...Introduction Emerging markets are more important than ever in nowadays international businesses, they are increasingly making up a large share of many multinationals’ revenues and growths. Many multinationals believe their future success depends on how well they can master and win in these markets, they project share in their business based in emerging markets will increase 20-50% more in the next decade (Choudhary et. al., 2012). This study aims to reveal the motivations behind the multinationals and how multinationals succeed and fail in emerging markets with reference to relevant theories and examples. Theory of Multinational There are many theories analyzing why firms start to engage in foreign direct investments, the Eclectic Paradigm is a more integrated and general approach amongst the various, it explains how the multinational firms make their decisions and strategies by considering the Ownership Advantages (O), Location Advantages (L) and Internalizations factors (I). The theory incorporates ideas of market failure, location advantages and industrial organizations and is thus more holistic approach. The “O” paradigm explains why firms decide to start investing abroad because of possessing ownership-specific advantages relative to domestic firms, and the benefits can outweigh the transaction costs of operating in foreign markets and overcome the competitions of domestic firms, which lead to higher profitability with reduced costs. Examples of ownership-specific...
Words: 2600 - Pages: 11
...wu wjZ ~g² ]; , ô ‹fn׉ ãJZ ( òiÑ) zŠg Q a Æ Vo) ,ðg ! gzZ ,ðg Š * H (based on National Curriculum 2006) Ñ* * E I4$ E 45G eg1 èjG Zh Z ; E- y{¸W g Ô Ù E.1&233 @ Ñ X yÎ 0 ÔcZ™ Ô ezg @7 Š î ZŠ * * 2008 m 2009 ðÑ ãU à * All rights reserved This syllabus is developed by Aga Khan University Examination Board for distribution to all its affiliated schools. wu wjZ ~g² ]; , ‹fn׉ ãJZ ô ( òiÑ) zŠg Q a Æ Vo) ,ðg ! gzZ ,ðg Š * H ™ 5 7 11 14 30 33 39 40 43 ]* ZÄ * p ⊠œ£ & Z¾Z Æ ögD Å (2006) zŠg Z [ » ò ¸ n + (Rationale) ä ŠX1 X2 X3 E I4$ E 45G ‹fn׉ ãJZ Æ eg1 èjG Zh Z ; E- y{¸W g G +ÐO›$gzZ ]* ZÄÆ ‹fn׉ ãJZ ¥ ‹& q ö * ô i§ » iY X 4 G +Љ›$z +g D X 5 Vx¤u ) gzZ g » T § ö / + Š Zñ CY !Zj gzZ à ! » {Š™ m? , p° Å (Command Words) t%Z ‹ÜÆ Va6 ãJZ gzZ V¥‹ , , Z s WYZ ÔÏ öZ öZ ÝZ :e mS :Ù ‚Zg a Æ ]â ¥h' + × E IG 4$ E 45 eg1 èjG Zh Z ; E- y{ ¸W g :Ø X yÎ 0 Ôc Z™ Ô ezg @7 Š î ZŠ ÔÙ E.1&233 @ * * Ñ (92-21) 35224702-09 (92-21) 35224711 X6 X7 :y ¯ :c examination.board@aku.edu :â Cª' , www.aku.edu/akueb :‚ Zg Cª' , 4 p ⊠H i ¸W » ¿Æ â úÅ ]!» £ Ð ½]g Ziz ¹Ãz ~ eÆ äz )Y ià ( 2010@1998) Œ0 (ò ¸ * è * * 2000 , mz*Š [ » ò ¸Ô 7) ì * ¯ 4 à ½§£ )g f Æ ~g » Å Ã ! » gzZ ãU Ã6 [ » Ñ » kZ Xì * *, X (2002 gzZ E I E 45! Ì Ë X ˆ ¿ ~ 2003 ~Z Š ã Å eg1 èjGZh Z ; E- y{ ¸W Æ Ñ ÏZ Æ ä¯ 4 à ½§£ ~ ½ o g C g * * ] * Z Æ (HSSC) ~â U dZ gzZ (SSC) ~â U Æ ‹fn׉ gzZ [ » ò ¸ 6 ÔÌÑ » eg1 kZ b§ Å }g ZŠ Z ãJZ *J Xì bŠ e¾h' à ¿Æ ãU Ã6 [ » ò ¸)g f Æ úƒo...
Words: 6902 - Pages: 28
...a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu nv nw nx ny nz oa ob oc od oe of og oh oi oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe pf pg ph pi pj pk pl pm pn po pp pq pr ps pt pu pv pw px py pz qa qb qc qd qe qf qg qh qi qj qk ql qm qn qo qp qq qr qs qt qu qv qw qx qy qz ra rb rc rd re rf rg rh ri rj rk rl rm rn ro rp rq rr rs rt ru rv rw rx ry rz sa sb sc sd se sf sg sh si sj sk sl sm sn so...
Words: 29642 - Pages: 119
...PAGE 1 gvmy` ivbv †e`yCb Kb¨v KvRx Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb GK jÛb| mgqUv mܨvivZ| wnjUb B›Uvib¨vkbvj-Gi AvUZjv| †iW Kv‡c©U †i‡¯—viuv A¨vÛ evi| ev‡ivZjvi my¨B‡U e‡m cÖvq mvivUv w`b wbR G‡RwÝi wKQy †cwÛs dvBj co‡Z co‡Z K¬vš— n‡q c‡o‡Q gvmy` ivbv| fvej, hvB, `yÕ-†XvK ûBw¯‹ wM‡j GKUz SiS‡i n‡q Avwm| Pvi †d¬vi bx‡P †b‡g Xy‡K coj †iW Kv‡c©U evi-G| wfZ‡i †ek wfo †`‡L GKUz AevKB n‡jv I| evi-Gi mvg‡b GKUv Mw`‡gvov my`„k¨ Uz‡j emj| wgwbU we‡kK ci ûBw¯‹i wej †gUvj I, Uyj †Q‡o myBs †Wvi-Gi w`‡K nuvU‡Q| wVK Ggwb mgq GKwU bvixKÉ Ii Kv‡b †hb gayel©Y Kij, g‡b n‡jv D”Q¡v‡m Aaxi n‡q AK¯§vr †KvbI †KvwKj †M‡q D‡V‡Q| MjvUv GZB wgwó †h, AvKzwj-weKzwj K‡i I‡V ey‡Ki wfZiUv| wb‡Ri ARv‡š—B †_‡g †Mj Ii cv `y‡Uv| †÷R-Gi w`‡K Nvo †divj ivbv| Agwb †g‡qwUi m‡½ †PvLv‡PvwL n‡q †Mj Ii| †hb g¯— eo †KvbI wkíx g‡bi gvayix wgwk‡q K¨vbfv‡m Gu‡K‡Q Dw™¢bœ‡hŠebv, Aciƒc GK igYx‡K| Zvi †PvL-Ryov‡bv †`n‡mŠôe Pz¤^‡Ki gZ a‡i ivLj Ii `„wó| Mv‡qi i‡Oi m‡½ g¨vP Kiv †Mvjvwc wm‡éi †Xvjv NvNiv c‡i‡Q my›`ix| Kuv‡ai †ikwg Pz‡ji ¯—~‡c ¯^”Q ¯‹vd© AvUKv‡bv| nvZKvUv Kv‡jv e−vD‡Ri kvmb gvb‡Z PvB‡Q bv GKUz IfvimvBh, myDbœZ ¯—b hyMj| ivbvi nvU©weU †e‡o †M‡Q| †Vuv‡Ui Dci GKUz GKUz Nvg Rg‡Z ïi“ Kij| Ggb cÖkvš—, †Kvgj I cwicvwU iƒc Av‡M †evanq KLbI †`‡Lwb ivbv| wd‡i G‡m GKUv †Uwe‡j em‡Z n‡jv ivbv‡K| wgwó my‡i GKUv †g‡jvwWqvm cc MvB‡Q †g‡qwU| D”Pvi‡Y †KvbI Uvb bv _vK‡jI, †Pnviv I †cvkvK †`‡L Zv‡K BD‡ivwcqvb e‡j g‡b n‡jv bv| m‡›`n †bB AmvaviY wgwó †g‡qwUi KÉ| Zzjbvnxb| cy‡iv MvbUv bv ï‡b IVv †Mj bv| nv‡Z KvR bv _vK‡j AviI wKQy¶Y emevi B‡”Q wQj ivbvi|...
Words: 61622 - Pages: 247
