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Tai Lieu

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KHÁI NIỆM VÀ NỘI DUNG PHƯƠNG THỨC TÍN DỤNG CHỨNG TỪ Trong các phương thức thanh toán đã trình bày ở phần trước, chúng ta thấy rằng ngân hàng chỉ đóng vai trò trung gian trong thanh toán mà không hề có cam kết gì về việc chắc chắn thu được tiền cho người xuất khẩu , cho nên, quyền lợi của người xuất khẩu vẫn chưa được đảm bảo. Muốn có sự cam kết thu được tiền từ phía ngân hàng, người xuất khẩu nên dùng phương thức thanh toán tín dụng chứng từ. Nội dung phương thức thanh toán tín dụng chứng từ được thực hiện theo bản “Quy tắc và thực hành thống nhất về tín dụng chứng từ” (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits) do Phòng Thương Mại Quốc Tế (ICC) ban hành. Văn bản đầu tiên được xuất bản năm 1933 sau đó được sửa đổi bổ sung qua các năm 1951, 1962, 1974, 1983 (thường gọi là UCP400) và năm 1993 (thường gọi là UCP500) có giá trị hiệu lực kể từ ngày 1/1/1994. Gần đây nhất là ngày 25/10/2006 ICC đã công bố UCP600 có hiệu lực kể từ ngày 01/07/2007. UCP là một văn bản pháp lý quốc tế không mang tính chất bắt buộc các bên mua bán quốc tế phải áp dụng. Do đó nếu áp dụng UCP thì phải dẫn chiếu điều ấy trong thư tín dụng của mình. Đến nay đã có hơn 160 nước trên thế giới công nhận và tuyên bố áp dụng UCP. Điều đáng lưu ý là các văn bản ra đời sau không hủy bỏ các văn bản trước đó, cho nên các văn bản đều có giá trị thực hành trong thanh toán quốc tế. Ngoài ra khi thực hành phương thức tín dụng chứng từ cần tham khảo thêm: * Bản Quy tắc thống nhất hoàn trả liên hàng theo tín dụng chứng từ (The Uniform Rules for Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement under Documentary – URR 525-1995-ICC) có giá trị từ ngày 1/7/1996. * Phụ bản của UCP: bao gồm UCP 500.1 và 500.2 * UCP 500.1 hay còn gọi là eUCP (The Supplement to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits for Electronic Presentation) xuất bản 01/2002 áp dụng cho xuất trình chứng từ điện tử theo L/C eUCP có 12 điều khoản. * UCP 500.2 hay còn gọi là ISBP 645 (The International Standard Banking Practice for Examination of Documents under Documentary Credits). Thực hành nghiệp vụ ngân hàng theo tiêu chuẩn quốc tế và kiểm tra chứng từ theo L/C xuất bản 10/2002. Chương này sẽ trình bày chi tiết về phương thức thanh toán tín dụng chứng từ bao gồm nội dung và quy trình thực hiện. Qua đó bạn có thể hiểu được những nhược điểm của các phương thức thanh toán .

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...thiệu |Trình bày vấn đề quản trị, mục tiêu nghiên cứu và lợi ích của nghiên cứu. | |Cơ sở lí luận (Tổng quan tài liệu) |Phần cơ sở lí luận trình bày các nghiên cứu có trước, các báo cáo trong ngành, dữ liệu bên | | |trong công ty liên quan đến vấn đề nghiên cứu. | | |Cơ sở lí luận là nền tảng để phát triển các câu hỏi nghiên cứu/ giả thuyết nghiên cứu. | |Mục tiêu nghiên cứu |Gồm các nội dung theo tiến trình sau (chú trọng trình bày các kĩ thuật thu thập dữ liệu thăm | | |dò): | | |Xác định vấn đề quản trị (vấn đề/cơ hội kinh doanh, phương án ra quyết định quản trị) | | |Xác định vấn đề nghiên cứu (câu hỏi nghiên cứu, giả thuyết nghiên cứu, phạm vi nghiên cứu, mục| | |tiêu nghiên cứu) | |Danh mục tài liệu tham khảo...

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