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Community Health Task 1
Alisha Diehl
Western Governors University

Community Health
Community Description and Data Interpretation
Located in South Central Pennsylvania, comprising a total of 910 square miles, York County was founded in 1749. It was formed out of Lancaster County, and became the fifth county established in Pennsylvania, as well as the first county established west of the Susquehanna River. A dispute grew between Pennsylvania and Maryland, as both states claimed a portion of York County. Thus the government hired British surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to establish the boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania, who formed a demarcation which became known as the Mason-Dixon Line. York County lies just north of this famous Mason-Dixon Line, which later became integral during the Civil War for dividing the Union and Confederate Armies. (York County Historic Timeline, 2012).

Population/Economic Assessment The total population of York County is 434,972 as of the 2010 Census, with York being the largest city with 43,550 people. The median age is 40.1 years, with 24.1% of the population being age 65 and older. This is an increase of 6% since the year 2000. The average household income for York County is $57,027, while the average household income for all of Pennsylvania is $49,520. The total percentage of households in York County living in poverty is 9.0%, with 7.1% for White Non-Hispanic residents and 24.5% for Hispanic or Latino residents. Females with families with no husband present is the most populous category of people living in poverty, with 24% of them living below the poverty line. Furthermore, 11% of children under the age of 18 live in poverty (US Census Bureau, 2010). The unemployment rate for York County is 7.7%, which is slightly lower than Pennsylvania’s unemployment rate of 7.9%. 12% of York County residents do not have health insurance benefits, which is right in line with the Pennsylvania average. The birth rate in York County is 12.2 per 1000, while the death rate is 8.5 per 1000. From July 2005 to July 2006, the total births per 100,000 population was 43.67, while the total deaths per 100,000 population was 76.32 (US Census Bureau, 2014). The population of York County has been increasing, in part due to the influx of Maryland residents moving to Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania has traditionally had lower taxes and housing costs than Maryland. Furthermore, with York County being right along the Maryland border, it allows for a convenient commute to Washington D.C., Baltimore, MD, and Virginia. To interpret the data listed previously, York City is the most populous city in York County. The average age of the residence of York County is increasing as the baby boomers age. An older population means an increase in chronic health conditions and can lead to a strain on the health care system and Social Security. The average household income of York County is higher than the average for the state of Pennsylvania, and the unemployment rate is lower. Finally, the population of York County has been increasing.

Cultural Assessment York County’s culture and race makeup is predominantly White, with 90.2% identifying themselves as White. 6.2% are Black or African American, 6.1% are Hispanic or Latino, while 1.4% are Asian. 0.3% are American Indian or Alaska Natives, and 0.1% are Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander. 1.9% identify with one or more races (US Census Bureau, 2014). The culture in York County is largely homogenous. The majority of the county is White and works in manufacturing. In a personal interview, M.M. describes the culture in Hanover, PA (the second largest city in York County) as follows: “I feel like it is rare for me to see a person of another culture in this town. Hanover is an old-fashioned, hard-working town that feels like family. I work with my neighbors at Utz Quality Foods, and I like that I feel safe and surrounded by friends.” J.H. described the culture in York County as “growing and changing more slowly than the rest of the world. The African American and Hispanic population is slowly increasing, but for now we are mostly all from similar backgrounds.” The official language of York County is English; however, with the increase in the population of Hispanic/Latino people, many people are now speaking Spanish. Also, York County has numerous Mennonites and Amish people. Several Mennonites, as well as other persons of Pennsylvania Dutch decent, speak in the Pennsylvania Dutch English dialect. Many workers in York County work in manufacturing, and this is their primary source of income. York County is home to numerous manufacturing plants, including Utz Quality Foods, Martin’s Potato Chips, Susquehanna Glass, Wolfgang Candy Company, Snyder’s of Hanover, Gibble’s Potato Chips, and the Harley-Davidson Motor Company. York County does have a higher rate of health insurance coverage than the national average. Adults over the age of 55 in York County are more likely to have health insurance and a primary care physician than the rest of the United States. Although they are more likely to have health insurance, many common health problems exist. Common health problems among the residents of York County include smoking, obesity, heart disease, and hypertension (Holleran, 2008). 20% of adults report that they smoke on a regular basis, and the number one cause of death in York County is heart disease. The adult obesity rate is 33%, and 63% of adults are considered overweight. Childhood obesity is also prevalent in York County, with 32.6% of children in kindergarten through 6th grade being overweight or obese, and 34.1% of children in 6th through 12th grade being overweight or obese (PA Department of Health, 2010). The obesity rate increases in those who live in poverty, as those who live in poverty may not have access to healthy foods, and may not understand the need to eat healthy and engage in physical activity. York County is an overweight county in comparison to other counties and states in the United States. In this area, there is very few recreational activities readily available to teenagers and young adults. For children, numerous parks and playgrounds exist. However, few activities are present for those who are too old to play on playgrounds. Codorus State Park is one of the few areas in York County where residents can go to swim, hike, kayak, and do other such outdoor recreational activities.

Neighborhood/Safety Assessment
In York County, the crime rate is 2,310 per 100,000 people, which ranks 18th in the state of Pennsylvania. York City is the area in York County with highest crime rates, with violent crime rates as high as 13.36 in 1,000 residents, compared to Pennsylvania’s average of 3.49 violent crimes per 1,000 residents. In fact, the York County Planning Commission (2012) even stated that the crime rate in York City is “disproportionately high compared to its population” (p. 19). The high crime rate in York City thus skews the results for the crime rate in York County toward the high side. The crime rate in York City has been increasing over the last 10 years. There are 23 law enforcement agencies in York County that enforce laws and seek to keep crime rates down (York County Planning Commission, 2012).
Many bodies of water exist in York County, which leads to the potential for drowning incidents. Bodies of water in York County include Codorus Lake, the Lake Club, Plum Creek, and numerous water dams, in addition to other ponds, streams, and creeks. Furthermore, there is much wildlife in York County, which brings the potential for diseases. Public transportation is available throughout York County. The majority of the populous places in York County do have sidewalks, which allows for safer pedestrian traffic. The street conditions vary based upon what area of York County one examines. Some roads are kept clean and well-maintained, while others are in poor shape. Pot holes are a common problem in the streets of York County.

Disaster Assessment Compared to the national average, York County has an extremely lower risk of earthquake damage than the rest of the country. However, the risk of tornado damage in York County is higher than the national average, and is even higher than the Pennsylvania average. Other natural disasters that York County is at risk for include severe thunderstorms, blizzards, flooding, drought, and intense heat. York County has also been affected by tropical storms and hurricanes in the past; however the risk is much less for York County than other cities along the coast (York County Natural Disasters and Weather Extremes, 2014). York County has an Office of Emergency Management, whose mission involves being “charged with protecting the community by coordinating and integrating all activities necessary to build, sustain, and improve the capability to prevent, mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from threatened or actual natural disasters, acts of terrorism, or other man-made disasters” (York County Pennsylvania Emergency Services, 2014, para. 2.). The Office of Emergency Management in York County has a variety of means to prepare for and recover from disasters. The Emergency Management staff includes a director, a deputy director, a nuclear planner/trainer, a SARA planner/trainer, a public information officer, a municipal planner/trainer, and an administrative assistant. The Emergency Management Office also has an alert system known as South Central Alert, which is an emergency notification service that notifies residents of emergency situations though alert messages on their cell phones, home and work phones, text messages, and e-mail. This means of alerting residents of an emergency situation allows residents to become prepared for the impending situation. Finally, the Office of Emergency Management is “StormReady,” which prepares the community for the onslaught of severe weather through advanced planning, education, and awareness. This preparedness before severe storms ensue helps to save lives in the community (York County Pennsylvania Emergency Services, 2014). Although these people and plans are in place to prepare and react to disasters, many residents of York County are unaware of these plans. In order to receive the emergency alerts from South Central Alert, one’s phone number must be listed in the phone book. If they are not listed, they will not receive the emergency notification. One can sign up to receive these alerts on their unlisted number; however, most residents do not know this alert system exists, so they do not know to sign up for it.

Genogram
York County,
Pennsylvania
York County,
Pennsylvania

Disaster Assessment and Planning
-Emergency Management Office
-Large staff to prepare and respond to emergency situations
-Prepared for natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and man-made disasters
-South Central Alert – alerts residents to emergency situations
-StormReady – prepared for severe weather
-Many residents unaware of these plans
Disaster Assessment and Planning
-Emergency Management Office
-Large staff to prepare and respond to emergency situations
-Prepared for natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and man-made disasters
-South Central Alert – alerts residents to emergency situations
-StormReady – prepared for severe weather
-Many residents unaware of these plans
Neighborhood/ Community Safety
-Many bodies of water, which increases drowning risks
-Wildlife causes potential for diseases
-Potential for severe weather
-Public transportation available
-Disproportionate amount of crime in York City
-23 law enforcement agencies
-Few outdoor and recreational activities available

Neighborhood/ Community Safety
-Many bodies of water, which increases drowning risks
-Wildlife causes potential for diseases
-Potential for severe weather
-Public transportation available
-Disproportionate amount of crime in York City
-23 law enforcement agencies
-Few outdoor and recreational activities available

Population/
Economic Status
-Located in south central PA
-Total area of 910 square miles
-Population 434,972
-Median household income $57,027
-Poverty rate 9.0%
-Unemployment rate 7.7%
-Median age is 40.1 years
-Largest city is York City
Population/
Economic Status
-Located in south central PA
-Total area of 910 square miles
-Population 434,972
-Median household income $57,027
-Poverty rate 9.0%
-Unemployment rate 7.7%
-Median age is 40.1 years
-Largest city is York City
Cultural
Assessment
-Predominantly White
-Subcultures Hispanic and African American
-Mostly English-speaking
-Some Mennonites and Amish
-Manufacturing is largest source of income
-Close to other large cities (including Washington, D.C.)
-12% have no health insurance
-High rate of obesity, heart disease, smoking, and hypertension
Cultural
Assessment
-Predominantly White
-Subcultures Hispanic and African American
-Mostly English-speaking
-Some Mennonites and Amish
-Manufacturing is largest source of income
-Close to other large cities (including Washington, D.C.)
-12% have no health insurance
-High rate of obesity, heart disease, smoking, and hypertension

Community Diagnosis and Genogram Interpretation

York County has room for improvement when it comes to the health and safety of the county. Obesity especially is very high in this county. The community must be educated on a healthy lifestyle and healthy eating habits, and resources for obtaining healthy food options if they do not have the finances to afford healthy foods. Also, there are very few recreational and outdoor activities available for the residents of York County. This lack of recreational activities may also be contributing to the obesity problem. More recreational and outdoor activities should be added to the community to encourage an active lifestyle, especially activities for teenagers and young adults. Furthermore, York City has a disproportionately high crime rate when compared to the other areas in York County. A plan should be created and implemented to decrease these crime rates. Perhaps those in authority should look at what is working to control crime rates in the other areas of the county, and determine how that differs from the crime control in York City. Finally, the community should be educated about the emergency and disaster preparedness plans through community outreach programs.
Community Diagnosis and Genogram Interpretation

York County has room for improvement when it comes to the health and safety of the county. Obesity especially is very high in this county. The community must be educated on a healthy lifestyle and healthy eating habits, and resources for obtaining healthy food options if they do not have the finances to afford healthy foods. Also, there are very few recreational and outdoor activities available for the residents of York County. This lack of recreational activities may also be contributing to the obesity problem. More recreational and outdoor activities should be added to the community to encourage an active lifestyle, especially activities for teenagers and young adults. Furthermore, York City has a disproportionately high crime rate when compared to the other areas in York County. A plan should be created and implemented to decrease these crime rates. Perhaps those in authority should look at what is working to control crime rates in the other areas of the county, and determine how that differs from the crime control in York City. Finally, the community should be educated about the emergency and disaster preparedness plans through community outreach programs.

References Holleran (2008). York County, Pennsylvania: Community health profile. Retrieved from http://www.healthyyork.org/hycc/pdf/HYCC-Secondary-data-profile.pdf
Pennsylvania Department of Health. (2014). Retrieved May 13, 2014 from http://www.portal.health.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/department_of_health_home/17457
US Census Bureau (2010). 2010 Demographic Profile. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://www.census.gov/popfinder/
US Census Bureau (2014). York County, Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42133.html
York County Historic Timeline. (2012). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from https://www.yorkheritage.org/page.asp?id=63
York County Natural Disasters and Weather Extremes. (2014). Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://www.usa.com/york-county-pa-natural-disasters-extremes.htm
York County Pennsylvania Emergency Services. (2014). Emergency Management Office. Retrieved May 14, 2014 from https://yorkcountypa.gov/emergency-services/emergency-management-office.html
York County Planning Commission. York County Criminal Justice Trends Report. (2012). https://yorkcountypa.gov/images/pdf/CJAB/York%20County%20Criminal%20Justice%20Trends%20Report%20-%202010.pdf

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