...together to allow us to take part in a wide range of sports and everyday activities. It is important that anyone working with clients in the sport and exercise industry has a good understanding of how each of these systems works and copes with the stresses of exercise. This unit will explore the structure and the functions of the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and how each of them is affected by exercise. It will also focus on the energy systems and their role in sport and exercise performance. Section One - The Structure and Function of The Skeletal System and How it Responds to Exercise Part 1.1: The structure of the skeleton system The skeleton provides us with a complex framework of bones, joints and cartilage without which we could not stand upright or move. It consists of 206 bones which can be divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial and appendicular skeleton The axial skeleton provides the supportive structure of the skeleton and is made up of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper limbs, shoulder girdle, lower limbs and hip girdle and provides the framework for movement. The table below outlines the axial and appendicular skeleton in further detail. |Axial skeleton |Skull (cranium) | | |The skull is made up of approximately...
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...suturing a device (i.e., tube, stent) to its periphery. This procedure can release the intramural pressure, favour the formation of new bone tissue [3]. Marsupialisation, decompression, and the Partsch operation all refer to creating a surgical window in the wall of the cyst, evacuating the contents of the cyst, and maintaining continuity between the cyst and the oral cavity, maxillary sinus, or nasal cavity. The alveolar site removed to create a window is the only portion of the cyst that is removed. The remaining cystic lining is left. This process decreases the intracystic pressure and results in shrinkage of the cyst and the bone regeneration. Marsupialisation -This method is usually used only for the removal of large cysts and creates an opening for a surgical window at an alveolar site above the lesion. In order to create the surgical window, initially a circular incision is made, that includes the mucoperiosteum, under lying thin layered bone, and the adjoining wall of the cystic sac . After this procedure, the contents of the cyst are evacuated, and interrupted sutures are placed around the periphery of the cyst, suturing the mucoperiosteum and the cystic wall together. Later the cystic cavity is irrigated with saline solution and closely packed with iodoform gauze, which is removed after a week along with the sutures. During this period, margin of the wound gets healed, leading to a permanent communication. Irrigation of the cystic cavity is performed frequently everyday...
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...Joints - Classification by Movement Joints can be classified by how much movement they allow. * Synarthroses: Immovable joints. Specific examples of synarthroses are suture joints (the joints in the skull) and synchondroses (the type of joint found in growth plates). * Amphiarthroses: Slightly moveable joints. A specific example of an amphiarthrosis is a symphysis (such as the joint between two vertebrae). * Diarthroses: Freely moveable joints. Specific examples of diarthroses are typical synovial joints such as the shoulder and wrist. * Fibrous Joints * Fibrous joints are connected only by fibrous ligaments. A ligament is dense connective tissue that connects bone to bone (as opposed to tendons, which connect muscles to bones). Ligaments are named based on their position or based on the bones they attach. There are 3 distinct types of fibrous joints: 1. Suture Joints 2. Gomphoses 3. Syndesmoses Cartilaginous Joints | The next broad classification of joints we will discuss are cartilaginous joints. Cartilaginous joints are joined by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. The cartilage of cartilaginous joints is avascular and anervous except at the margins. Hyaline cartilage is slippery and strong when compressed, but has little tensile strength (strength against being stretched). Fibrocartilage, on the other hand, is tough and strong both when compressed and when stretched (high tensile strength). There are two distinct types...
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...Describe the three (3) classes of joints based on structure. a. b. c. 3. Describe the three (3) classes of joints based on function. a. b. c. 5. A cartilaginous joint is a(n) (immovable / slightly movable) joint. Give two examples. a. b. 6. What structural features of synovial joints make them more freely movable than other types of joints? Match the parts of a synovial joint with the descriptions below. A. Articular cartilage SF. Synovial fluid F. Fibrous capsule SM. Synovial membrane L. Ligaments _____a. Hyaline cartilage that covers ends of articulating bones. _____b. Lubricates joint and nourishes articular cartilage; consistency of uncooked egg white. _____c. Inner layer of the synovial capsule; secretes synovial fluid _____d. Fibers that bind bones together _____e. Together these form the articular capsule (2 answers) 11. Perform the action described. Then write in the name of the type of movement. a. Describe a cone with your arm as if you are winding up to pitch a ball. The movement is called _____________________. b. Stand in anatomical position (palms forward). Turn your palms backward. This action is called _________________. c. Move your fingers from "fingers together" to fingers apart" position. This action is _________________ of the fingers. d. Raise your shoulders, as if to shrug them. This movement is called _____________________ of the shoulders. e. Stand on your toes. This action at the ankle joint is called _____________________________...
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...Vertebral cartilaginous joints occurs where the association between the articulating bones is comprised of ligament for instance between vertebrae in the spine. A fibrocartilaginous joint is formed between the nearby vertebral bodies with fibrocartilaginous intervertebral circles situated between the bodies (Dihlmann, 1985). Each circle is comprised of a thick mass, the core pulposus, which is encompassed by the annulus fibrosus usually comprised of extreme fibrous layers. Posterior and Anterior longitudinal tendons keep running in groups down the front and back surfaces of the vertebral bodies from the skull to the sacrum. They help to provide stability to the vertebral column. Synchondroses are transitory joints which are just present in children, up until the end of adolescence, for instance, the epiphyseal plates in long bones. Symphesis joints are permanent cartilaginous joints, for instance the pubic symphesis....
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...Osteoarthritis (OA). Arthritis means inflammation of the joints and osteoarthritis is the most common form In UK. It affects the joint cartilage and the bone tissue next to the cartilage. To appreciate the effect of this we need firstly to understand how the joint works. A joint is where two bones meet. Joints allow movement and flexibility of various parts of the body. The movement of the bones is caused by muscles which pull on tendons that are attached to bone. Cartilage is a hard, smooth tissue that covers the end of bones. Between the cartilages of two bones which form a joint, there is a small amount of thick fluid called synovial fluid. This fluid lubricates the joint which allows smooth movement between the bones. The synovial fluid is made by the synovium. This is the tissue that surrounds the joint. The outer part of the synovium is called the capsule. This is tough and helps to give the joint stability. Surrounding ligaments and muscles also help to give support and stability to joints. We know need to understand how osteoarthritis is caused. All normal joints and joint tissues are constantly undergoing some form of repair because of the wear and tear that is placed on them through our daily activities. However, in some people, it seems that this repair process becomes faulty in some way (perhaps because of severe wear and tear to the joints or a problem with the repair process) and OA develops. In joints with OA, the joint cartilage becomes damaged and worn. The bone tissue...
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...WGU ALT1 Anatomy and Physiology Labs for RN - BSN All Labs http://www.homeworkminutes.com/question/view/41056/ALT1-Anatomy-and-Physiology-Labs-WGU-All-3-Labs ALT1 Labs Part 1 1. A. As you observe the skull, explain how the structure of the sutures between the cranial bones is related to the overall function of the cranium. 2. 1. A. Why are synarthroses an important component of fibrous joints? 2. Cartilaginous joints exhibit amphiarthroses. Why is this important? 3. 1. A. Structurally, how are cartilaginous joints similar? 2. 1. A. Which type of synovial joint has the least amount of movement? 2. 1. A. Why are diarthroses important for synovial joints? 2. A. Which synovial joint is most movable? 3. 1. A. What are the four structural characteristics that all synovial joints share? 2. 1. A. Which of the body movements was the most difficult to perform? Why? 2. Hinge joints like the knee’s or elbow have limited movement. Why are these types of joints more prone to injury? 3. 1. A. When performing flexion on the arm, the biceps muscle (on the anterior part of the arm) contracts. What happens to the triceps muscle (on the posterior part of the arm) as this action is performed? 2. 4. ALT1 Labs Part 2 5. 6. Organization of Nerve Tissue Lab The Multipolar Neuron 1. A. What is the function of a neuron? What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve? 2. A. What gives a multipolar neuron its name? 3. B...
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...Joints and Movements The Joints Definition: A joint (articulation) is point of contact between bones or between bone and cartilage. Joint Classifications Joints are classified by: * The degree of movement they allow * The structure of the joint The three types of joints that we will look at are: 1. Fibrous joints 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints Fibrous Joints These joints are also called "fixed" or "immoveable" joints, because they do not move. These joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints. Cartilaginous Joints These joints also have no joint cavity and the bones are connected tightly to each other with cartilage. These joints only allow a small amount of movement, so are also called "partly" or "slightly moveable" joints. The vertebrae are examples of cartilaginous joints. Synovial Joints Most of the joints in the body are synovial joints. These joints are "freely moveable" and are characterised by being surrounded by an articular capsule which contains the synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates the joints, supplies nutrients to the cartilage and it contains cells that remove microbes and debris within the joint cavity. Because of the larger range of movements of these joints, there is an increased risk of injury eg dislocations. Synovial joints are located predominantly in limbs. Many synovial joints also have ligaments either inside...
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...CHART 1 – MOVEMENT AT JOINTS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY | SYNOVIALJOINT (S) | EXPLANATION OF THE TYPE OF MOVEMENT OCCURING | Tumble turn in swimming | The type of synovial joint when doing a tumble turn in swimming is the ball and socket joint in the hip. | When doing a tumble turn in swimming the movement you will need is rotation, because once you have pushed of the wall you rotate your body using your hips so you can face the right direction. Another movement you have when doing a tumble turn is extension, because when you push of the wall your body is fully straightened. | Striking a football at a penalty kick | The types of synovial joints when taking a penalty kick is the hinge joint in the knee and the gliding joint in the hands. | When taking a penalty kick the type of movement you use is abduction because when you shoot you are taking your leg away from the centre line of your body. Also when taking a penalty the type of movement you use is flexion because when you strike the ball your leg has a backwards and forward motion. Finally the last movement you have when striking a football for a penalty kick is extension because when you take your penalty your hinge joint is fully stretched. | Knee lift in sprinting | The types of synovial joints when doing knee lift in sprinting is the hinge joint, ball and socket joint. | The type of movement you have when doing knee lifts in sprinting is abduction because when you lift your knees up...
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...Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Managers: Kelley A. Squazzo & Catherine A. Noonan Designer: Doug Smock Compositor: SPi Technologies First Edition © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the abovementioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lambert, Harold Wayne, 1972– Lippincott’s illustrated Q&A review of anatomy and embryology / H. Wayne Lambert, Lawrence E. Wineski ; with special contributions from Jeffery P. Hogg, Pat Abramson, Bruce Palmer. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60547-315-4 1. Human anatomy—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Wineski, Lawrence E. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy—Examination Questions...
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...body's joints), the fibrous band of connective tissue that joins the end of one bone with another. A strain is an injury of a muscle and/or tendon (tendons are fibrous cords of tissue that attach muscles to bone). Joints Fibrous (synarthrodial) - Fibrous joints are fixed or immovable joints. Suture, Syndesmosis (Gomphosis) and Interosseous Membranes A suture joint. An example of a suture is the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull of an infant. An syndesmosis joint connects two bones through connective tissue. An example is the tibio-fibular syndesmosis, the connective tissue that binds the ends of the fibula and tibia. A gomphosis joint is when one bone fits into another bone. The edges are bound together by connective tissue. An example of a gomphosis joint is a tooth in the jawbone. Cartilaginous: (synchondrosis and symphysis) - These are partly moveable joints where the bones are attached by either fibro cartilage or hyaline cartilage. There are two types of Cartilaginous joints: Synchondrosis, which are temporary joints and symphysis which are permanent joints. A synchondroses is a joint where the surfaces are close together, yet are bound by hyaline cartilage. An example of a synchondroses is at the ends of long bones. An example of a symphysis joint is the attachment of one vertebra to another by an intervertebral disk, a fibrocartilage ring, in the vertebral column. This maintains stability. Synovial: (diarthrosis) - Synovial joints are freely...
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...The skeletal system: Have you ever wondered what keeps your body in shape, or what supports it? What it is is a very complex system of bones. A bone is a structure that severs as a unit for the formation of this mass frame composed of hundreds of bones, called the skeletal system. The skeletal system is composed of about two hundred and six bones in total. Each bone is connected to another bone through ligaments or tendons. Ligaments are segment of tough connective tissue that joins bones together or sever to keep an organ in place. Tendons are cables of though fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone. There are two parts to the skeletal system: the axial skeletal system, and the perpendicular skeletal system. The axial skeletal system is the portion of the skeletal system that supports the head, neck, and trunk. The axial skeletal system consists of the cranium, vertebral column, the rib cage, and the thoracic cage. The Appendicular skeletal system consists of the limbs and the upper and lower part of the body such as the femur, the carpals, tarsals, humerus, and several more. Bones have many purposes in the body that help it function properly. One purpose is to maintain the body's framework and hold it upright. Without the skeletal system, the body could not function properly, because the body would be a big puddle of organs tissue, veins, and muscles basically. The organs must not have any pressure in them to function properly, and the skeletal system relives the organs from...
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...In essence, synarthrotic joint is a type of joint which allows minimal no or no movement under typical conditions. Most synarthroses joints are fibrous. Gomphosis and Suture joints are synarthroses. Synchondroses are found in the epiphyseal plates of developing bones in children. In symphyses, hyaline ligament covers the end of the bone; however the association between bones happens through fibrocartilage. Symphyses are found at the joints amongst vertebrae and between the pubic bones (Muscolino, 2011). There are four types of synarthrotic joints that are characterized according to the manner in which the bones connect and they include Synchondroses, Gomphosis, sutures and synostoses. Synchondroses are joints that are connected by hyaline cartilage and are cartilaginous and they are found in the epiphyseal plate.. Sutures are fibrous joints made of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that unites skull bones. Gomphoses are joints in which a conical peg fits into a socket and is found in the sockets of the teeth. Synostoses are found in the...
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...A common high ankle sprain injury occurs because of a severe external rotation force, which the force is directed through the deltoid ligament of the medial ankle, through the ankle joint and transmitted up through the tibiofibular ligament and up through the syndesmosis, giving its name of a “high” ankle sprain because of damage within the syndesmosis. So with the force going through these several different ligaments you will have injury and instability at each the deltoid ligament, tibiofibular ligament, and sydesmosis. The mechanism of injury for a high ankle sprain for the most part only really occurs in contact sports or a situation where you will have a force that will cause your ankle to go into an extreme external rotation. Unlike a normal ankle sprain where the ankle rolls in a lateral direction, it is harder to roll the ankle in a medial direction without an outside force acting usually upon your leg to cause the...
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...shoulder while playing football. At presentation, he denied any numbness, tingling or loss of sensation of his left upper extremity. Examination of his shoulder girdles revealed an internally rotated left shoulder and shortened clavicular distance. He did have a visible deformation of his left clavicle when compared to the contralateral, uninjured side and had excruciating pain to palpation of the clavicular and sternoclavicular area. The patient had full flexion and extension at the elbow. Shoulder deltoid was intact as were internal and external rotation of his shoulder. Furthermore, the patient denied being short of breath, feeling dizzy, or with difficulty swallowing. Radiographs of the left clavicle and sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) at the initial visit were remarkable for a posterior dislocation of the clavicle. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the left clavicle and SCJ revealed that it was posteriorly displaced and edema was present at the fracture site. The physeal attachment to the manubrium was intact. Furthermore, the anterior portion of the clavicle was abutting the brachiocephalic and left subclavian vein (Figure 1). The patient was admitted and a closed reduction was attempted. Postoperatively, the patient developed paresthesia of the fingers of his left hand. An urgent CT scan with contrast was performed to evaluate any potential bleeding from the subclavian vessels. No active bleeding was discovered, however, a retrosternal hematoma...
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