...Tuskegee Syphilis Study In 1932, the public health service along Tuskegee Institute in Macon County, Alabama conducted a study of syphilis. The study’s subjects were 600 black males, 399 who has the disease and 201 without the disease. The project name was Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. The study, which James Jones has described as the longest nontherapeutic experiment on a human being in medical history. Unethical Research “Deception occurs when the participants are told only part of the truth or when the truth is fully compromised”. (Cooper, 2011) The unethical study was also deemed unconstitutional and in some ways as heinous as a hate crime. The misrepresentation of the actual focus of the program, the disregard of human life, and the actual infecting of human beings. We must also realize that this experiment took place in the rural south when segregation was an acceptable way of life. The fact that blacks were considered not equal so nobody would question the experiments validity or the intentions of the doctors in charge of the research. The men participating were misled by doctors by saying they were being treated for bad blood a general diagnosis given by doctors that could include a variety of common illness. The men were given free funerals, meals, and examinations. These examinations were not treating the disease but were deceptive in nature. Some speculate that the men were actually infected with the disease by the study administrators...
Words: 804 - Pages: 4
...In this paper I am going to answer the following questions as the relate to the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study found on page 264 in the Medical Law and Ethics textbook by Bonnie F. Fremgen. The questions are:1. Could this type of research be conducted today? Why or why not? 2. What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? 3. In your opinion, how should the data be used that is obtained from an unethical experiment and how can we prevent this from happening again? 4. Discuss the code of ethics as it relates to this study? 5. What are your personal thoughts on the ethical standards exhibited through this study? Tuskegee Syphilis Research StudyAny research like the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study could not be conducted today. There are many reasons as to why this type of research study cannot be conducted today. One reason is because people of all races are more aware of diseases that today’s society has now than they were back then. Also, people nowadays want to be treated for the disease(s) that they have whether than be experimented with. People in today’s society are also more aware of the researches that are taking place to not allow this type of study to be conducted.In my opinion, the public should have not allowed this type of research to be conducted. In the research study on page 264 in our textbook it states “ the public was outraged that poor black men had been subjected to a research project without their consent and denied treatment for a...
Words: 323 - Pages: 2
...The human reproductive system provides many functions for both the male and female person. It is involved in hormone production, and the creation of human life. The reproductive system works together with other organs in the body to help with the regulation of hormone secretion, the secondary sexual characteristics and the ability to become pregnant. Along with the normal physiological changes that occur with puberty, pregnancy and sexual maturation, the reproductive system is prone to many different types of infections. Infections such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV, syphilis and many others can affect the reproductive system in a negative way and cause irreversible damage. The anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system, both male and female, will be reviewed. Also it will discuss syphilis, its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, prevention and the nursing interventions. It will discuss how syphilis affects the reproductive system and other parts of the body if not treated. The female reproductive system consists of internal and external genitalia. The external genitalia are located at the base of the pelvis in the perineal area and include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris and perineal body (Porth & Matfin, 2009). The mons pubis is a skin covered fat pad located anteriorly to the symphysis pubis. The labia majora are the outermost lips of the vulva, during puberty they are covered with hair. The labia minora are located between the labia majora...
Words: 1623 - Pages: 7
...Essay plan: ‘Discuss the biological approach to psychopathology’. PARAGRAPH 1- A01: Intro- explain the biological approach including key assumptions. • Biological approach regards abnormality as an illness or disease. • Assumes all mental disorders are related to some change in the body. • Mental disorders are related to the physical structure and functioning of the brain. • Seen people with psychological abnormality as ‘patients’ who are ‘ill’ and require ‘treatment’ to ‘cure’ them of disease. • Four possible factors that cause abnmormality: 1. Genetic Factors 2. Biochemistry 3. Infection 4. Brain Damage PARAGRAPH 2- AO1/2: Explain one cause of abnormality according to the biological approach and give supporting evidence. Brain damage. • Suggests that mental illnesses are caused by abnormal brain structure due to genes, development, illness or trauma. • Damage to the structure of the brain can lead to abnormal behaviour. • Once brain damage has caused mental illness there is little to be done to stop it. Examples • Alzheimer- a type of dementia caused by the malformation and loss of cells in a number of areas of the nervous system. • Alcohol and drugs can also damage the brain, which may result in korsakoffs syndrome – prefound impairment of memory most commonly caused by alcohol. Evidence. • Lawrie showed that an average schizophrenic lateral ventricle were 40% bigger than controls. This suggests that brain damage has caused schizophrenia. PARAGRAPH...
Words: 833 - Pages: 4
...Sonya Dakers Eng215 Strayer University Healths disparities in the African American community are nearly double that of any other ethnic group in South Carolina. The reasons may be lack of health care availability or maybe the lack of knowledge. Many African Americans have the mindset that what we do not know will not harm us, but what we do not know will kill us. It is important to realize that the need for prevention is great. Breast and Prostate Cancer screening programs, educational programs that show the effects of second hand smoke on our community and the importance of nutrition are desperately needed. This paper will argue the reasons why more African American faith based organizations should become involved in the health and well-being of their participants. The intended audience is Pastors, Bishops, Deacons, and congregations’ in general. Some believe that God made us in His image so we should not only focus on the spiritual aspect of worship but also on the physical aspects as well. A Pastor once said that an unhealthy member cannot focus on tithing or on God’s business because they are focusing on their own agenda. The African American faith based community must come together to eliminate health disparities not only to help their congregations to focus on the spiritual, but to become better people in an ever growing global economy. Recent studies show the effects of dieases on the general population...
Words: 2597 - Pages: 11
...STDs (STIs), HIV, and AIDS 10 th Grade Course Outline • Definitions • Sexually transmitted disease (or infection) – a communicable disease that can spread from person to person through sexual contact. • Pathogens – microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, worms, and parasites that cause disease. • Ectopic pregnancy – a pregnancy that develops in one of the fallopian tubes or elsewhere outside the uterus; a dangerous condition. • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – an infection of the fallopian tubes and pelvic cavity in women, causing ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage. • Discuss symptoms, treatments, and complications of common STDs • (See attached sheet) • Describe common symptoms of STDs • These symptoms mean that medical help is needed immediately: • Unusual discharge from penis, vagina, or rectum. • Pain or burning while urinating. • Pain in the abdomen (women), testicles (men), or buttocks and legs. • Blisters, open sores, warts, rashes, or swelling in the genital area or sex organs. • Flu-like symptoms: fever, headache, diarrhea, aching muscles, swollen glands. • Getting help and treatment • Where to get help: • Parents • School health services • Public health departments • Community STD clinics • Private physicians • Confidentiality • Most places...
Words: 1166 - Pages: 5
...toughest men and women taken from them; Sent slaves often to become a soldier or work in the plantation. As a result, many slaves were sepearted from love ones and sent to homes to work and never see their family beucase their family would have probably been sold to another owner. The start of the eurpean colonization of the American lead to Eurpean diseas was the most comkon becuase durnigng the columbian exchange diesas were transferred from Eurpean to native american, large nummber of dieseas were brought to the new world. In fact, the dieseas spread rapid that the Indians traders became infect.Mostly everyone died durnign the horrible tragic of the diesae for Example, the common new world dieseas included were smallpox,yellow fever, and syphillis as explain in the DOCUMENT 4. Therefore, the effect of the colonzation of the new world dramtic decrease the population becuase was infected and nearly killed many innocent slaves. Racism started a lot of hate, not being stopped till about 50 years ago. It put a lot of negative into the exploration leading to the new world. For Instance, many years old in the age of exploration people looked at others by the color of their skin and treated them rough, like the African were made into slaves and had labor. As a result, many African American were killed just by the skin tone. As in the picture on DOCUMENT 1 it shows how African were hit and had to work on their feet even when it was very hot and difficult to work in the plantations, during...
Words: 1179 - Pages: 5
...In 1932, the rural town of Tuskegee was a mostly black town that was governed by whites. World War II had not began, though there was trouble brewing in Europe as these countries began to pacify the fiery German giants who would later commit unspeakable acts, one that horrified Americans who had little knowledge of what was going on in a little Alabama time all at the government’s behest. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment began in 1932, after the venereal disease section of the PHS created a c study group at its national headquarters to study the sexually transmitted disease known as Syphillis. The man behind the plan was Dr. Taliaferro Clark, a senior officer in the PHS who planned only for the experiment to last for six to nine months, before treating the men and ending the study. He contacted Tuskegee University (then Tuskegee Institute) to gain their cooperation to expand the study into a real-word environment and study the effects. The PHS then invited poor and poorly uneducated African-American men to come to the Institute to receive free medical exams and treatment. They also provided meals and...
Words: 2132 - Pages: 9
...SCHISTOSOMIASIS a) What is Schistosomiasis? Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms. It is also known as bilharzia and the causal parasite lives in the freshwater snail (CDC). b) What is the etiologic agent of Schistosomiasis? Is it a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or helminth? How is it transmitted? The etiologic agent for Schistosomiasis is helminth which is caused by blood trematodes. The mode of transmission is from infected water by the freshwater snail which is used for bathing or swimming. c) What are the signs and symptoms of Schistosomiasis? The first symptom is itchy and or dry skin. And if not treated, many more symptoms may arise which includes fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches. d) In what areas of the world does Schistosomiasis occur? How common is it? The most affected areas for this disease is the places with unhealthy sanitation. It is widely affecting most parts of the world. Africa is the most affected area where poor sanitation occurs mostly, and also south American. e) How is Schistosomiasis diagnosed? Schistosomiasis could be diagnosed by examining a stool sample electronically in order to find the parasite eggs. Having said that, blood test might the most proficient way of finding the eggs as the small eggs might not be detected. f) How can you prevent Schistosomiasis? As there is no vaccine available in preventing this disease, what we can do is to avoid swimming or wading in freshwater when not in...
Words: 1931 - Pages: 8
...LIST OF PHOBIAS Ablutophobia- Fear of washing or bathing. Acarophobia- Fear of itching or of the insects that cause itching. Acerophobia- Fear of sourness. Achluophobia- Fear of darkness. Acousticophobia- Fear of noise. Acrophobia- Fear of heights. Aerophobia- Fear of drafts, air swallowing, or airbourne noxious substances. Aeroacrophobia- Fear of open high places. Aeronausiphobia- Fear of vomiting secondary to airsickness. Agateophobia- Fear of insanity. Agliophobia- Fear of pain. Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded, public places like markets. Fear of leaving a safe place. Agraphobia- Fear of sexual abuse. Agrizoophobia- Fear of wild animals. Agyrophobia- Fear of streets or crossing the street. Aichmophobia- Fear of needles or pointed objects. Ailurophobia- Fear of cats. Albuminurophobia- Fear of kidney disease. Alektorophobia- Fear of chickens. Algophobia- Fear of pain. Alliumphobia- Fear of garlic. Allodoxaphobia- Fear of opinions. Altophobia- Fear of heights. Amathophobia- Fear of dust. Amaxophobia- Fear of riding in a car. Ambulophobia- Fear of walking. Amnesiphobia- Fear of amnesia. Amychophobia- Fear of scratches or being scratched. Anablephobia- Fear of looking up. Ancraophobia- Fear of wind. (Anemophobia) Androphobia- Fear of men. Anemophobia- Fear of air drafts or wind.(Ancraophobia) Anginophobia- Fear of angina, choking or narrowness. Anglophobia- Fear of England or English culture, etc. Angrophobia - Fear of...
Words: 3173 - Pages: 13
...Ten Disadvantages of Contraception* 1.Separates sex from LIFE 2.Fuels the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs/ STIs)a 3.Cheapens women (and men) 4.Some methods can cause early abortion 5.Promotes promiscuity 6.Is costly and unhealthy 7.Damages romance 8.Unleases the sex drive 9.Undermines love, marriage, family and society 10 Damages the human heart and the Whole Person: emotionally, socially, intellectually, physically, and morally/spiritually (that is, your inner-most being) * Contraception is anything done before, during, or after intercourse to try to prevent (stop) fertilization (which would make a baby). [from Womanity, 1994] Device Failure One disadvantage of contraception is that the devices used to prevent pregnancy can sometimes fail either by manufacturer error or by the user not following the directions properly. For example, condoms can break if they are past their use dates or if user errors, such as using petroleum jelly as a lubricant or wearing two condoms at once, occur. The birth control pill becomes less effective when you miss a pill or do not take them as prescribed. Allergic Reaction Some forms of contraception can cause severe allergic reactions, making them dangerous for some consumers. For example, many condoms are made from rubber latex, which can cause swelling, rashes or even anaphylaxis when they come into contact with someone who is allergic to the material. To combat these reactions, condoms now are available...
Words: 2371 - Pages: 10
...Attach rubric to cover of careplan submitted RUBRIC For Grading Patient Assessment and Care Plan | GRADE:(total < 40; must redo) Success/Unsuccess | | Maternal Child Nursing Course - Care Plan | | | Student: Tiffany Rogers | Clinical Date: 11/07/2015 | Site: St. Vincent’s South | | | | | | Sections | Grading Criteria | Possible Points | Points Earned | Comments | Patient Information | General Information | 10 | | | | OB/Medical/Surgical Hx | | | | | Psychosocial Hx | | | | | Lab Information/Vital Signs | | | | | | | | | Postpartum/L&D | L&D Complications (or) | 10 | | | | PP Complications | | | | | Interventions | | | | Nursing Diagnosis (3) | Problems (Exclude Pain) | 10 | | | | Goals (2 goals (short/long term) per dx | 5 | | | | Interventions (5 min per goal) | | | | | | | | | | APA 6th edition reference page | 5 | | | Medication - Classifications | Name of Drug: | 10 | | | | Dose, Range, Route | | | | | Side Effects, Time Schedule | | | | | Action | | | | | Rationale for Drug Therapy | | | | L&D or Postpartum Clinical Rotation Worksheet Chamberlain College of Nursing Student: Tiffany Rogers Date: 11/07/2015 Faculty: Ellis Vaginal Delivery Client’s Initials: JL Age: 24 G: 1 T: 1 P: 0 A: 0 L: 1 Admission...
Words: 2148 - Pages: 9
...A- Ablutophobia- Fear of washing or bathing. Acarophobia- Fear of itching or of the insects that cause itching. Acerophobia- Fear of sourness. Achluophobia- Fear of darkness. Acousticophobia- Fear of noise. Acrophobia- Fear of heights. Aerophobia- Fear of drafts, air swallowing, or airbourne noxious substances. Aeroacrophobia- Fear of open high places. Aeronausiphobia- Fear of vomiting secondary to airsickness. Agateophobia- Fear of insanity. Agliophobia- Fear of pain. Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded, public places like markets. Fear of leaving a safe place. Agraphobia- Fear of sexual abuse. Agrizoophobia- Fear of wild animals. Agyrophobia- Fear of streets or crossing the street. Aichmophobia- Fear of needles or pointed objects. Ailurophobia- Fear of cats. Albuminurophobia- Fear of kidney disease. Alektorophobia- Fear of chickens. Algophobia- Fear of pain. Alliumphobia- Fear of garlic. Allodoxaphobia- Fear of opinions. Altophobia- Fear of heights. Amathophobia- Fear of dust. Amaxophobia- Fear of riding in a car. Ambulophobia- Fear of walking. Amnesiphobia- Fear of amnesia. Amychophobia- Fear of scratches or being scratched. Anablephobia- Fear of looking up. Ancraophobia or Anemophobia- Fear of wind. Androphobia- Fear of men. Anemophobia- Fear of air drafts or wind. Anginophobia- Fear of angina, choking or narrowness. Anglophobia- Fear of England, English culture, etc. Angrophobia - Fear of anger or of becoming angry...
Words: 3084 - Pages: 13
...I. INTRODUCTION In biology, sex is a process of combining and mixing genetic traits, often resulting in the specialization of organisms into a male or female variety. In general, sex is a sexual activity done by male and female to produce a new organism. Sex is used to express and to unite the love of two persons. In Indonesia, sex was a very sacred process that was only done by a marriage couple. The only reason to have sex is to have child. Nobody talks about relationships, about intimate feeling, moreover about sex. In Indonesia sex was taboo. As time pass by, Indonesia becoming a developing country. Which means it has to be more global so it can compete with other countries. By entering the globalization era, Indonesia enters a completely different world. It has to adjust its culture in a lot of aspects, such as language, education, entertainment, etc. Of course there's price to pay for a more modern country. Not only influenced by the good things, but also the bad things. The one example that we will discuss is about sex. Nowadays, people are becoming very familiar with the term sex. Most of people already understand what it is and what it is for. Which is good, but now the problem is, people start to have sex before they get married. We know that western culture allows sex before marriage. Not only that, 98% people there lost their virginity when they are around 15-17. For them, it is almost weird when somebody is still a virgin when they are in college. Which...
Words: 4269 - Pages: 18
...Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual for curative programmes in hospitals and dispensaries guidance for prescribing 2010 EDITION © Médecins Sans Frontières – January 2010 All rights reserved for all countries. No reproduction, translation and adaptation may be done without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. ISBN 2-906498-81-5 Clinical guidelines Diagnosis and treatment manual Editorial Committee: I. Broek (MD), N. Harris (MD), M. Henkens (MD), H. Mekaoui (MD), P.P. Palma (MD), E. Szumilin (MD) and V. Grouzard (N, general editor) Contributors: P. Albajar (MD), S. Balkan (MD), P. Barel (MD), E. Baron (MD), M. Biot (MD), F. Boillot (S), L. Bonte (L), M.C. Bottineau (MD), M.E. Burny (N), M. Cereceda (MD), F. Charles (MD), M.J de Chazelles (MD), D. Chédorge (N), A.S. Coutin (MD), C. Danet (MD), B. Dehaye (S), K. Dilworth (MD), F. Fermon (N), B. Graz (MD), B. Guyard-Boileau (MD), G. Hanquet (MD), G. Harczi (N), M. van Herp (MD), C. Hook (MD), K. de Jong (P), S. Lagrange (MD), X. Lassalle (AA), D. Laureillard (MD), M. Lekkerkerker (MD), J. Maritoux (Ph), J. Menschik (MD), D. Mesia (MD), A. Minetti (MD), R. Murphy (MD), J. Pinel (Ph), J. Rigal (MD), M. de Smet (MD), S. Seyfert (MD), F. Varaine (MD), B. Vasset (MD) (S) Surgeon, (L) Laboratory technician, (MD) Medical Doctor, (N) Nurse, (AA) Anaesthetist-assistant, (Ph) Pharmacist, (P) Psychologist We would like to thank the following doctors for their invaluable help:...
Words: 86687 - Pages: 347
