...African Archaeological Review, Vol 15, No. 3, 1998 A Review of Swahili Archaeology Felix A. Chami1 The Swahili people have been viewed as of Persian/Arabic or Cushitic-speaking origin. Scholars have used historical and archaeological data to support this hypothesis. However, linguistic and recent archaeological data suggest that the Swahili culture had its origin in the early first centuries AD. It was the early farming people who settled on the coast in the last centuries BC who first adopted iron technology and sailing techniques and founded the coastal settlements. The culture of the iron-using people spread to the rest of the coast of East Africa, its center changing from one place to another. Involvement in transoceanic trade from the early centuries AD contributed to the prosperity of the coastal communities as evidenced by coastal monuments. More than 1500 years of cultural continuity was offset by the arrival of European and Arab colonizers in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries AD. Le peuple Swahili a souvent ete considere comme un peuple dont la langue avait pour origine le Perse/Arabe ou le Cushite. Les chercheurs ont utilise des donees historiques et archeologiques afin de supporter cette hypothese. Cependant I'etude linguistique de cette langue, ainsi que de nouvelles decouvertes archeologiques suggerent que la culture Swahili trouve son origine au debut de l'ere chretienne. Ils furent les premiers fermiers a s'installer le long du littoral, fondant des...
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...Case study 2-Charles Martin in Uganda 1) Describe Ugandan cultural attributes that might affect operations of a foreign company operating there? Uganda is a country of lacking infrastructure and lots of bureaucratic hoops to jump through. Governmental and Political corruption make it hard to do business without handing out bribes. The native language of Swahili, and few speak English. The many religions of Uganda also make foreign company’s respect them in order to avoid discrimination in the workplace. 2) Would you describe Green’s and Martin’s attitudes as being ethnocentric, polycentric, or geocentric? What factors do you think have influenced their attitudes? HG as an American company is secular by nature, but its activities retain Christian values. Green is a high level manager and his attitude was geocentric, choosing to associate with other Americans and lived in the upper middle class neighborhoods. Martin on the other hand had a more polycentric attitude, taking in all of Uganda’s offerings and culture…which helped in doing business in Uganda. 3) Who was right, Green or Martin, about the controversial actions Martin took in the Ugandan operation? What might have been the results if he had not taken those actions? Martin was right about the actions he took. He was hired because of his expertise in African studies, as well as international business. Martin completed the operation, and probably made the Ugandan people see HG in a good way. If Martin did things by...
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...LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY JOSCELYN R. JONES LYNCHBURG, VA March 7, 2014 Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………3 Regional Map………………………………………………………………………………………..............4 Background: A Closer Look at The Swahili People’s History, Language and Culture…………………..………………………………………………………………………………...4 Background: A Closer Look at The Swahili People’s Economy, Religion, and Family……………..………………………………………………………………………………7 Survey of Missions Work……………..………………………………………………………………………………12 Proposed Mission Strategy………………………………………………………………………………………......14 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….18 References………………………………………………………………………………………19 Introduction In Genesis 17:4 God promised Abraham that he would be the father of “many nations.” We see the evidence of this promise that is revealed through the many different people groups on Earth. God went on to also extend a blessing to all those nations (Genesis 22:17), however everyone in every nation has not realized or fail to believe the message of salvation through Jesus Christ. Fortunately, God has also given a provision for hope to those who are considered to be “unreached” by the Gospel. It is through the command issued to his disciples in Matthew 28:19, “go ye therefore and teach all nations,” that Christians today can literally change the world by taking the gospel to all four corners of the earth. ...
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...Name: Juwei, Chen Prof: G. J. Carrino Date: 9/20/2015 Class: BUS 371A Case Analysis Case 1- Uganda: QUESTIONS: 1. Describe Ugandan cultural attributes that might affect the operations of a foreign company doing business there. Answer: There are so many people in Uganda, it’s about 25 million. In Uganda, people should speak English as an official language, but most of people only speak the native language which is Bantu language or Nilotic. However, there are two third of Ugandans are the Christians, this is a large number of religions in negative side. So that, I think language is a big problem for those international companies doing business in Uganda, and the business in Uganda is often move slowly. For example, when the company is waiting for a business phone call, they usually need wait for a months. Also, the income is very low, and they have high payment system. However, the Uganda government is very corrupt for those foreign companies. 2. How would you describe the respective attitudes of Martin and Green: ethnocentric, polycentric, or geocentric? What factors do you suspect of having influenced their respective attitudes? Answer: The Charles Martin’s attitude is geocentric. His basic idea is about handing the operations the knowledge that organization culture with home and host country needs. That is the preferred approach for doing business with other culture because they increase the innovation and decrease the failures. For James Green’s point...
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...1. Describe Ugandan cultural attributes that might affect the operations of a foreign company doing business there. The population of Uganda is about 25 million. And it official language is English. But many people can only speak an indigenous language, is primarily Bantu language or Nilotic languages. Although, about two-thirds of Ugandans are Christian, there a large number of Muslims and adherents of various animistic religions. From this perspective, language is a big problem for a foreign company operating in Uganda. Business in Uganda, on the other hand, often moves slowly. For example, it will take months installing a telephone. The Ugandan’s income is very low, but meanwhile, it has an exorbitant payment system. The nepotism is a norm for its employment staffs. If any company involves such activities, then it is illegal under U.S. law. And its corrupt government is also a brick wall for foreign companies. Finally, I think people of Uganda are too much devout to their religion and beliefs and culture. So foreign must accept the religion and beliefs and culture of Ugandan people. 2. How would you describe the respective attitudes of Martin and Green: ethnocentric, polycentric, or geocentric? What factors do you suspect of having influenced their respective attitudes? Charles Martin has a geocentric attitude, but James Green’s attitude is ethnocentric. When studying in college, Martin’s major is about African studies. After graduation, Martin worked in the Peace...
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...It is the idea that the area is where thousands came to exchange and transport things like ivory. An interesting thing about the Swahili language is that it is spoken by millions of people in Africa. Swahili is the official language of places like Kenya and Uganda. Swahili is taught at some institutions in Japan and several other places. Another interesting fact about Swahili is that the language contains a total of thirteen nouns. Along with that nouns are grouped different. The islanders were Africans. The proof was found by a man who said the population was dark complexion and talk about their ways. The island was so important because it shows what was once used for some trade also. This was said to be the place the travelers stayed also. It was easier for sailors to settle easy the wind changes twice a year. The traders were able to come back in twelve months. Gold was traded there and bargains were hard on gold. “Manyikawi” is a Bantu would that means place where people can give to each...
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...------------------------------------------------- Kenya History Then and Now Early Kenya history evidence shows that man's prehistoric ancestors roamed Kenya as early as four million years ago. The modern history of Kenya, however, did not start until the Cushitic people of Northern Africa moved into present day Kenya around 2000 BC. Thousands of years later, at around 200 AD, the Bantu arrived and settled along Kenya's coast. Later, between the 10th-14th centuries, the Nilotic people arrived and occupied the Great Rift Valley plains. Arab traders began frequenting Kenya's coast during the first century AD. By 700 AD, Arab settlements had sprouted along the coastline, giving way to inter-marriages between the Arabs and the Bantu. This formed the beginning of the Swahili culture and language found in Kenya today. Arab dominance ended in 1498, when the Portuguese arrived and settled along Kenya's coast. It was during their stay that the Portuguese built the famous Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593. The Portuguese retained control of much of the coast until the late 1600s when the Imam of Oman defeated them and brought Kenya's coast under Islamic control. Kenya Colonial History The colonial history of Kenya starts with the Berlin Conference of 1885 when European nations divided Africa among themselves. In 1894, the British government declared the East African Protectorate over Kenya and Uganda and, in 1920, the protectorate became a colony. The Kenya historical events timeline below highlights key events of...
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...Quizzes and Surveys On Various Subjects. Sign Up now!www.Facebook.com Ads View Slide Show Answer this question... Answer Anonymously or Login More on: Uncategorized How do you say dad in kenyan? Adam There is no language called "Kenyan". Kenya's official languages are English and Swahili - in Swahili "dad" is "baba". more » What is The Kenyan word for Hello? Adam There is no language called "Kenyan". Kenya's official languages are English and Swahili - in Swahili "hello" is "jambo". more » Related Articles The 5 Coolest Secret Video Game Characters The 5 Coolest Secret Video Game Characters Spoilers: 5 Craziest Movie Plot Twists Spoilers: 5 Craziest Movie Plot Twists Most Touching Celeb Reactions to Cory Monteith's Death Most Touching Celeb Reactions to Cory Monteith's Death 6 Horror Movie Sets That Were Actually Haunted 6 Horror Movie Sets That Were Actually Haunted Top Questions How do you say Spirits in Kenyan? Adam There is no language called "Kenyan". Kenya's official languages are English and Swahili... What is 'excuse me' in Kenyan? Adam There is no language called "Kenyan". Kenya's official languages are English and Swahili... What pranks can you do to people while they are sleeping? Prashant This fun to do but you must have lots of empty cans (or what ever makes lots of...
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...compared to the creation of Swahili. First of all, both start out experimental. Jazz started out when a united group of musician created their own form of music by utilizing the techniques of improvisation and rhythm. They tried to create a piece that was unique to themselves. Similarly, a formation of Swahili started out with a pidgin language that was a performed experiment within united traders from Bantu, Arab, Persia and India, so they can converse with each other (“Swahili”). They utilized different linguistic elements to make a new language that was never made before. Secondly, jazz was regarded as a barbaric form of art to conventional individuals who could not stand a scrapped piece of music changing order of society. They associated the genre with vulgar habits of sex and drugs to oppress the culture from gaining recognition (Early). Similarly, when a pidgin language like Swahili is formed, conventional people believe that the mixing of language is an act of savagery and taints the culture. They associate these languages with poor people who could not afford to learn one language proficiently. The spread of Swahili was limited due to the discouragement of its use outside cities like Kilwa. Finally, jazz influenced other parts of culture in the future, such as novels and poems, assimilating into American society. Similarly, as Swahili developed, it became more sophisticated––as far as being the official language of eight countries (“Swahili”). State an argument about jazz...
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...1 African Kingdoms I. General Overview a. The single most important development in the history of northwestern Africa was the use of the camel as a transport vehicle. In ancient times, the Egyptians and Carthaginians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa, even though west Africa was rich in gold, precious metals, ivory, and other resources. b. The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara, which in Arabic simply means "The Desert." Around 750 AD, under the influence of Islamic peoples, northern and western Africans began to use the camel to transport goods across this forbidding terrain. c. Camels do several things exceptionally well: they can carry unbelievably heavy loads for impossibly long distances and they can keep their footing on sandy terrain. It was as if someone had invented sand ships and its effect on western African culture was just as profound as if they were sand ships. d. The most important developments occurred in the Sahel area just south of the Sahara; the Sahel provided southern terminal points for the goods being shipped across the Sahara. The Sahel is a dry, hot area with fertile areas and grasslands; all of the major north African kingdoms grew up in this area: Ghana, Mali, Songhay, and Kanem-Bornu: the Sahelian kingdoms. SLIDE: African Empire Chronology SLIDE: Key terms SLIDE: Map of Africa II. Sahelian kingdoms a. The largest African cities and kingdoms were located in the Sahel, a desert and savannah region south...
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...Have you ever wondered why Africa’s trade was so successful and popular, and how they did it? Mali and Swahili City-States are on the complete opposite ends of Africa, with Mali being on the western side and Swahili City-States being on the eastern side. Not only was the height of their trading in the 14th century, but they were the most successful trading regions of that time. The factors that enabled Mali and Swahili City-States to become successful were that they both had a government-controlled currency, efficient transportation, and controlled trade routes. The first factor that helped both sides be successful in trade was having a government-controlled currency. In Thomas Kenning’s article about trade in Africa, he explains that, “All...
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...WUUJVWW/UJ/ 17/08/2015 DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE, ZANZIBAR. REF: REPORT ON WORKSHOP FOR TWG TO REVIEW MVC M&E FACILITATORS TRAINING MANUAL AND SWAHILI SIMPLIFIED VERSION M&E PLAN. Please refer to the above heading. INTRODUCTION The three day workshop took place from the 11th August 2015 until the 13th August 2015 at the Zanzibar Ocean View Conference Hall. The overall workshops objective was for the Technical Work group which is multi sectoral to review the facilitators training manual and simplified Swahili version for implementation at the National to Shehia level. BODY Day 1 The workshop started at 8:30 am with the formal introduction of the participants and workshop objective as well as the workshops schedule. After the introduction, all the participants were divided into three groups and given the task of reviewing the facilitators guide from the cover page to page 60. The whole day was used for the review and group discussion of the document. Day 2 The day started at 8:30 am with group presentation of the discussed pages. During the morning session, the general presentation from the groups was on the title of the document which still needs to be discussed with the Director since the Zanzibar Costed Plan of Action has come an end this June. The overall content of the guide was accepted by the participants. Another discussion was on the final presentation of the document to the users which included the facilitators and the trainees....
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... ENGLISH AND ME When the climates change everyone should be affected either positively or negatively. For example, we are in fall semester. A couple of people are expected to wear totally different from summer clothes. I was speaking other languages such as Swahili, Kiruliiru, Kibembe, Kirundi, some of Lingala and French back home in Africa. But as I moved from there to the United States I have to study English Languages. I’m learning English because I have changed the continent, country and the community. Learning English is meaningful, helpful or valuable and makes things easier. So, am going to say about my English studying and its element of why or why not I can’t stay in the USA without learning it. I am studying English to improve my knowledge and have better communication. Also English is something to be done by me because I have changed the continent, country and the community. For instance, in my country Congo, I could live without speaking English as Swahili, Kifuliiru my mother language, French and Lingala are the most languages spoken in the enterer country. I am good speaker when it comes to speak in those languages. But in the USA, the most language spoken is English. I hope learning English will result to the help of myself to achieve my goal to become a good speaker and interacting with other people; this is why I am taking...
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...Dorron Hunt Read and Response Paper Medical Pluralism The term “medical pluralism” throughout the select articles read, is explained as the employment of different medical practices that vary from Western medicine to spiritual. Encompassing conventional, complementary, and alternative medicine. The articles illuminates to the differences and disparities between medical systems in countries in different places of the world, and the relationship medical pluralism plays in context to culture. Biomedical medicine is widely accepted in North America, but a look into the medical pluralism east of Australia and find Tonga. An island in the south Pacific Ocean which has a different approach to healing and how they explore their medical resources. In addition, there is Kenya, which is experiencing a reform in their identity in relation to the dominant medical system. The renown, foremost, and accepted choice for medicine and any form of healing in the United States of America is biomedicine, or commonly known as western medicine. The author, Hans A. Baer, makes this clear from the very beginning of the review article Medical Pluralism in the United States: A review. Baer highlights other means of medicine, and their rejection by the much larger and influential state regulated system. Included in the pool of medical systems discarded as quackery are “…particularly religious one (such as Christian Science, Pentecostalism, neo-Pentecostalism or the charismatic movement, and...
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...at high levels of altitude because tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. There is a wide range of vegetation despite being at high altitude such as dwarf shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens. The ecotone (difference between tundra and forest) is called the timberland. On Mount Kilimanjaro there are radial valleys that can be found on the southern and eastern slopes. They are smaller valleys that flank the mountains main valleys. It is unknown where the name Kilimanjaro comes from, but a number of theories exist. European explorers had adopted the name by 1860 and reported that it was its Swahili name, that Kilimanjaro breaks Kilima (Swahili for "hill, little mountain") and Njaro, whose supposed origin varies according to the theories—according to some it's an ancient Swahili word for white or for shining, or for the non-Swahili origin, a word from the Kichagga language, the word jaro meaning caravan. The problem with all these is that they can't explain why the diminutive kilima is used instead of the proper word for mountain, mlima. A different approach is to assume that it comes from the Kichagga kilmanare or kileajao meaning "which defeats the bird/leopard/caravan". However this theory can't explain the fact that Kilimanjaro was never used in Kichagga before in Europe in the mid-1800s. In the 1880s the mountain, called Kilmanscharo in German, became a part of German East Africa after Karl Peters had persuaded local chiefs to sign treaties...
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