. Protect After cleansing your skin, protect it daily from the sun and other environmental factors. Use a moisturizer or foundation with a sunscreen of SPF of 15 or higher (depending on your skin pigmentation or color). Wearing sunscreen daily and avoiding the sun's peak ultraviolet rays (from 10 a.m. until 4 p.m. daily) may provide some protection against premature aging and skin cancer. Why moisturize skin? Water is an essential part of healthy skin. Normally, hydration moves from the inside of the skin to the outer layer. When skin lacks hydration, it becomes dry and flaky. Without adequate moisture, skin looks dry and dull. You can compensate for these "moisture robbers" by using the moisturizers cream. A moisturizer is a product that functions to increase the water content of the skin's top layer. Choose a moisturizer that includes a broad-spectrum sunscreen to help protect your skin from the sun's rays. If you have sensitive skin, avoid moisturizers with added...
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...University I. Introduction: To reduce skin cancer, specifically melanoma, this campaign will encourage non-Hispanic white women ages 15-29 living in the United States to wear sunscreen daily. This campaign will draw from the theory of planned behavior and health belief model. II. Strategic Plan: This campaign will utilize messaging in order to counteract social norms that state that tan equals beauty and in order to educate women on how to use sunscreen and how to remember to use sunscreen. It will use mothers and peers to communicate messages. It will have messaging use stats and normative perceptions to communicate facts about skin cancer, and it will...
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...Overexposure to the sun is a significant global health issue. The atmosphere provides a natural protection against harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays that are emitted by the sun. However, depletion of the ozone layer has decreased that natural protection, leading to many health problems as a result (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010). Skin cancers, premature aging, cataracts and other eye damage, and problems with the immune system are all problems associated with overexposure to the sun. Anthropologists have theorized since 1934 that human skin color “is an evolutionary adaption to UV exposure” (Weishaar, 2013). The notion that the human race’s ancestors had darker skin because they lived near the equator, protecting them against the harmful effects of high UV levels, was made as an explanation as to how overexposure to the sun became a problem over time. Tom Weishaar, member of the Department of Health and Behavior Sutdies, explains that the migration of humans away from the equator resulted in lighter hues in skin color and a lack of adequate vitamin D synthesis in the skin, making them more at risk for health problems associated with overexposure. He further explains that the result is that individuals with darker skin are at risk in areas where there are lower levels of UV exposure and that, adversely, those with lighter skin are more at risk in areas with higher levels of UV exposure. The suggestion was made that public health professionals globally...
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...The health of an individual is greatly shaped by the actions that they take, be it in a positive connotation such as daily exercise or a negative context such as excessive drinking. The health concerns for sun-safety behaviours has reached epidemic proportions with skin cancer becoming one of the most prevalent types of cancers in the world (Dobbinson et al, 2008; Keeney et al, 2009). What makes this epidemic more alarming and a greater health concern is that this type of cancer is arguably the most preventable (Cracium et al, 2011; Robinson et al, 1997). By implementing certain protective measures such as applying sunscreen (Kristjansson, Ullen & Helgason, 2004) or wearing protective clothing (Keeney et al, 2009) while exposed to the sun,...
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...outdoors all the time and 4)people prone to skin cancer. - Market size for each of these possible segments is that Mintel forecasts 18% growth for the total sun care market at current prices from 2008 to 2013, resulting in an estimated worth of £305 million. - Much depends on the weather and people’s desire to go on holiday in the UK or abroad. More than a third of adults intend to holiday more in the UK if the cost of travel rises and suncare brands must increase efforts to educate people on the need to use sunscreen in the UK. - Sun protection forms the largest sector in the suncare market, accounting for almost two thirds of value sales in 2011. The self-tan sector is in second place, accounting for 28% of sales, and aftersun accounts for 8% of sales. - There has been an increasing trend of trading up to higher SPF products in the sun protection sector, as consumers become more aware of sun safety thus seeking sunscreens that offer maximum protection. Products with factors over 30 take 71% of sun protection sector sales in 2011. Incidence of malignant melanoma According to the Office for National Statistics, the incidence of malignant melanoma has...
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...Things like wearing plenty of sunscreen and limiting your time in the sun can help out tremendously. But let's now look at an alternative way to get a tan. What many people do instead of baking in the sun all day is use those indoor tanning lotions and bake on a tanning bed. Although this is assumed to be safer than the sun, some studies suggests that it may not be as safe as what is claimed. However, just by putting the tanning lotion onto your skin, it will help you become a bit darker. What it does is basically stains your skin. Think of it like dying your...
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