...Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases spread by sexual intercourse. Teens, especially, should be informed about STIs since they can cause serious long term damage to the body. This essay is about syphilis, a very contagious disease. I have chosen syphilis because I have read a book about it in the past, which I thought was interesting, so I wanted to look into it more. Syphilis is caused by the bacteria treponema pallidum, which can live almost anywhere in the body and spreads rapidly. Reinfection after you have been treated is possible. (Remedy Health Media) Syphilis used to be a huge public health threat. It started being able to be effectively treated in the late 1940s when penicillin was first developed. (WebMD) Before the invention of antibiotics, syphilis inflicted “up to 10% of the adult populations in the Western World”. (Antimicrobe) Syphilis is generally spread through sexual intercourse. Though is also sometimes spread through close bodily contact or prolonged kissing. An infected person is usually unaware of their disease, so they unknowingly pass it to their partner. (WebMD) A symptom of syphilis is sores and by direct contact with a sore syphilis can also be spread. This can happen during any type of sexual intercourse. (CDC) Congenital syphilis, is the name for...
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...What is Syphilis? Syphilis is primarily a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria. Syphilis used to be a leading cause of death and disability. It is believed that it was introduced into Europe from the Americas by the early Spanish explorers. It spread throughout Europe and became a condition associated with sex. There was no treatment for syphilis until 1945, when penicillin was developed. This medical condition is much rarer today due to the widespread use of antibiotics. As of 2009 (the latest statistics available), Canada has an infectious syphilis rate of 5 per 100,000 people. In Canada, the number of syphilis cases is increasing among both men and women, but more so among males General Characteristics:...
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...Disease in the News Paper Phillip Moore HCS/330 3/4/2015 Dr. Talbert Disease in the News Paper Syphilis represents a sexually transmitted disease with a long history of infection, disability and death. The disease starts with a simple chancre and morphs into a contagion that attacks the nervous system. The history of the disease covers continents and spans oceans. Today, the disease exist as a medical footnote and as an unfortunate experiment best forgotten. However, the disease refuses to go away. This paper will examine the return of the disease and the demographic the disease attacks. First, let us learn a little bit about the history of the disease. Syphilis usually transmits sexually through small abrasions found within the mucosal membranes or through the layers of the skin. Syphilis enters the system and flows through the bloodstream to spread throughout the body. People carrying the lesions associated with the onset of syphilis usually transmit the disease (Ho, E. and Lukehart S., 2011). The chances that an exposed person may contract Syphilis is about 30% (Ho E. and Lukehart S., 2011). However the range may extend between 10% - 80%). Before the discovery of penicillin, the cure for syphilis did not exist. Patients with the disease suffered through the various stages of the disease until they died. One famous syphilis victim was the notorious gangster Al Capone. The discovery of penicillin changed the fatal outcome of the syphilis disease. However...
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...The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Some Ethical Reflections 75 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Some Ethical Reflections Adebayo A. Ogungbure Department of Philosophy University of Ibadan, Nigeria philosopher.bayo@yahoo.com Thought and Practice: A Journal of the Philosophical Association of Kenya (PAK) New Series, Vol.3 No.2, December 2011, pp.75-92 thoughtandpractice@gmail.com http://ajol.info/index.php/tp/index Abstract There are established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The task of this paper is to critically examine the ethical implications of that study on future practices in biomedical research, and to suggest ways of ensuring that such practices comply with appropriate ethical values. Key Words Bioethics, Biomedical research, clinical research, Tuskegee Study, paternalism, morality Introduction From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic...
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...Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Rohan Lalani Sociology 1301-304 San Jacinto College Professor Ann Reynoso Semester- Fall 2017 10/5/2017 This research article is about the experiment initiated by the U.S public health services in 1932 in Macon county, Alabama. The experiment was to determine the natural course of untreated, latent syphilis in black males. The test included 400 syphilitic men, and in addition 200 uninfected men who filled in as controls. The main distributed report of the investigation showed up in 1936 with resulting papers issued each four to six years, through the 1960s. At the point when penicillin turned out to be generally accessible by the mid-1950s as the favored treatment for syphilis,...
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...The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Some Ethical Reflections 75 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Some Ethical Reflections Adebayo A. Ogungbure Department of Philosophy University of Ibadan, Nigeria philosopher.bayo@yahoo.com Thought and Practice: A Journal of the Philosophical Association of Kenya (PAK) New Series, Vol.3 No.2, December 2011, pp.75-92 thoughtandpractice@gmail.com http://ajol.info/index.php/tp/index Abstract There are established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The task of this paper is to critically examine the ethical implications of that study on future practices in biomedical research, and to suggest ways of ensuring that such practices comply with appropriate ethical values. Key Words Bioethics, Biomedical research, clinical research, Tuskegee Study, paternalism, morality Introduction From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand...
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...Ethics Paper The Tuskegee syphilis experiment was an infamous clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama by the U.S. Public Health Service to study the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural black men who thought they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government. The Public Health Service, working with the Tuskegee Institute, began the study in 1932. Investigators enrolled in the study a total of 600 impoverished sharecroppers from Macon County, Alabama; 399 who had previously contracted syphilis before the study began, and 20 without the disease. For participating in the study, the men were given free medical care, meals, and free burial insurance. They were never told they had syphilis, nor were they ever treated for it. According to the Centers for Disease Control, the men were told they were being treated for "bad blood", a local term for various illnesses that include syphilis, anemia, and fatigue. The 40-year study was controversial for reasons related to ethical standards; primarily because researchers knowingly failed to treat patients appropriately after the 1940s validation of penicillin as an effective cure for the disease they were studying. Revelation of study failures by a whistle blower led to major changes in U.S. law and regulation on the protection of participants in clinical studies. Now studies require informed consent (with exceptions possible for U.S. Federal agencies which can be kept secret by Executive...
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...that discusses unethical business research conduct that has resulted in individuals or a firm being convicted, or at least tried for, this conduct. Some examples include the following: • Asking inappropriate questions • Skewing research results • Failing to maintain participants’ confidential information • Using participant information for unintended purposes such as selling goods or services Summarize the article you researched. Write a 750-word paper in which you address the following questions: • What unethical research behavior was involved? • Who were the injured parties? • How has the unethical behavior affected the organization, the individual, and society? • How could the unethical behavior be avoided or resolved? In the 1932 case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was a 40-year project administered by the US Public Health Service in Macon County, Alabama. The study consisted of 400 men being promised free treatment for an epidemic of bad blood in their county. The treatment was withheld from the men and was never given. The study was tested on a group of African American men who were told they had bad blood and never received standard treatment for syphilis,. Syphilis is a sexual transmitted disease. It can lead to a range of painful, chronic and deadly symptoms, such as infection in the nerve-system, or cardiovascular-complications. Even-though the cure of penicillin was available the men were never informed of the research design or it's risk to them. What...
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...progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic research is aimed at 76 Adebayo A. Ogungbure furthering the frontiers of knowledge about human health. Furthermore, researchers and physicians often use human beings as objects of scientific investigation, raising certain ethical concerns, including the issue of informed consent and how consent is obtained, selection of participants in research, the welfare of human subjects involved in a research project, what the goals of research ought to be, and what ought to constitute proper procedure for an ethical research. These issues are central to an aspect of applied ethics which is now commonly referred to as research ethics. The aim of research ethics is to ensure that research projects involving human subjects are carried out without causing harm to the subjects involved. In addition, it provides a sort of regulatory framework which ensures that human participants in research are not exploited either physically or psychologically. The need for ethical guidelines for biomedical research is expressed in some of the questions research ethicists are concerned about, including the following: • What are appropriate...
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...Ferreras EN1320 - Composition 1 ITT Technical Institute ABSTRACT This paper is to prove how the Tuskegee study was morally and ethically wrong. Many of the men involved in the study died due to the experiments. This study has made it important for all patients to understand their options for treatment and outcomes and know that they have a choice. Any one can deny treatment if they wish to do so. Many doctors devote their lives to their patients and have learned from this major medical error. Tuskegee Study Some people may believe they don’t need to try as hard if they already achieved their goal, but if a physician does not do their best a patient can die and if no one did their best then there would be no doctors, lawyers or even teachers. However, when you apply the unethical concepts in this study it violates the professional code of ethics and the moral reasoning of the study. Albeit it is for a test to make history the obligations of a nurse are very important and must be followed. In Miss Evers’ Boys, physicians investigate in a medical study that takes place in Tuskegee Alabama, which dealt with watching African-American subjects discover the effects of untreated syphilis. The major objective of the study was to search for African-American males in the second stage of syphilis, and then from time to time perform exams on these men to find out the effects that syphilis had on their bodies. (Grey 1998) Raymond A. Vonderlehr told the men that they were...
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...Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study Leslie Valentine ME1415: Medical Law and Ethics and Records Management Ultimate Medical Academy Zakevia Green Abstract In this paper I am going to answer the following questions as the relate to the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study found on page 264 in the Medical Law and Ethics textbook by Bonnie F. Fremgen. The questions are: 1. Could this type of research be conducted today? Why or why not? 2. What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? 3. In your opinion, how should the data be used that is obtained from an unethical experiment and how can we prevent this from happening again? 4. Discuss the code of ethics as it relates to this study? 5. What are your personal thoughts on the ethical standards exhibited through this study? Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study Any research like the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study could not be conducted today. There are many reasons as to why this type of research study cannot be conducted today. One reason is because people of all races are more aware of diseases that today’s society has now than they were back then. Also, people nowadays want to be treated for the disease(s) that they have whether than be experimented with. People in today’s society are also more aware of the researches that are taking place to not allow this type of study to be conducted. In my opinion, the public should have not allowed this type of research to be conducted. In the research study...
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...Research Work and The Tuskegee Syphilis Study Tammy Warner Grand Canyon University Ethics September 10, 2014 Research Work and The Tuskegee Syphilis Study Much of what we learn in life, we learn from other people. This can be accomplished by learning from other people’s mistakes or we can learn from making our own. This author prefers to learn from other people in hopes of not making a bigger mistake. There are many things that we can learn from The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male (Smith, 1999). The author would like to explore the ethical issues that were violated to recruit and retain participants in this study and how they are still affecting our profession today as well as how the public views the profession of nursing. History of the Study The Tuskegee Study began in 1932 with approximately 400 sharecroppers who had late stage untreated syphilis. The study included 200 controls that were free of the disease. The 200 men were never told they had syphilis. These men were only told they were in a study but not told what that really meant. According to Harold Edgar (1992) the Tuskegee study was not only an example of a scientific misconduct, but was ethically wrong from the start and was built upon deception. It was a study in which poor, illiterate black men had been deceived into thinking they were being taken care of (Caplin, 1992). As incentives to enter the program, these men were promised free medical care, free hot lunches,...
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...In this paper I am going to answer the following questions as the relate to the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study found on page 264 in the Medical Law and Ethics textbook by Bonnie F. Fremgen. The questions are:1. Could this type of research be conducted today? Why or why not? 2. What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? 3. In your opinion, how should the data be used that is obtained from an unethical experiment and how can we prevent this from happening again? 4. Discuss the code of ethics as it relates to this study? 5. What are your personal thoughts on the ethical standards exhibited through this study? Tuskegee Syphilis Research StudyAny research like the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study could not be conducted today. There are many reasons as to why this type of research study cannot be conducted today. One reason is because people of all races are more aware of diseases that today’s society has now than they were back then. Also, people nowadays want to be treated for the disease(s) that they have whether than be experimented with. People in today’s society are also more aware of the researches that are taking place to not allow this type of study to be conducted.In my opinion, the public should have not allowed this type of research to be conducted. In the research study on page 264 in our textbook it states “ the public was outraged that poor black men had been subjected to a research project without their consent and denied treatment for a...
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...Evolutionary Anthropology 21:50–57 (2012) ISSUES The Science Behind Pre-Columbian Evidence of Syphilis in Europe: Research by Documentary GEORGE J. ARMELAGOS, MOLLY K. ZUCKERMAN, AND KRISTIN N. HARPER This article discusses the presentation of scientific findings by documentary, without the process of peer review. We use, as an example, PBS’s ‘‘The Syphilis Enigma,’’ in which researchers presented novel evidence concerning the origin of syphilis that had never been reviewed by other scientists. These ‘‘findings’’ then entered the world of peer-reviewed literature through citations of the documentary itself or material associated with it. Here, we demonstrate that the case for pre-Columbian syphilis in Europe that was made in the documentary does not withstand scientific scrutiny. We also situate this example from paleopathology within a larger trend of ‘‘science by documentary’’ or ‘‘science by press conference,’’ in which researchers seek to bypass the peer review process by presenting unvetted findings directly to the public. George J. Armelagos is Goodrich C. White Professor of Anthropology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. His research has focused on diet and disease in prehistory. He was the Viking Medal Medalist (Wenner-Gren Foundation) in 2005, received The Franz Boas Award for Exemplary Service to Anthropology from the American Anthropological Association in 2008, and The Charles Darwin Award for Lifetime Achievement to Biological Anthropology...
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...Medical Experimentation on African Americans Katryna A. Lawson Montgomery College Abstract This research paper is going to review some of the horrific ways that African Americans were abused by medical research experiments in the United States. I will also examine how America’s physicians has a disgraceful history of exploitative studies in which African Americans have been used as objects, for new surgical techniques, drug testing, nuclear radiation absorption, biased psychological testing, sterilization, and cadavers all in the name of medical science since the time of slavery. Medical experimentation on African Americans began during the time of slavery. The South was home to 90 percent of American blacks, in some states, the black population was completely comprised of slaves: Alabama, for example, forbade the presence of free blacks. Since there was so many slaves, this also made the south a haven for the lowest of the low, worst kind of medical experiments on African Americans. Harriet A. Washington, author of the book Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black American from Colonial time to the Present, cites many of the atrocious acts that the Black Americans experienced through telling personal stories like those of slave women, giving faces to many of the black victims of violent medical experimentation and racially biased investigations, while also revealing the doctors inflicting the abuse. Doctors tortured and abused African American...
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