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Sweet

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Submitted By Kaiemery
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Here are notes covering the several classes dealing with the culture, population & urbanization, and introduction to sociology. Not all these materials were covered in class and not all the materials covered in class are to be found in these notes. But you will find a generally close correspondence between class and readings in what follows. Be aware that these notes are not intended to replace reading the text.
Also, these are “rough” notes. They were devised initially for my own use. They are not polished and stand open to correction. But I think you want them, so here they are.
Dr V

What is culture?
A complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life of a given group or society.
Material and non-material

Characteristics of culture:
Shared
Learned
Taken for granted
Symbolic (meaningful)
Defining idea: transmission by non-biological means
Distinctions(?) between human and animal cultures (language & tools).

Elements of culture:
Language: symbol systems.
Does language shape culture?
Norms: cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation.
Implicit vs. explicit; ideal vs. real.
Folkways/mores/laws/taboos
Social sanctions
Ethnomethodology and the study of norms.
Beliefs.
Values: Value-orientations
Institutions.

Cultural diversity:
Dominant culture.
Most support from major institutions.
Function of power.
Subcultures.
Often develop as a result of exclusion from mainstream society and culture.
Counter-cultures
Rejection of dominant cultural values, often for moral and political reasons.

Cultural diversity issues:
Ethnocentrism
Seeing things only from the point of view of one’s own group.
The judging of a culture by the standards of another.
Multiculturalism.
Do cultures have the right of self-determination?
Conflict between cultures and the values of rationality and humanism.

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